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EVERY-DAY I 




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CONTAINING A COLLECTION 



OF 



BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES ARRANGED FOR EVERY DAY IN THE YEAR, 

AS A BOOK OF REFERENCE FOR THE TEACHER, 

STUDENT, CHAUTAUQUAN AND 

HOME CIRCLES. 



BY f 

AMELIA /. CALVER 




NEW YORK: 

FOWLER & WELLS CO., 

775 Broadway. 

1889. 

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THE LIBRARY 
OF CONGRESS 

WASHINGTON 



Copyright, 1889, 
By Fowler & Wells Co. 



PREFACE. 



On a pleasant September afternoon as I strolled along 
the seashore, I was attracted by the number, variety, 
and beauty of the colored pebbles which adorned the 
lips of the sea. With an eagerness of interest, I soon 
selected as many as I could carry away ; but as I brought 
my pleasant search to a close, I cast one glance at my 
gathered treasures, and a longing gaze at the infinite 
stretch of glittering shore that I must leave, and the 
thought of the yet scattered beauties haunted me. 

But when again in my mountain home, and I found 
in my collection such a variety, from the large sym- 
metrical stone of milky whiteness, through every shade 
of color to the crystallized dew-drop, representatives of 
as many elements of the geological world, I appreciated 
my pebbles none the less, that on the -wave-washed shore 
there were still myriads of pebbles whose number 
would be increasing through all time. 

Similar to this seaside incident has been the experi- 
ence of gathering the material for this little book, now 
offered to the public. In duties as teacher, in studies 
as Chautauquan, I have for several years past been 
collecting and arranging names in the order here found, 
as an easy reference for " Author's Days " in school, and 
" Memorial Days " in the Chautauqua home circle, until 
it was suggested by friends, that the work might be of 
profit to other schools and other home circles. 



iv PREFACE. 

This little book makes no pretensions to a Cyclopedia, 
embracing every name of note in history, but represents 
some of those who by word or work, leave a distinct 
color on the shore of time, and have become conspicuous 
as my pebbles were upon that sparkling seashore. 

Although many of the " grand old masters/' the 
epoch-making names, are prominent, it has been an 
object also to present the " humbler poets," who sing 
the "simple heartfelt lays" that guide and gladden 
these common every-day lives of ours, where it is to be 
hoped this little volume will be especially useful. In 
compiling this work, I have regarded conciseness a 
necessity, and accuracy a duty, and have therefore aimed 
to consult the best authorities; and if it shall find a 
welcome on the desk of both teacher and student, and in 
the home library, where more costly references are 
wanting, I shall feel repaid for the time and care devoted 
to it A, J. 0. 






Every-Day Biography, 



January 1. 



Edmund Bukke, an illustrious British orator, law- 
yer, statesman and philanthropist, born in Dublin, Ire- 
and, Jan. 1, 1 730. Died July 9, 1797. His name will ever 
be remembered as a friend to the American colonies dur- 
ing their oppression by King George III. and by his 
memorable speech during the trial of Warren Hastings, 
which, though it did not convict Hastings, condemned 
his crimes in India, and saved the name of England. 

Paul Key ere, an American patriot of the Be volu- 
tion, and one of the earliest American engravers, born 
at Boston, Mass., Jan. 1, 1735. Died in 1818. He was 
one of the noted Boston " tea party," and is famous for 
his "midnight-ride," through the county of Middlesex, 
to give notice of the intended attack of Gen. Gage. The 
town of North Chelsea, Mass., was named Bevere in his 
honor in 1871. 

Anthony Wayne, " Mad Anthony," an American 
general during the Kevolution, born in Chester County, 
Pa., Jan. 1, 1745. Died at Presque Isle (now Erie), Pa., 
Dec. 1796. His most brilliant achievements were his 
capture of Stony Point on the Hudson, July 15, 1779, and 
his complete victory over the Indians in Ohio. 



6 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Jan. 2. 

Maria Edgeworth, a popular English authoress, 
born near Beading, Eng., Jan. 1, 1767. Died in May, 
1849. Her writings for the young were particularly 
beneficial. 

Arthur Hugh Clough, an English poet, born at 
Liverpool, Eng., Jan. 1, 1819. Died at Florence, Italy, 
Nov. 13, 1861. He was a favorite pupil of the famous 
Dr. Arnold of Eugby, and h's career was watched with 
sanguine hope. Emerson said of him in 1848, that 
"Tennyson would have to look well to his laurels." 

Paul Hamilton Hayne, sometimes called "the 
Southern poet laureate," born at Charleston, S. 0., Jan. 

1, 1831. Died, 1886. He was editor of the " South- 
ern Literary Messenger," and an author of rare talent. 

James Eyder Randall, a Southern poet and editor, 
born in Baltimore, Md., Jan. 1, 1839. 

He was author of "Maryland, my Maryland," the 
spirited confederate national song, published at the 
opening of the civil war. 

January 2. 

James Wolfe, a celebrated English general, born in 
Kent, England, Jan. 2, 1720. He was the hero of the 
capture of Quebec, during the French and Indian 
war, and died on the battle field, at the moment of vic- 
tory, Sept. 13, 1759. 

Hugh Swintok Legare, an American statesman, 
scholar and journalist, born in Charleston, S. C, Jan. 

2, 1797. While editor-in-chief of the " Southern Quar- 
terly Keview," he elevated it to the first rank as a publi- 
cation. Died suddenly at Boston, Mass., June 16, 1843, 
where he had gone with President Tyler to attend the 
celebration of the Bunker Hill monument. 



Jan. 3.1 EVERYDAY BIOGRAPHY. 7 

John Komeyn Brodhead, an American historian, 
born in Philadelphia, Jan. 2, 1814. Died May 6, 1873. 
His eighty volumes of information, gathered in Holland, 
London and Paris, with which he returned in 1844, after 
a three years' search, was the greatest addition which the 
colonial history of New York ever received. 

William Vincent Wells, captain, engineer, traveler, 
and a great-grandson of Samuel Adams, born at Bos- 
ton, Mass., Jan. 2, 1826. 

He built and commanded the first steamboat seen on 
the interior waters of California. 
January 3. 
Marcus Tullius Cicero, an illustrious Roman ora- 
tor, philosopher and statesman, born at Arpino, Italy, 
Jan. 3, 106, b. c. He was killed by the soldiers of Mark 
Antony, near his villa, Dec. 7, 43 b. c. No greater 
master of composition and of the music of speech, has 
ever appeared among men. About eight hundred of his 
letters on 'politics, literature, domestic affairs, etc., and 
fifty of his orations, are extant. 

Lucretia Mott, an American Quakeress, a noted re- 
former and philanthropist, born on the Island of Nan- 
tucket, Jan. 3, 1793. Died Nov. 11, 1880. She was an 
earnest and eloquent advocate of anti-slavery, and a 
trusted leader in the cause of woman's suffrage. 

Douglas William Jerrold, celebrated as a humor- 
ist, journalist, a dramatical and satirical writer, born 
in London, Jan. 3, 1803. Died 1857. "Black-eyed 

Susan," one of the most popular dramas ever acted on 
the English stage, and " Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lectures," 
are among his many writings. 

La^rkin" Goldsmith Mead, a noted American sculp- 
tor, born at Chesterfield, N, H v , Jan, 3, 1835, 



8 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Jan. 4. 

He executed the celebrated "Keeording Angel," the 
colossal statue of "Vermont "placed over the dome of 
the state-house at Montpelier, and other statues, prom- 
inent among which is the monument placed over 
Lincoln's tomb at Springfield, III., Oct. 15, 1874. 

January 4. 

Aaeok Burr, sen., father of Vice-President Burr, 
born in Fairfield, Conn., Jan. 4, 1716. Died in 1757. 
He was both a scholar and an eloquent man. His mar- 
riage with Esther, daughter of Jonathan Edwards, 
caused a name infamous in American history, to be con- 
nected with that eminent divine. 

Paul Louis Courier, an ingenious and popular 
French author and pamphleteer, born in Paris, Jan. 4, 
1772. He was assassinated in Touraine in 1825. His 
"Pamphlet des Pamphlets" has been pronounced "the 
most finished work in respect to taste, and the most won- 
derful in respect to art, in the language." 

Jakob Ludwig Grimm (the eldest of the noted 
Grimm brothers), an eminent German jurist and philolo- 
gist, born at Hanau, Jan. 4, 1785. Died in Berlin, Sept., 
1863. He was author of many works of the antiquities, 
language, and mythology of Germany, which are consid- 
ered standard. His "Talcs" are especially valuable in 
preserving the "folk-lore" of the country. 

Benjamin Lundy, an American philanthropist, 
born in Sussex Co., N. J., Jan. 4, 1789. Died in 1839, 
As early as 1815, he founded an anti-slavery associa-. 
tion called the "Union Humane Society." 

Isaac Pitman, inventor of the modern system of 
phonography, born at Trowbridge, Wiltshire, En£., Jan 
4, 1813, 



Jan. 6] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 9 

His brother, Benj. Pitman, also a phonographer, 
was a reporter of the treason-trials, and the trials of 
the assassins of President Lincoln. 

January 5. 

Stephen Decatur, a celebrated American commodore, 
born at Sinnepuxent, Md., Jan. 5, 1779. He was 
famous for being at two different periods (1804, 1815), 
victorious over the pirates of the Barbary States in 
Africa ; bringing them to terms, and extracting payment 
for injuries done to the American commerce. He was 
killed in a duel near Bladensburg, Md., by Com. James 
Barron, March, 1820. 

Zebulojs Montgomery Pike, an American officer and 
traveler, born at Lamberton, N. J., Jan. 5, 1779. He 
was a surveyor of the newly acquired territory of Louis- 
iana in 1805, and discovered that lofty peak of the Rocky 
Mountains in Colorado which bears his name. He com- 
manded the expedition sent against York (now Toronto), 
Canada, and was killed in the assault, April 27, 1813. 

Roger Charles Tichborne, the real owner of the 
Tichborne estate, born in England, January 5, 1829. 
He is supposed to have been lost at sea, as the vessel in 
which he sailed April, 1854, was never heard from; and 
his estate being claimed by the impostor Arthur Orton, 
alias Thomas Castro, was the cause of the noted " Tich- 
borne Trial." 

January 6. 

JoAtf of Arc, " Maid of Orleans," one of the most 
noted heroines of history, born in Lorraine, Jan. 6, 
1411. In April, 1429, she led the Orleanists against the 
Burgundians and their English allies, and was so victo* 



10 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Jan. 6, 

rious that in three months Charles VII. was crowned at 
Rheims, and France was liberated, according to the pre- 
diction of her " voices." She now wished to return 
home, but was retained by the king ; and was shortly 
after captured by the Burgundians, delivered to the 
English, who burned her May 31, 1431. Her death 
stamped infamy on all parties connected with the war. 

Thomas Chittenden, an American statesman, born 
at East Guilford, Conn., Jan. 6, 1730. Died 1797. 
He was one of the principal founders of Vermont, and 
was chosen first governor of that State. 

Charles Sumner, an American statesman, orator 
and lawyer, born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 6, 1811. 
Died March 11, 1874. He was distinguished for his 
strong anti-slavery principles, and was a confidential ad- 
viser of President Lincoln throughout his administration. 
Among his important services rendered to the govern- 
ment, were the "Resolutions on Foreign Mediation/' 
and the " Freedman's Bureau" bill. 

Paul Gustave Dore, a noted French engraver and 
designer, born in Strasburg, Jan. 6, 1832. Died Jan. 
23, 1883. He is considered one of the most prolific 
designers which art has known, and the Dore Gallery 
has long been open in London for the purpose of exhibit- 
ing his designs. 

Savorgnan De Brazza, the French explorer of 
Africa, born at Rome, Jan. 6, 1842. 

He has opened to the French a new, short, and easy 
road to the center of Africa by constructing a road from 
the French settlement at Gaboon to a tributary of the 
Congo, seventy miles from its mouth, thus overcoming 
the obstacles of the cataracts by which its mouth is 
blocked. 



Jan. .8] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 11 

January 7. 

Israel Putnam, a celebrated American general of the 
Kevolution, born at Salem, Mass., Jan. 7, 1718. 
Died in 1790. He distinguished himself during the 
French and Indian war by his reckless courage, and 
was particularly noted for his bravery at the battle of 
Bunker Hill. 

Millard Fillmore, the thirteenth President of the 
United States, born in Cayuga county, N". Y., Jan. 
7, 1800. Died March, 1874. He was elevated to the 
office of President by the death of President Taylor, 
July 9, 1850. 

Moses Yale Beach, an American mechanic and in- 
ventor, born in Wallingford, Conn., Jan. 7, 1800. Died 
1863. He invented the rag-cutting machines now used 
in paper mills. In 1835 he became proprietor of the 
New York " Sun," said to be the first penny paper pub- 
lished in this country. 

Albert Bierstadt, an eminent landscape painter, 
born at Dusseldorf, Germany, Jan. 7, 1830. 

He is famous for his magnificent pictures of scenes in 
the Rocky Mountains, where he spent several months 
sketching in company with Gen. Lander's expedition to 
that region. 

Thomas De Witt Talmage, D.D., a celebrated 
American divine, born in New Jersey, Jan. 7, 1832. 

He edited the "Christian at Work" for several years, 
and by his lectures and writings has attained a national 
reputation. He is pastor of the " Brooklyn Tabernacle," 
the largest Protestant church building in America. 

January 8. 

Nicholas Biddle, an American financier, born in 



12 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Jan. 8. 

Philadelphia, Jan. 8, 1786. Died Feb., 1844. He was 
director and president cf the United States bank in 
Philadelphia, which in Jackson's administration, was 
the political question of the day, the vetoing of which 
was one of the causes of the financial crisis of 1837. Mr. 
Biddle was the man entrusted with the fund for the es- 
tablishment of Girard College, and to his exertion is due 
one of the most beautiful structures of modern times, the 
plan of which he proposed and caused to be reared, in 
the face of wild political excitement and opposition. 

Lowell Masois", the first musician who received the 
degree of " doctor of music" in America, born in Med- 
ford, Mass., Jan. 8, 1792. Died Aug. 11, 1872. He was 
author and compiler of many collections of choice music, 
and to him Massachusetts is indebted for introducing 
music into the public schools. " Bethany " alone would 
have rendered his name immortal. 

James D. Williams, an American statesman, widely 
known by his sobriquet, " Blue Jean," born in Packa- 
way County, Ohio, Jan. 8, 1808. Died 1880. He was 
a member of Congress, and his election to the office of 
Governor of Indiana was one of the severest contests in 
the political history of the TJ. S. 

George Luther Stearns, a merchant of Boston, 
born at Medford, Mass., Jan. 8, 1809. Died there April 
9, 1867. He was a prominent member of anti-slavery 
organizations, was a firm friend of John Brown during 
his campaign. He founded the " Commonwealth " and 
€i Right Way " newspapers. 

Alfred R. Wallace, an English scientist, traveler 
and explorer, born in Monmouthshire, Eng., Jan. 8, 
1822. 

Ue arrived at the theory of natural selection in- 



Jan. 10 J £ VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 13 

dependent of Darwin's researches, and for his yast col- 
lection of natural specimens, and additions to natural 
history, he has received medals from two societies in 
France. 

January 9. 

Armand Jean de Rance, a French abbe, born at 
Paris, France, Jan. 9, 1626. Died Oct. 27, 1700. 
He is noted as the founder of the order of "Trappists" 
of La Trappe, a class of monks who subject themselves 
to the practice of great austerities, and the endurance of 
extreme privations. 

Lemuel Shaw, LL.D., an eminent American jurist, 
born at Barnstable, Mass., Jan. 9, 1781. Died at 
Boston, March 30, 1861. He drafted the charter of the 
city of Boston, and for twenty-seven years was one of 
the corporation of Harvard College. 

Edward Jaevis, M.D., a noted author of medical 
works, born at Concord, Mass., Jan. 9, 1803. 

He has added valuable contributions to the science of 
medicine, and in 1852, was made president of the 
American Statistical Association. 

Edwin F. Hateield, D.D., an American editor, 
author, and divine, born in Elizabethtown, N. J., Jan. 
9, 1807. Died 1883. He has contributed many valu- 
able w r orks to religious literature. 

January 10. 

Ethan Allen, an officer of the Eevolutionary war, 
born at Litchfield, Conn., Jan. 10, 1737. Died near 
Burlington, Vt., Feb. 12, 1789. He was leader of the 
famous " Green Mountain Boys," of Vermont, and 
hero of the capture of forts Ticonderoga and Crown 
Point, May 10, 1775. 



14 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Jan. 11. 

Michel Ney, a famous French marshal, styled by 
Napoleon Bonaparte the " Bravest of the Brave," born 
at Sarre-Louis, Jan. 10, 1769. After the battle of 
Waterloo he was tried for treason by some of the fac- 
tions of France, and shot Dec. 7, 1815. His death was 
a useless, cruel sacrifice, which has ever been a blot on 
French history. 

Daniel Wise, D.D., a Methodist divine, born at 
Portsmouth, Eng., Jan. 10, 1813. 

He has edited several religious and Sunday School 
papers, and is author of more than thirty noted relig- 
ious works for the young. He came to the U. S. in 
1823. 

January 11. 

Alexander Hamilton", an illustrious American 
statesman, orator, and general, born on the island of 
Nevis, one of the West India Islands, Jan. 11, 1757. 
He was the first Secretary of the Treasury, after the 
adoption of the Constitution, and to him belongs the 
credit of placing the finances of the infant nation on a 
firm basis. Said Webster : " He smote the rock of the 
national resources, and abundant streams of revenue 
burst forth. He touched the corpse of public credit, 
and it sprang upon its feet." He died a victim of 
Aaron Burr's barbarous duel, July 12, 1804. 

Ezra Cornell, founder of the Cornell University at 
Ithaca, N. Y., born at Westchester Landing, N. Y., Jan. 
11, 1807. Died at Ithaca, Dec. 9, 1874. He was father 
of Alonzo B. Cornell, a public man of New York, and 
for three years its governor. 

Bayard Taylor, a distinguished American traveler, 
author and poet, born in Chester Co., Pa., Jan. 11, 1825. 
Besides being author of many noted books of travel, he 



Jan. 12.] E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 15 

regularly contributed to " The Literary World" and the 
" Tribune," and was for a time assistant-editor of the 
latter paper. In 1878, he was appointed Minister to 
Germany, and died in Berlin, Dec. 19, the same year. 

January 12. 

John Winthrop, founder and first governor of Bos- 
ton, born at Groton, Suffolk Co., England, Jan. 12, 1588. 
Died at Boston, March 26, 1649. He is said to have 
been eminent for wisdom, magnanimity, and other 
virtues. 

Samuel Harris, the "apostle of Virginia," born in 
Hanover, Va., Jan. 12, 1724. Death unknown. He 
was a colonel of the militia and a Baptist divine, and 
was ordained an apostle by the general association, 
1774. 

John Hancock, an American statesman and patriot, 
born in Quincy, Mass., Jan. 12, 1737. Died Oct. ,1793, 
He was chosen president of the Continental Congress 
in 1775, and was the first signer to the " Declaration 
of Independence," July 4, 1776. Was governor of 
Massachusetts from 1780, with the exception of two 
years, until his death. 

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, a Swiss teacher 
and educational reformer of great merit, born at Zurich, 
Jan. 12, 1745. Died Feb. 27, 1827. He is considered 
the " Socrates of modern education," and the improved 
methods of teaching to-day are the outgrowth of the 
"new departure" inaugurated by him. 

Alfred Tennyson, D.C.L., the celebrated poet 
laureate of England since 1852, born at Somerby in 
Lincolnshire, Jan. 12, 1809. 

Among his many short poems, "The May Queen" 
and " Enoch Arden " are the most popular. " In Memo- 



16 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Jan. 13. 

riam," a touching tribute to his friend, Arthur H. 
Hallam is his sweetest. 

His place of residence for several years has been 
on the Isle of Wight. 

January 13. 

Hugh Orr, a manufacturer and inventor, of Bridge- 
water, Mass., born at Lochwinoch, Scotland, Jan., 1717. 
Died Dec. 6, 1798. His muskets made for the State of 
Massachusetts are said to have been the first manufac- 
tured in New England. He also invented machines for 
cleaning flaxseed, and manufacturing cotton. 

Samuel Woodworth, an American journalist and 
poet, born in Scituate, Mass., Jan. 13, 1785. Died in 
1842. He, in company with George P. Morris, founded 
"The New York Mirror " in 1823. Among his many 
lyrics, is the popular poem, " The Old Oaken Bucket." 

Samuel Portland Chase, an eminent American 
statesman, born at Concord, N. H., Jan. 13, 1808. Died 
May 7, 1873. He was Secretary of the Treasury during 
Lincoln's first term, at which time he introduced 
"greenbacks." In Oct., 1864, he was appointed Chief 
Justice of the Supreme Court, which place he held un- 
til his death. 

William Henry Wells, an English editor and 
author, born at Plymouth, Eng., Jan. 13, 1810. Died 
1885. He was one of the original editors of "Punch." 

Chester Smith Lyman, an eminent American 
astronomer and scholar, born at Manchester, Conn., 
Jan. 13, 1814. 

Going to the Sandwich Islands for his health, he 
taught the Eoyal School there, having as pupils 
four of the recent occupants of the Hawaiian throne. 



Jan. 16.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. Vt 

When surveyor of California lie sent to the Eastern 
States one of the earliest authentic accounts of the 
discovery of gold. He was also one of the revisers 
of Webster's Dictionary for the edition of 1864. 

Horatio Alger, a popular American author, born at 
North Chelsea (now Revere), Mass., Jan. 13, 1834. 
His forte lies in describing juvenile life in New York 
city, which his "Ragged Dick" series plainly attests. 

January 14. 

William Whipple, statesman, general, judge, and 
"signer" to the " Declaration of Independence," born 
in Kittery, Me., Jan. 14, 1730. Died at Portsmouth, 
N. H;, Nov. 28, 1786. 

January J 5. 

Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, born Jan. 
15, 1342. Died in 1404. He was one of the most power- 
ful French princes during the minority of Charles VI., 
and was the rival of the Duke of Orleans. 

Philip Livingston, a "signer "to the "Declara- 
tion of Independence," born at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 15, 
1716. Died 1778. He was one of the founders of the 
Chamber of Commerce, and greatly assisted Yale and 
Columbia Colleges. 

January 16. 

Moliere, whose real name was Jean Baptiste Poquelin, 
was born in Paris, Jan. 16, 1622. Died 1673. He 
was a celebrated French comic actor and author, to 
whom the most eminent critics have awarded the prize 
for the best written comedies. "The Misanthrope " is 
esteemed one of his masterpieces. 



18 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Jan. 17. 

Charles Henry Davis, an American naval officer, 
born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 16, 1807. Died 1877. 
To his efforts the American " Nautical Almanac" owes 
its present foundation. 

January 17. 

Leonhard von Fuchs, a German botanist, born at 
Wemdingon, Swabia, Jan. 17, 1501. Died May 10, 
1566. As a botanist he corrected many current errors 
in the nomenclature of plants. That beautiful plant, 
the fuchsia, bears his name. 

Benjamin Franklin, one of the most eminent of 
Americans, a philosopher, statesman and author, born 
at Boston, Mass., Jan. 17, 1706. Died in Philadel- 
phia, April 17, 1790. As a philosopher we find his dis- 
covery that lightning and electricity are identical, to be 
among his successes in that line. As a statesman he 
was one of the five chosen to prepare the " Declaration 
of Independence/' and one of its "signers." Was sent 
to England, and also to France, as ambassador in behalf 
of the colonies. As an author his "Autobiography," 
and "Poor Richard's Almanac," were popular. His 
worth to the world is immortalized by Turgot's famous 
words : " He wrested the thunderbolt from heaven, 
and the scepter from tyrants." 

Thomas Allen, an American divine and patriot, 
born at Northampton, Mass., Jan. 17, 1743. Died 
Feb. 11, 1810. He was the first minister of Pitts- 
field, Mass., where he was ordained in 1764. His son 
William is the well-known D.D. and author, who for 
nineteen years was president of Bowdoin College. 

Charles Brock den Brown, the first American nov- 
elist of any note, born at Philadelphia, Jan. 17, 1771. 
Died Feb. 22, 1810. He was editor of the "Monthly 



Jan. 18.] E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 19 

Magazine, and American Review/' and in 1803 found- 
ed "The Literary Magazine and American Register," 
which he edited for five years. 

Felix Robertson, M.D., born at Nashville, Tenn., 
Jan. 17, 1780. Died there Sept. 10, 1865. He is thor- 
oughly identified with the city of Nashville, being the 
first male child born in the city, practised medicine 
there forty years, was twice mayor, also long a president 
of the Bank of Tennessee, and a presiding officer of 
the University of Nashville. 

Caleb Cushing, a distinguished American jurist, 
politician and scholar, born in Essex Co., Mass., Jan. 17, 
1800. Died 1879. He was appointed commissioner to 
China, and in 1814, negotiated the first treaty of the 
United States with that government. 

Henry Iistman, an American portrait painter of note, 
born at Utica, N. Y., Jan. 17, 1801. Died 1846. He 
was commissioned by Congress to adorn the National 
Capitol with historic paintings, but died before he had 
completed his work. 

January 18. 

Baron Montesquieu, a brilliant, original and popu- 
lar French author, born near Bordeaux, Prance, Jan. 18, 
1689. Died in Paris, Feb. , 1755. He acquired a sudden 
celebrity by his "Persian Letters," in 1721; but his 
greatest work was "The Spirit of Laws," to which he 
devoted fourteen years. In eighteen months it ran 
through twenty-two editions. 

Joseph Tuckerman, D.D., an American Unitarian 
divine, born at Boston, Mass., Jan. 18, 1778. Died 1840. 
He was one of the founders of the "American Seaman's 



20 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



[Jan. 19. 



Friend Society," as well as many other philanthropic in- 
stitutions. 

Daniel Webster, a celebrated American statesman, 
jurist and orator, born at Salisbury, N. H., Jan. 18, 1792. 
Died at Mansfield, Mass., Oct. 24, 1852. He is consid- 
ered "the greatest orator that has ever lived in the 
Western Hemisphere. " One of the most remarkable 
speeches ever made in the American Congress was his 
reply to his opponent, Hayne, of South Carolina, who 
had strongly advocated "State Rights," and which ter- 
minated in those noted words, sacred to every true Amer- 
ican : " Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and in- 
separable." 

January 19. 

James Watt, a Scottish engineer, philosopher and 
inventor, born at Greenock on the Clyde in Scotland, 
Jan. 19, 1736. Died near Birmingham, Eng., Aug., 1819. 
He is distinguished for his important improvements on 
steam-engines, for his discovery that water when convert- 
ed into steam, is expanded into eighteen times its bulk ; 
and by some writers it is claimed that he made the great 
chemical discovery — the composition of water — instead of 
Cavendish. 

Bernardin St. Pierre, a celebrated French writer, 
born at Havre, France, Jan. 19, 1737. Died in Jan., 
1814. He is regarded as one of the best prose writers 
of France, and his noted book " Paul and Virginia/' 
is considered one of the finest works of French 
literature. 

Samuel Lorenzo Kstapp, an American editor and 
biographical author, born at Newburyport, Mass., Jan. 
19, 1784. Died 1838. 



Jan. 20.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 21 

Howard Malcom, D.D., a Baptist divine, born at 
Philadelphia, Jan. 19, 1799. Died March 25, 1875. 
He was one of the founders of the "American Tract 
Society," and of the " Sunday School Union," also a 
missionary to China and. India. 

Robert Edmund Lee, a celebrated Confederate gen- 
eral of the civil war, born at Stratford, Westmoreland 
Co., Va., Jan. 19, 1806. Died Oct. 12, 1870. He 
was son of General Henry Lee, of the Revolution, 
often called " Light-Horse Harry," and married the 
daughter of the adopted son of General Washington. 
After an arduous struggle as major-general of the Con- 
federate forces — which as a Virginian he felt bound to 
lead — he surrendered to Grant, April 9, 1865, and thus 
closed the war. 

Edgar Allen Poe, a distinguished American editor 
and poet, born at Baltimore, Md., Jan. 19, 1811. 
Died in 1849, of delirium tremens, that sad curse of 
humanity, which has engulfed so much literary genius. 
His "Raven" and "The Bells" will, of his short 
poems, longest live to perpetuate his memory. 

January 20. 

Susannah Wesley, the mother of the noted Method- 
ist divines, born in England, Jan. 20, 1669. Died 
July 23, 1742. She is said to have been a model mother, 
and her sons owed much to her wise counsels. Her last 
request was: " Children, as soon as I am released, sing a 
psalm of praise to God." 

Richard Henry Lee, an American patriot, states- 
man and orator, born in Westmoreland Co., Va., Jan. 
29, 1732. Died June 19, 1794. During the summer 
session of Congress, 1776, he it was who introduced 



22 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Jan. 21. 

the measure, "The United Colonies are, and ought 
to be, free and independent ;" and two days later was 
"signer" to the "Declaration of Independence." 

Egbert Morris, a distinguished American statesman 
and financier, born in Lancashire, Eng., Jan. 20, 
1734. Died in Philadelphia, 1806. He was a "signer" 
to the " Declaration of Independence," and it is said 
that " to Washington as general, Franklin as negotiator, 
and Morris as financier, American Independence owes its 
success." He pledged his private fortune to assist the 
soldiers, and yet in his old age he was imprisoned for 
debt! 

Nathaniel Parker Willis, a distinguished Amer- 
ican poet and miscellaneous writer, born at Portland, 
Me., Jan. 20, 1807. Died at his home, "Idlewild," 
Jan. 21, 1867. He founded in 1828 the " American 
Monthly Magazine," subsequently merged in the "New 
York Mirror," and in 1846 became associated with G. 
P. Morris as editor of the " Home Journal." His 
" Scriptorial Poems " are particularly beautiful. 

David Wilmot, an eminent American legislator, born 
at Bethany, Wayne county, Pa., Jan. 20, 1814. 
Died at Towanda, Pa., March 16, 1868. He was dis- 
tinguished as an opponent of slavery, and was author of 
the "Wilmot Proviso," a bill prohibiting slavery in the 
territory acquired from Mexico after the war of 1848. 
This, though a failure, created great excitement. 

January 21. 

JoH]$r Fitch, an American inventor, born in Windsor, 
Conn., Jan. 21, 1743. Died in Kentucky, 1798. 
He is said by authorities to be the originator of running 
vessels by steam as early as 1785. He plied a boat on 



Jan. 21.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 23 

the Delaware at the rate of seven miles an hour, in 1790, 
but he gained no profit by it, and was considered an 
insane projector. 

Francis Elias Spinner, an American military 
officer and politician, born in Herkimer county, N". Y., 
Jan. 21, 1802. 

In 1861 he was appointed treasurer of the United 
States by Lincoln, which office he held until 1875, and 
his curious signature on the "greenbacks" during that 
period became more familiar than the autograph of any 
living man. 

John Charles Fremont, the "Pathfinder" of the 
Eocky Mountains, an American explorer and general, 
born in Savannah, Ga., Jan. 21, 1813. 

He was appointed by the government, in 1842, to open 
an overland route through the " Kockies " to the Pacific, 
at which time he ascended the peak which now 
bears his name. His subsequent expeditions among the 
savage tribes and inhospitable deserts have hardly been 
surpassed in the records of human adventure. He was 
sent as one of the first United States Senators from 
California in 1850, and in 1856 was nominated for Pres- 
ident on the Kepublican ticket. 

Horace Wells, M.D., an American dentist, born at 
Hartford, Union county, Vt., Jan. 21, 1815. He was 
the first to employ "laughing gas" to destroy pain 
during dental operations, which he caused to be used on 
himself successfully, Dec. 11, 1844. He died in a fit 
of mental aberration, on account of losing his patent, 
Jan. 14, 1848. 

John 0. Breokenridge, an American statesman 
and general, born near Lexington, Ky., Jan. 21, 
1821, Died May, 1875. He was elected Vice-President 



24 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



[Jao. 22. 



with Buchanan in 1856, and nominated for President on 
the Democratic ticket in 1860. He occupied the position 
of Confederate general during the civil war, and in 
January, 1865, was appointed Secretary of War of the 
Confederacy. 

Thomas Jonathan Jackson, " Stonewall Jackson," 
a noted general of the Confederate army during the 
civil war, born at Clarksburg, Harrison county, W. Va., 
Jan. 21, 1824. Died of a wound received by mis- 
take from his own forces during the battle of Chancel- 
lorsville, May 10, 1863. The advantages which the Con- 
federates gained in that battle were dearly purchased by 
the loss of their noble leader. 



January 22. 

Francis Bacon, commonly called "Lord Bacon," 
one of the most illustrious philosophers of modern 
times, born in London, Eng., Jan. 22, 1561. Died 
April 19, 1625. He is more praiseworthy as a philoso- 
pher and a man of genius, than as a politician. 

Charles O'Conor, an eminent American lawyer, 
born in New York, Jan. 22, 1804. Died in Nan- 
tucket, 12, 1884. Though he had for some time 
previous retired from business, he was undoubtedly the 
greatest lawyer of the country, which with the stainless 
purity of his life, will make his name one long to be 
remembered. 

Jennie Fowler Willing, an eminent educational 
and temperance pioneer, born in Burford, Canada, Jan. 
22, 1834. As an educator she was appointed Prof, of 
English Language and Literature at the Illinois Wes- 
leyan Unversity; and as a pioneer in the temperance 
cause, was one of the first crusaders ; and elected first 






Jan. 24.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 25 

President of the National Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union, and became first editor of its organ, " Our 
Union/' 

January 23. 

George Gordon Noel Byron — Lord Byron — an 
English poet of rare genius, born in London, Jan. 23, 
1788. Died at Missolonghi, Italy, April 19, 1824. The 
sudden success of his most remarkable publication, 
" Childe Harold," gave rise to his noted expression: "I 
awoke one morning and found myself famous." He 
contracted his last illness during his efforts in the cause 
of Grecian freedom. 

William Page, an American artist of great merit, 
born in Albany, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1811. Died 1885. 
He was at one time president of the National Academy, 
and some of his copies from the old masters haye been 
mistaken for originals. 

Lorenzo Niles Fowler, one of the founders of the 
firm of "Fowler & Wells," born Jan. 23, 1811. He 
is author of several works on phrenology, and has 
lectured extensively in the United States and Great 
Britain in the interest of that science. His wife, Dr. 
Lydia Folger, was among the first female graduates of a 
medical college in this country. She died in London, 
Jan. 26, 1879. 

January 24. 

Frederic II., of Prussia, surnamed " The Great," born 
Jan. 24, 1712. Died Aug. 17, 1786. He was king 
from 1740 to 1786, and he left to his nephew and 
successor a powerful and well organized kingdom, one- 
half larger in area than it had been at his own 
accession. 



26 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Jan. 25. 

John" Mason Neale, an English theologian and his- 
torical writer, born in London, Jan. 24, 1818. Died 
at East Grinstead, Aug., 1866. He was founder of the 
sisterhood of St. Margaret, and a writer of many popular 
hymns, among which is "Jerusalem the Golden." 

Henry Jaryis Kaymond, LL.D., an able American 
journalist, orator and statesman, born at Lima, N. Y., 
Jan. 24, 1820. Died in New York city, June 18, 
1869. In 1851 he founded the "New York Times," 
which he continued to edit with success until his death. 

John MacGregor, "Bob Koy," a modern traveler, 
born at Gravesend, Eng., Jan. 24, 1825. He is author 
of the " Eob Eoy " Series, which was the name of the 
canoe in which he explored the Danube, Nile, Jordan, 
etc. 

January 25. 

Ezekiel Cheeyer, an eminent teacher in early 
colonial times, born in London, Eng., Jan. 25, 1615. 
Died Aug. 21, 1708. He was one of the founders of 
the New Haven colony, and having received a superior 
classical education in England, he devoted his time to 
teaching in the different colonies for seventy years. 

Joseph Louis Lagrange, one of the most eminent 
geometers of modern times, born at Turin, Jan. 25, 
1736. Died in April, 1813. His valuable discoveries in 
the general principles of mathematics and astronomy 
are considered second only to Newton's. "After New- 
ton's discovery of the elliptic orbits of the plants," says 
Playfair, "Lagrange's discovery of their periodical 
inequalities is the noblest truth in physical astronomy." 

Kobert Bur^s, the national bard of Scotland, born 
near the town of Ayr, Scotland, Jan. 25, 1759. Died 



Jan. 26] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 27 

July 21, 1796. His peculiar fitful genius never led 
him to attempt any lengthy work, but his " Tarn 
O'Shanter " proves that he was capable of placing some- 
thing among the world-renowned productions equal to 
Goethe's "Faust" or Cervante's "Don Quixote." Had 
his brilliant life extended into thoughtful and sobered 
age, his probably would have been a leading name among 
poets. 

James Hogg, " the Ettrick shepherd," a British 
author, born in Ettrick, Selkirkshire, Scotland, Jan. 
25, 1772. Died Nov. 21, 1835. In 1813 he gave to 
the public the " Queen's Wake," which, says Prof. 
Wilson, "is a garland of fair forest-flowers, bound with 
a band of rushes from the moor," and procured him a 
high reputation as a poet. 

Gouverneur Kemble, born in New York city, 
Jan. 25, 1786. Died Sept. 16, 1875. He established the 
West Point Foundry, at Cold Spring, in 1817 ; was one 
of the first and most active advocates of the Hudson 
Eiver Railroad, and one of the last survivors of the 
"Tontine Association." 

Joel Parker, LL.D., a distinguished American 
jurist and author, born at Jaffrey, N. H., Jan. 25, 
1795. Died at Cambridge, Aug. 17, 1875. 

January 26. 

Cornelius P. Van Ness, LL.D., an American law- 
yer and statesman, born in Vermont, Jan. 26, 1781. 
Died in Philadelphia, 1852. He was appointed com- 

missioner in 1818 to settle the boundaries between 
the United States and Great Britain. 

Thomas Noon Talfourd, an English dramatist, es- 
sayist and biographical author, born in Doxey, a suburb 



28 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Jan. 27. 

of Stafford, Jan. 26, 1795. Died 1854. He was 

biographer of nearly all the prominent authors of his 
day, and was the first to recognize publicly the genius 
of Wordsworth. 

Julia Dent Grant, wife of the honored general and 
president Grant, born in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 26, 1826. 

When America called Grant to the presidential chair, 
she stood with dignity at his side, and commanded the 
respect of all who beheld her ; and this respect has been 
enhanced by her continued dignity through the trials 
and sufferings of Grant's last days. 

January 27. 

Thomas Willis, M.D., F.R.S., an eminent Eng- 
lish anatomist and physician, born at Great Bedwin, 
Wiltshire, England, Jan. 27, 1621. Died in 1675. 
He was one of the founders of the " Eoyal Society " and 
for many years was considered " the most famous physi- 
cian of his time." 

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, one of the greatest 
musicians and musical composers of the world, born at 
Salzburg, Jan. 27, 1756. His masterpiece is the opera 
"Don Giovanni" or "Don Juan;" but his "Re- 
quiem," composed with the presentiment of his death, is 
considered his most sublime work. The jealousy of con- 
temporary musicians marred and shortened his life. He 
died Dec. , 1791, and went to his grave unfollowed 
by a friend, with fifteen other dead, to the common 
burying ground of the poor, and his grave is unknown. 

Fkiedhich Wilhelm Joseph Schellikg, one of the 
four chief metaphysical philosophers of Germany, born 
near Stuttgart, Jan. 27, 1775. Died at Ragaz, Switz- 
erland, Aug., 1854. In 1826 lie was appointed to the 



Jan. 28.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 29 

chair of philosophy in the University of Munich, where 
his celebrity as a lecturer attracted multitudes of students 
from various countries of Europe. On his succeeding 
Hegel as professor of philosophy at Berlin in 1841, he 
was hailed as one destined to deliver Philosophy from 
the logic of Pantheism, and lead her back to Christ. 
Schelling is distinguished from the other great philos- 
ophers of Germany, by his combining with rare intel- 
lectual powers, poetic gifts of a high order. 

David P. Stkauss, an eminent German author and 
theological critic, born in Ludwigsburg, Germany, Jan. 
27, 1808. Died at his native place, Feb. 9, 1874. 
His " Old Faith and the New " is one of his best known 
works. 

January 2§. 

Richard De Beauchamp, twelfth Earl of Warwick, 
born in Worcestershire, Jan. 28, 1381. Died at Rouen, 
1439. He was called by the Emperor Sigismund, the 
"father of courtesy;" and also gained the title of 
" the good earl." He was the father of Richard Neville, 
known as "the king-maker." 

James Tallmadge, LL.D., an American lawyer 
and statesman, born at Stamford, N. Y., Jan. 28, 
1778. Died in New York city, Sept. 29, 1853. He 
was one of the founders of the University of New 
York, and for nineteen years was president of the Amer- 
ican Institute. 

William Tudor, an American scholar and author, 
born at Boston, Jan. 28, 1779. Died at Rio Janeiro, 
March 9, 1830. He was one of the founders of the Bos- 
ton Athenaeum, first editor of the " North American Re- 
view " and originator of the Bunker Hill Monument. 



30 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Jan. 30. 

January 29. 

Emajstuel Swedenborg, founder of the "Sweden- 
borgians," sometimes called the " New Jerusalem 
Church/' born in Stockholm, Sweden, Jan. 29, 
1688. Died March 20, 1772. Besides his many theo- 
logical writings he published many scientific and philo- 
sophical works, and had the friendship and confidence 
of the sovereigns of Sweden until his death. 

Thomas Paine, the noted deistical author, born in 
Thetford, England, Jan. 29, 1737. Died in New York, 
1809. His work "Common Sense," did much to 
arouse the Americans to the necessity of an independent 
republican government. A portion of his "Age of 
Eeason " was written while imprisoned in France, in 
1795. 

Gen. Henry Lee, "Light-Horse Harry/ 5 a gen- 
eral of the Ee volution, born in Westmoreland Co., Va., 
Jan. 29, 1756. Died March 25, 1816, of injuries 
sustained while trying to defend the house of Alexander 
C. Hanson, an editor, from a mob. In his celebrated 
eulogy on Washington occurs the words : "First in war, 
first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." 

Albert Gallatin, an eminent American statesman, 
born at Geneva, Switzerland, Jan. 29, 1761. Died 
Aug. 12, 1849. He was a great oracle and leader of 
the Republican party; was one of the signers to the 
treaty of Ghent, in 1814, in company with Adams and 
Clay. 

January 30. 

Walter Sayage Landor, an eminent English 
author and poet, born at Ipsley Court, Warwickshire, 
Eng., Jan. 30, 1775. Died at Florence, Sept. , 1864. 



Jan. 31.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 31 

Nathaniel Prentiss Banks, an American states- 
man and general, born at Waltham, Mass., Jan. 30, 
1816. He was an able general of the Federal army 
during the civil war, previous to which he was governor 
of Massachusetts at three elections. He was at one time 
Speaker of the House, and served as chairman in the 
Fortieth and Forty-first Congress. 

January 31. 

Anthony Benezet, an eminent philanthropist, born 
in France, Jan. 31, 1713. Died in 1784. He was a 
zealous opponent of the slave trade, and his tracts writ- 
ten on the subject after he emigrated to America, are 
said to have first drawn the attention of Olarkson and 
Wilberforce to that subject. 

Gouverneur Morris, a distinguished statesman of 
New York, born at Morrisania, Westchester Co., N. Y., 
Jan. 31, 1752. Died in his native town, Nov. 6, 1816. 
He assisted in drafting the State constitution of New 
York, and was one of the committee which drafted the 
Federal Constitution of 1787. He was also one of the 
originators of the New York canal system, and of the 
coinage of the United States. 

Bernard Barton, known as the " Quaker poet," 
born in London, Jan. 31, 1784. Died Feb. 19, 1849. 
He was a member of the Society of Friends, and 
his works are noted for their pious sentiment and 
tenderness. 

Franz Schubert, an eminent German composer, born 
at Vienna, Jan. 31, 1797. Died there, Nov. 19, 1828. 
He exercised himself in almost every species of musical 
composition, but is best known by his songs and ballads, 



32 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Feb. i. 

more than fifty of which still live, and are ranked among 
the most exquisite productions of the kind. 

Johk Summerfield, a Methodist divine and distin- 
guished pulpit orator, born at Preston, England, Jan. 
81, 1798. Died in New York, June 13, 1825. He was 
one of the founders of the "American Tract Society," 
and his rare eloquence attracted large crowds in the cities 
of America. 

James G. Blaine, an American statesman, born in 
Washington Co., Pa., Jan. 31, 1830. He was elected 
to the Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, Forty- 
first, Forty-second, and Forty-third Congresses, serving 
in the three last named as Speaker. He was appointed 
Secretary of State in Garfield's Cabinet, but resigned on 
the death of the latter. He was the defeated ^Republican 
candidate for President in 1884. 

February 1. 

Sir Edward Coke, an eminent English judge and 
jurist, born at Mileham, Norfolk, England, Feb. 1, 
1552. Died Sept. 3, 1633. He was the principal 
framer of the "Bill of Rights" and carried it through 
Parliament, and was author of legal works which are 
still standards of law in England. 

Charles Miner, "John Harwood," an American 
journalist and author, born at Norwich, Conn., Feb. 1, 
1780. Died at Wilkesbarre, Penn., Oct. 26, 1865. By his 
writings he introduced and popularized silk culture in 
the United States. 

Eichard Whately, Archbishop of Dublin, a noted 
English thinker and writer, born in London, England, 
Feb. 1, 1787. Died at Dublin, Ireland, Oct. , 1863. 
He was one of the founders of the " Broad Church" 



Feb. 3] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 33 

party, and is justly considered to haye been one of the 
most profound and original thinkers of his time. 

February 2. 

Sir William Phipps, a prominent American in early 
colonial times, born in Woolwich, Eng., Feb. 2, 1651. 
Died in London, February 18, 1695. He was an ignorant 
shepherd, knighted for successfully obtaining $1,000,000 
worth of treasure from a sunken Spanish ship off the 
coast of the Bahamas. He served in the colonial army 
against the French in 1690, and in 1692 became the 
first royal governor of Massachusetts. 

Hannah More, a noted English teacher, poet and 
authoress, born at Stapleton, England, Feb. 2, 1745. 
Died Sept. 7, 1833. "The Shepherd of Salisbury 
Plain " is one among her many works. At her death 
she left a fortune of £30,000, one-third of which was 
bequeathed to charitable purposes. 

John O. Dalton, a distinguished American physiol- 
ogist, born at Chelmsford, Mass., Feb. 2, 1825. 

His many valuable works have given him a wide repu- 
tation, and placed him in the first rank of American 
physiologists. 

February 3. 

Joseph 0. Neal, an American journalist and humor- 
ous writer, born in Greenland, N. H., Feb. 3, 1807. 
Died in 1848. In 1831 he became editor of "The 
Pennsylvanian ; " in 1844 founded the popular "Neal's 
Saturday Gazette." "Charcoal Sketches," his best 
known production, was published 1837. 

Felix Mendelssohn, an eminent German composer, 
born at Hamburg, Feb. 3, 1809. Died Nov. 4, 1847. 



34 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Feb. 4. 

His " Elijah," an oratorio, caused a greater sensation in 
the musical world than had been known since the days 
of Handel. He was aided in his musical entertainments 
by his talented sister Fanny, to whom he was devoted, 
and her death gave him a sorrow from which he never 
recovered. 

Horace Greeley, a distinguished American jour- 
nalist, born in Amherst, N. H., Feb. 3, 1811. He 
was founder or editor successively of the " Morning 
Post/' " New Yorker," " The Jeffersonian," and " The 
Log Cabin ; " but in 1841 his journalistic talents cul- 
minated in " The Daily Tribune," which, through his 
influence, became an earnest advocate of temperance, 
woman's rights, the abolition of slavery, and other re- 
forms. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presi- 
dency in 1872, which, with the loss of his wife, caused 
his death Nov. 29 of the same year. 

Amelia B. Welby, an American authoress, born at 
St. Michael's, Md., Feb. 3, 1819. Died at Louisville, 
Ky., May 3, 1852. 

Elisha Kent Kane, M.D., a distinguished Ameri- 
can explorer, born in Philadelphia, Feb. 3, 1820. 
Died at Havana, Feb. 16, 1857. The purpose of 
his Arctic expeditions — to find Sir John Franklin — was 
a failure ; but his well written account of his voyage, 
together with his knowledge of the existence of an open 
Polar sea, made of them a grand success. 

February 4. 

Anne, Queen of Great Britain, and last reigning 
sovereign of the house of Stuart, born in Twickenham, 
near London, Feb. 4, 1664. Died 1714. She was the 
second daughter of James II. and succeeded to the 



Feb. 5.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 35 

throne in 1702. One of the most celebrated events of 
her reign was the union of England and Scotland, 1707. 
As a period of literature, her reign compares well with 
the Augustan age of Kome. Newton, Addison, Pope, 
Bolingbroke, Swift, De Foe, and Arbuthnot, were cele- 
brated men of the times. Anne's seventeen children all 
died before she became Queen. 

Josiah Quikcy, LL.D., an American statesman and 
author, born at Boston, Feb. 4, 1772. Died at 
Quincy, Mass., July 1, 1864. He was the second 
Mayor of Boston, and for sixteen years was president of 
the Harvard University. " King Josiah the First" 
was a title given him while he was leader of the Federal 
party in the National Congress. 

Lucy Hooper, an American authoress and poet of 
great promise, born in ISTewburyport, Mass., Feb. 4, 1816. 
Died August 1, 1841. Whittier wrote a beautiful poem 
to her memory. 

February 5. 

Jomq" Witherspoon", D.D., LL.D., a distinguished 
American divine and scholar, born in Haddington, Scot- 
land, Feb. 5, 1722. Died Nov. 15, 1794. He was a 
father of the Presbyterian church in America, and a 
" signer" of the "Declaration of Independence." He 
identified himself so thoroughly with the interests of 
his adopted country, that to perpetuate his memory, his 
colossal statue was erected and unveiled in Fairmount 
Park, Philadelphia, 1876. 

James Otis, a celebrated American patriot and orator, 
born at West Barnstable, Mass., Feb. 5, 1725. So 
ardent was he in the cause of American oppression, 
that he was considered by the English government one 



36 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Feb. 5. 

of the three unpardonable rebels of the colonies, John 
Hancock and Samuel Adams, being the other two. He 
was killed by lightning, May, 1783. 

Sir Robert Peel, called by his opponents " Orange 
Peel," in allusion to his hostility to Catholics, a celebrat- 
ed English statesman, born in Lancashire, England, 
Feb. 5, 1788. He was universally respected for honesty, 
truth and ability. He filled many eminent positions in 
the government, and influenced important reforms. 
Died in consequence of a fall from his horse, July 2, 
1850. 

John Lindley, LL.D.,F.B.S., botanist and author, 
born in Oatton, Norfolk, Eng., Feb. 5, 1799. Died 
near London, Nov. 1, 1865. He was one of the most 
eminent botanists of the present century ; was professor 
of botany in University College, London, and his writ- 
ings on that science are of first importance. 

Ole Bornemann Bull, a celebrated Norwegian 
violinist, born at Bergen, Feb. 5, 1810. Died August 
18, 1880. Having met with brilliant success in the 
principal capitals of Europe, he came to America in 1845, 
purchased 120,000 acres of land in Pennsylvania, and 
planted the Swedish colony of Oleona ; but it proved 
a failure. 

Dwight Lyman Moody, an eminent American evan- 
gelist, born in Northfield, Franklin county, Mass., Feb. 
5, 1837. 

His success as an evangelist, plain and unassuming 
as he is, proves the fact that religion is of the heart, 
not the head ; and a direct, forcible appeal will reach 
the heart, while the elegant and flowery discourse loses 
its way in the intricacies of the brain. 



Feb. 7.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 37 

February 6. 

Aarcw Burr, an American soldier and statesman, 
born at Newark, N. J., Feb. 6, 1756. Died Sept. 14, 
1836. He was Vice-President of the United States 
during Jefferson's term, but after the ill-fated duel in 
which Alexander Hamilton lost his life, he became 
unpopular. His attempts to work against the govern- 
ment in Mexico and the adjacent territories, caused his 
arrest for treason, but though tried, he was acquitted. 

David Reed, an American scholar and philanthro- 
pist, born at Easton, Mass., Feb. 6, 1790. Died at 
Boston, Jane 7, 1870. He founded the " Christian Reg- 
ister" in Boston, 1821, and was one of the founders of 
the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1828. 

William Maxwell Eyarts, an eminent American 
lawyer and statesman, born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 6, 
1818. 

He was the leading counsel for the defense of 
President Johnson during his trial in 1868, and was one 
of the three lawyers appointed by President Grant, in 
1871, to defend the interests of the citizens of the 
United States during the Geneva arbitration, which met 
to settle the "Alabama Claims." 

February 7. 

Sir Thomas More, an eminent English wit, 
philosopher, author, and statesman, born in London, 
Feb. 7, 1480. In 1516 he produced his famous 
Platonic fiction, "Utopia." He was appointed Lord 
Chancellor, in place of Cardinal Wolsey, which position 
he resigned, because his conscience refused to sanction 
the divorce of Queen Catherine from Henry VIII. He 
was pronounced guilty of treason for denyii^ the king':- 



38 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Feb. 8. 

supremacy as head of the church, and was executed 
July 6, 1535. 

Sydkey E. Morse, an eminent author and journalist, 
born at Charlestown, Mass., Feb. 7, 1794. Died in New- 
York, Dec. 23, 1871. In 1815 he founded the "Boston 
Kecorder," the first religious newspaper of the country, 
and in 1823, with his brother, E. C. Morse, founded the 
" New York Observer," the oldest weekly newspaper 
in New York. Bought out and published the noted 
Morse's Atlas and geographies. He was brother of S. 
F. B. Morse. 

Charles Dickers, one of the most popular of Eng- 
lish novelists, born at Landport, Portsmouth, Feb. 
7, 1812. Died June 9, 1870. Of his works so well 
known, " David Copperfield" (in which, it is said, 
incidents of his own life are introduced), is regarded by 
many as the best ; while the peculiar vein of humor in 
the "Pickwick Papers" .has never been equaled in 
English literature. He was a noted reader, as well as 
writer, and gave his last reading on the 5th of March, 
1870. 

February §. 

Samuel Butler, a witty English poet, bdrn in 
Worcestershire, England, Feb. 8, 1612. Died Sept. 25, 
1680. He was hostile to the Puritans, and satirized 
them in his noted poem " Hudibras." 

James W. "Webb, an American journalist, born at 
Claverack, N. Y., Feb. 8, 1802. 

He was for thirty-four years sole editor and proprietor 
of " The Morning Courier " and " New York Enquirer," 
which two papers he united in one. 



Feb. 10.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 39 

Jules Verne, a modern French writer, born at 
Nantes, France, Feb. 8, 1828. 

His peculiar fanciful works, commencing with 
"Around the World in Eighty Days," have become very 
popular. 

February 9. 

William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the 
United States, born at Berkley, Charles county, Va., 
Feb. 9, 1773. Gaining the battle of Tippecanoe, 
at a time when the settling of Indian affairs in the 
"Northwest" was of importance, won for him a 
popularity which at last led him to the Presidency. 
But he lived only one month afterward, and died April 
4, 1841. 

Samuel J. Tilden, an eminent American lawyer and 
statesman, born in New Lebanon, Columbia county, 
N. Y., Feb. 9, 1814. Died at Gramercy Park, New 
York, Aug. 7, 1886. He was governor of New York 
in 1874, and an unsuccessful candidate for the Presi- 
dency in 1876. 

Samuel Bowles, an American journalist, born in 
Springfield, Mass., Feb. 9, 1826. Died in 1878. He 
was for many years editor-in-chief of the "Springfield 
Republican," one of the most successful journals in the 
United States. 

William D. Whitney, a noted American scholar, 
born at Northampton, Mass., Feb. 9, 1827. 

He was the first President of the American Philological 
Association, and a leading Orientalist and Sanskrit 
scholar. 

February 10. 

Samuel Wesley, eldest brother of Charles and 



40 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Feb. 11. 

John Wesley, the founders of Methodism, born in 
London, Feb. 10, 1690. Died Nov. 6, 1739. Like his 
distinguished brothers, he was greatly gifted in poetry, 
and will be known to posterity by his contributions to 
the Methodist hymn book. He was one of the founders 
of the first Infirmary at Westminster, now St. George's 
Hospital. 

Albert G. Greene, an American judge and 
scholar, born at Providence, E. I., Feb. 10, 1802. 
Died at Cleveland, Ohio, Jan. 3, 1868. He was for 
many years president of the Rhode Island Historical 
Society. He will be long remembered by his popular 
lyric " Old Grimes is dead." 

John Kuskin, an English artist and eloquent writer 
on art and nature, born in London, Feb 10, 1819. 

Among his many eloquent works, " The Seven Lamps 
of Architecture" and " The Stones of Venice," are 
particularly noted for their efforts to introduce a loftier 
conception of the significance of domestic architecture. 

February 11. 

Daniel Boone, a famous American pioneer and 
hunter, born in Bucks County, Pa., Feb. 11, 1735. 
Died Sept. 20, 1820. His name is always associated 
with the settlement of Kentucky, whose wilds he was 
the first white man to penetrate. 

Louisa Catherine Adams, wife of John Quincy 
Adams, born in London, England, Feb. 11, 1775. Died 
in 1852. " With her closed the list of the ladies of the 
Revolution." 

Lydia Maria Child, a noted American writer, born 
at Medford, Mass., Feb. 11, 1802. Died at Wayland 
Center^ Mass., Qot 20, 1880, She was one of the 



Feb. 12.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 4:1 

earliest writers of the anti-slavery agitation in America, 
and her works on that subject are esteemed among the 
best of their kind. Many think that in writing her 
" Progress of Eeligious Ideas " she wandered from her 
true work in life; her genial, kindly spirit fitted her bet- 
ter for the imaginative and philanthropic. 

Alexander H. Stephens, LL.D., an American 
statesman, born near Orawfordville, Ga., Feb. 11, 1812. 
Died March 3, 1883. He was Vice-President of the Con- 
federacy during the civil war ; and in 1870 published 
"A Constitutional View of the War between the States." 

Thomas Alva Edison, Ph.D., Chevalier of the 
Legion of Honor, the great American inventor, born in 
Milan, Erie County, Ohio, Feb. 11, 1847. 

While his name is intimately associated with the elec- 
tric light, telephone and phonograph, his other useful 
inventions multiply rapidly in his extensive laboratory 
in Menlo Park, N. J., and really the " Wizard of Menlo 
Park " will soon lead the van of the world's inventors. 

February 12. 

Cotton Mather, a celebrated American theologian 
and writer, born at Boston, Mass, Feb. 12, 1663. Died 
there Feb. 13, 1728. Of his many works his " Magnalia 
Christi Americana" is the most noted. His connection 
with the Salem witchcraft is said to be more the fault 
of the age than the man, as his philanthropy was rare 
for that age. 

Thaddeus Kosciusko, an illustrious Polish patriot 
and general, born in Lithuania, Feb. 12, 1746. Died 
in Switzerland, Oct. 16, 1817. He assisted the Americans 
during their Revolutionary struggle, and at the close 
returned to Poland, and vainly fought for its indepen- 
dence. 



42 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Feb. 12. 

Nahum Mitchel, an American statesman and judge, 
born at East Bridge water, Mass., Feb. 12, 1769. Died 
there Aug. 1, 1853. Judge Mitchel is chiefly remem- 
bered as the author of the first extended town history 
published in America — the history of Bridgewater. 

Peter Cooper, an eminent American manufacturer, 
inventor and philanthropist, born in the city of New 
York, Feb. 12, 1791. Died April 4, 1883. 

His immense wealth was always devoted to the ad- 
vancement of art and science, and the cherished object of 
his life was fully realized by the building of Cooper In- 
stitute in New York, " to be forever devoted to the union 
of art and science in their applications to the useful pur- 
poses of life." He was one of the six capitalists who 
formed the first Atlantic Telegraph Company in 1854. 

Abraham Likcoln, sixteenth President of the 
United States, born in Larue County, Ky., Feb. 
12, 1809. Died April 15, 1865. He was Presi- 
dent during the terrible crisis of the civil war, and fully 
executed the object of his administration 1 — the freedom 
of the slaves and the restoration of the authority of the 
government, but just in the hour of triumph he was 
cut off by the hand of an assassin, John Wilkes Booth, 
who shot him in Ford's Theater, Washington, D. C, 
April 14, 1865. "The name of Lincoln," says the 
historian Merle d'Aubigne, " will remain one of the 
greatest that history has to inscribe on its annals." 

Charles Kobert Darwin, F.R.S., an eminent 
English naturalist and author, born at Shrewsbury, 
England, Feb. 12, 1809. Died Aug. 20, 1882. 
Among his many works, his " Origin of Species" has 
rendered his name immortal^ and his "Journal of 



Feb. 12.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 43 

Researches/' written after his voyage as a naturalist to 
South America, is said to be the most entertaining book 
of genuine travels ever written. 

Bekso:n" Johk^ Lossing, an American historian and 
engraver, born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Feb. 12, 
1813. 

Most of his works have enjoyed a great and worthy 
popularity. 

George H. Preble, XT. S. N"., an American naval 
officer, born in Maine, Feb. 12, 1816. Died 1885. 

He passed through the entire line of officers in the navy 
during the Mexican and civil wars, and as an author 
has made valuable contributions to history. He is the 
author of "Our Flag." 

Charles Maurice Talleyrand, an eminent French 
diplomatist and wit, born in Paris, Feb. 13, 1754. 
Died there, May , 1838. His was a checkered life of 
good and ill — now a favorite and now an enemy of 
royalty. 

David Dudley Field, an American jurist, born at 
Haddam, Conn., Feb. 13, 1805. 

He is eldest brother of Cyrus W. Field, and gained 
distinction by his writings on law reforms. 

John A. Eawlins, a distinguished American gen- 
eral, born at East Galena, 111., Feb. 13, 1831. He 
was associated with General Grant in all his campaigns 
and battles during the civil war, and rose to the rank 
of major-general. He was appointed Secretary of War 
in Grant's administration, but died soon after, Sept. 
6, 1869. 



44 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Feb. 14. 

February 14. 

Galileo Galilei, an illustrious Italian mathemati- 
cian and philosopher, born at Pisa, Feb. 14, 1564. 
Died Jan. , 1642. While officiating as professor of 
mathematics in the University at Pisa, he discovered 
the law by which the velocity of falling bodies is ac- 
celerated ; and during this period he invented a ther- 
mometer. In 1609 he constructed a telescope, the 
first one used for astronomical purposes, although he 
conceived the idea from a toy spy-glass made by Jansen, 
a Dutch optician. He invented the clock pendulum, 
which idea he obtained from the swinging of a lamp 
suspended in a church ; but his most important dis- 
covery was that of Jupiter's satellites, which afforded 
the first good method of determining longitude. 

Johank Oheistoph von Gluck, an eminent German 
composer, born near Newmarket, Feb. 14, 1714. 
Died in Vienna, Nov., 1787. During his popularity a 
violent musical contest was carried on between Gluck 
and the French composers. The queen of France, 
Maria Antoinette, supported the former, who had been 
her teacher in music. He is considered the father of 
the modern opera and " the Michael Angelo of music." 
His " Iphigenia in Taurus" is considered his masterpiece. 

Samuel Osgood, an American statesman, born at An- 
dover, Mass., Feb. 14, 1748. Died 1813. He was ap- 
pointed commissioner of the Treasury in 1785, and 
in 1789 first postmaster-general. 

James Appleton", an American general, born at Ips- 
wich, Mass., Feb. 14, 1815. Died Aug. 25, 1882. He 
was an energetic champion of total abstinence, and the 
first expounder of the principle ujidertying the Maine 
law. 



Feb. 15] E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 45 

Hekry Grustnell, an American merchant, born at 
New Bedford, Mass., Feb. 14, 1797. Died June ,1874. 
He was the first president of the American Geographical 
Society, and fitted out two expeditions in search of 
Sir John Franklin. Grinnell Land, in the Arctic seas, 
is named in his honor. 

Cyrus H. McCormick, a noted American inventor, 
born in Rockbridge County, Va., Feb. 14, 1809. 
Died in Chicago, May 13, 1883. By his invention 
of the noted reaper which bears his name, he has 
done more than any one man to make America the cen- 
ter of the grain trade of the world. 

Winfield Scott Hancock, a noted general of the 
civil war, born in Montgomery County, Pa., Feb. 14, 
1824. Died Feb. 9, 1886. He was an unsuccessful 
candidate for the Presidency in 1880. 

February 15. 

Jeremy Bentham, a celebrated English jurist and 
utilitarian philosopher and author, born in London, 
Feb. 15, 1748. Died at Westminster, June 6, 1832. 
He was the greatest critic of legislation and government 
in his day ; and the doctrine of utility, his leading prin- 
ciple, " the greatest happiness of the greatest num- 
ber," though coined by Priestley, grew out of the theory 
of his life work. 

Rufus Wilmot Griswold, an American author and 
publisher, born at Benson, Vt., Feb. 15, 1815. Died in 
New York, Aug. 27, 1857. He was publisher of the 
first edition of Milton's prose in America ; and among 
his works is "Washington and his Generals." 



46 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Feb. 16. 

Susan Brownell Anthony, an eminent advocate of 
woman's suffrage, temperance and anti-slavery causes, 
born in South Adams, Mass., Feb. 15, 1820. 

She was manager of the International Council of 
Women held in Washington, D. 0., during the month 
of March, 1888. 

William Franklin Phelps, an American educator 
and author of note, born at Auburn, M". Y., Feb. 15, 
1845. He was president of the National Association 
for the Centennial year, and author of valuable books 
for school teachers. 

Marcella Sembrich, or more properly Mrs. Stengel, 
one of the foremost soprani in the world, born in Gali- 
cia, Feb. 15, 1858. 

She has sung in most of the principal cities of 
Europe, and as one of Mr. Abbey's large and excellent 
troupe won great fame in America. 

February 16. * 

Philip Melancthon, one of the great Protestant 
reformers, born at Bretten, in the Palatinate of the 
Ehine, Feb. 16, 1497. Died at Wittenberg, April 19, 
1560. He was a valuable co-worker with Martin 
Luther, and though they varied in some of their views, 
their intimate friendship was never broken. He wrote 
his most important work, the " Augsburg Confession," 
in 1530. 

Henry Wilson, the "Natick cobbler," an American 
statesman, born in Farrington, N. H., Feb. 16, 1812. 
He was an energetic laborer in the anti-slavery cause, 
and for many years was a member of the National 
Senate. In 1872 he was elected Vice-President of the 
United States and died in the Capitol at Washington, 
Nov. 22, 1875. 



Feb. 18.1 E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 47 

Julia Coleman, one of the leading philanthropists 
and temperance reformers of to-day, born in Fulton 
County, N". Y., Feb. 16, 

For upward of twenty years she has studied the sub- 
ject of alcohol in all its phases, and is at the front in 
the scientific educational temperance work, being author 
of leading scientific text books for both old rnd young. 
Her conferences, conducted in connection with grove 
camp meetings, are yery largely attended and exert a 
wide influence. With her test apparatus she exposes the 
sly spirit of alcohol in many of the innocent nostrums 
sold in the form of tonic bitters. 

February 17. 

JoHANtf Tobias Mayer, one of the most celebrated 
astronomers of the eighteenth century, born at Marbach, 
Wurtemberg, Feb. 17, 1723. Died Feb. 20, 1762. 
Mayer was the author of many able works, and of some 
ingenious inventions, among them the repeating circle. 

Johk Pickering, LL.D., an American jurist and 
scholar, born at Salem, Mass., Feb. 17, 1777. Died at 
Boston, May 5, 1846. 

He is considered chief founder of American compar- 
ative philology, founder and first president of the 
American Oriental Society, and for many years was a 
correspondent of the noted Wilhelm von Humboldt. 

Kose Terry Cook, an American writer and poetess, 
born in Hartford, Conn., Feb. 17, 1827. 

Her contributions to the periodicals of the day are 
hailed with delight. 

February 1§. 

Mary L, Queen of England, 1553-1558,born at Green- 
wich Castle, Feb. 18, 1516. Died Nov. 17, 1558. 



48 EVERY-BAY BIOGRAPHY. [Feb. 18. 

She was the daughter of Henry VIII. and Catherine 
of Aragon, and will always be remembered by her per- 
secution of the Protestants, which branded her with the 
title of "Bloody Mary." 

Jea:n" Marie Eoland, an eminent French statesman 
and author, born in France, Feb. 18, 1734. He was the 
husband of the famous Madame Eoland, and during the 
French Eevolution they were both imprisoned. Eoland 
escaped, but on hearing of the execution of his wife, he 
stabbed himself, Nov. 15, 1793. 

Charles Lamb, a popular English essayist and 
humorist, born in London, Feb. 18, 1775. Died at Ed- 
monton, Dec. 27, 1834. His reputation is founded chiefly 
on his prose works, especially the "Essays of Elia." 
He was tenderly attached to his sister Mary, and was 
assisted by her in some of his works, particularly in his 
" Tales from Shakespere." She survived him thirteen 
years. 

George Peabody, an eminent and philanthropic 
banker of London, born in South Danvers (now Pea- 
body), Mass., Feb. 18, 1795. 

He is said to have given more than $2,000,000 to the 
founding of colleges, schools and scientific institutions, 
and $300,000 for the benefit of the working classes of Lon- 
don. He died in London, JSTov. 4, 1869, and his funeral 
services were performed in Westminster Abbey, but his 
body was brought home to his native town for interment. 

William Tecumseh Sherman - , an eminent American 
general during the civil war, born in Lancaster, Ohio, 
Feb. 18, 1820. 

He was second only to Grant in prominence through 
success, and his famous " march to the sea " will re- 
main in bold relief as long as history is written. 



Feb. 19.} EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 49 

February 19. 

Nicholas Copernicus, the celebrated astronomer, 
born at Thorn, in Prussia, Feb. 19, 1473. Died June 
11, 1543. By his great discovery that the planets move 
around the sun, he is author of the "Copernican 
System," which entirely remodeled all previous systems. 
His great work, "The Kevolutions of the Celestial 
Orbs," was only printed in time to be placed in his 
hands the day he died. 

Gen. Theodore Lyman, an American author and 
politician, born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 19, 1792. Died 
at Boston, July 17, 1849. He was author of many 
works, and founder of the State Eeform School at West- 
borough. 

Sidney Eigdon, a Mormon leader, born in St. Clair, 
Allegheny County, Pa., Feb. 19, 1793. 

It is said that Eigdon was the printer who first made 
public (in connection with Joseph Smith), "The Book of 
Mormon," a manuscript given him to be printed by one 
Spaulding, its author. He was one of the presidents of 
the Mormon Church, but refusing to acknowledge 
Young, after the death of Smith was excommunicated, 
and died at Friendship, N. Y., July 14, 1876. 

Eev. Leonard Bacon, an American divine and 
author, born at Detroit, Mich., Feb. 19, 1802. Died 
Dec. 24, 1881. He was author of many theological works, 
and a distinguished adherent of the Congregational 
Church. In 1850 he became one of the editors of the 
"Independent." 

William Wetmore Story, LL.D., an American 
lawyer, sculptor and author, bom in Salem, Mass.., Feb. 
19, 1819. 



50 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Feb. 20. 

He has spent many years in Rome, and is better 
known as an artist in Europe than in America. 

February 20. 

Francois Marie Voltaire, the most remarkable 
name in the history of French literature, born at Chate- 
nay, France, Feb. 20, 1694. Died May 30, 1778. 

He was an intimate friend of " Frederic the Great " of 
Prussia, and "ruled the kingdom of letters with regal 
sway during the eighteenth century," and is supposed 
to have contributed more to the subsequent Revolution 
in France, and the temporary overthrow of religion in 
his native land, than any one man. 

David Garrick, a famous English actor, born in 
Hereford, Feb. 20, 1716. As an author he exercised 
his talents with success in writing numerous comedies, 
etc., but as an actor, Pope said, ' ' he never had his equal, 
and never will." He died in London, Jan. 20, 1779, 
and was buried with great pomp at Westminster Abbey 
beside the tomb of Shakespere. 

William Prescott, an American officer of the Revo- 
lution, born in Groton, Mass., Feb. 20, 1726. Died 
Oct. 13, 1795. He fought with distinguished bravery 
at the battle of Bunker Hill, where he was one of the 
chief commanders. 

Angelina Grimke Weld, an American philanthro- 
pist, born at Charleston, S. C, Feb. 20, 1805. Died 
1879. She, with her sister, Sarah Moore Grimke, liber* 
ated their slaves and delivered public addresses against 
slavery, as early as 1836, when it was rather a novelty 
in the United States. 

William Allen Butler, an American lawyer, born 
in Albany, N. Y., Feb. 20, 1825. 



Feb. 21.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 51 

He is the author of the noted poem " Nothing to 
Wear," which has obtained great popularity both in 
Europe and America, and by which he will be known 
as long as city life and fashion exist. 

Joseph Jefferson, an American comedian, born in 
Philadelphia, Feb. 20, 1829. 

He has won his reputation by his remarkable per- 
formance of the part of Rip Van Winkle, in the play of 
that name written by Dion Boucicault, from Washing- 
ton Irving's exquisite romance. 

February 21. 

Nathaniel Rochester, Major-General during the 
Revolution, born in Westmoreland County, Va., Feb. 
21, 1752. Died May 17, 1831. In 1818 he purchased 
large tracts of land in the Genesee valley and settled in 
Rochester, which had been named after him. 

Santa Ana, a Mexican president and general, born 
at Jalapa, Mexico, Feb. 21, 1798. Died June 20, 1876. 
He was defeated by both Scott and Taylor in the Mexi- 
can war and went into exile. His subsequent life was 
one of many triumphs, defeats and changes, incident to 
the revolutionary character of the Mexicans. 

Elizabeth R. Thompson, a noted American philan- 
thropist, born in Lyndon, Vt., Feb. 21, 1821. 

She is the great granddaughter of the brave Hannah 
Dustan, and a relative on the maternal side of Pocahon- 
tas, the Indian princess. Inheriting an income from her 
husband has enabled her to carry into practice schemes 
of noble philanthropy, for which trait she has been dis- 
tinguished from early life. Through her efforts, students 
have been educated to posts of honor and trust, schools 
have been founded, colleges endowed, the weak and in* 



52 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Feb tt. 

firm have been provided for and the erring reclaimed. 
Some years ago she bought three thousand acres at the 
foot of the Rocky Mountains, near Denver, where, by 
erecting public buildings, she formed a nucleus for a 
flourishing settlement. It is said that she has given 
more than fifteen farms to persons worthy of her gifts, 
for with philanthropy she also possesses that discrimin- 
ation which is the needed balance. She lost much prop- 
erty in the great Boston fire of 1872, and before ascer- 
taining her own losses, telegraphed to her trustee, " Are 
my tenants suffering ? if so, provide for them." 

Wolcott Gibbs, M.D., LL.D., a noted scientist and 
author, born in New York City, Feb. 21, 1822. 

He is author of many valuable researches, and one of the 
editors of the " American Journal of Science and Arts." 

Alice E. Freeman, Ph.D., an eminent pioneer of 
female education, born in Oolesville, Broome County, N. 
Y., Feb. 21, 1855. 

To her is due a notable share of the great success 
attending the hazardous undertaking of co-education. 
She was one of the pioneers when the University of 
Michigan opened its doors to women. In 1882 she 
became president of Wellesley College. 

February 22. 

George Washington", the first President of the Unit- 
ed States, born in Westmoreland County, Va., Feb. 
22, 1732. Died Dec. 14, 1799. 

As a ^Revolutionary patriot, soldier, general, statesman 
and " father of his country/' his name will always live ; 
" but," said Garfield, " eternity alone will reveal to the 
human race its debt of gratitute to the peerless and im- 
mortal name of Washington." 



Feb. 23.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 53 

Joseph Meacham, the leading agent in organizing 
the so-called Shaker Church and its system of communi- 
ty of interests, born in Enfield, Conn., Feb. 22, 1742. 
Died at New Lebanon, Aug. 16, 1796. He was a gifted 
Baptist minister, previous to his conversion to the doc- 
trines taught by Ann Lee, and was appointed by her to 
lead the believers in her testimony and organize their 
church relation. 

Josiah Quikcy, Jr., an American orator and patriot, 
born in Massachusetts, Feb. 22, 1744. To promote the 
public welfare, and the cause of liberty, he made a 
voyage to England, October, 1774, and after conferring 
with Dr. Franklin and other friends of America, has- 
tened to return with plans and counsels, which it was 
not prudent to commit to writing ; but before the end of 
his voyage, he died at sea, April, 1775. 

James Eussell Lowell, LL.D., an eminent Ameri- 
can poet, author, editor, and humorist, born at Cam- 
bridge, Mass., Feb. 22, 1819. 

His many works, too popular to need mention, are 
among the treasures of the household library. The 
"Vision of Sir Launfal"is considered his most am- 
bitious poem. He has lately returned from the court of 
St. James. 

February 23, 

Samuel Pepys, F.E.S., an. i£cg!ish gentleman, and 
connoisseur, born in London, Feb. 23, 1633. Died 
there May 25, 1703. He was founder of the Pepysean 
Library at Cambridge ; but his reputation is founded on 
his short-hand "Diary," written 1660-1669, though not 
published until 1825, which has given a clear insight 
into the every-day life of the times of the later Stuarts. 



54: EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Feb. 24 

George Frederic Hakdel, one of the most excellent, 
profound and original of musical composers, born at 
Halle, Saxony, Feb. 23, 1685. Died in London, April 
14, 1759. In early life his musical studies were severe 
and his compositions many ; but it was not until he 
was fifty-five that he gave himself entirely to oratorio, 
his true work. The people of Dublin, for whom he 
wrote his greatest work, "The Messiah," were the first 
to appreciate his full worth. Mozart and Beethoven 
reverenced him as a superior, acknowledging that he 
excelled all other composers in the colossal effects of his 
choruses. 

Emma 0. Hart Willard, a pioneer in the cause of 
female education, born in Berlin, Conn., Feb. 23, 1787. 
Died at Troy, N". Y„ April 15, 1870. Besides her 
many valuable works as author, she was founder in 1821, 
and principal of the Troy seminary for girls. 

John- H. Vikcekt, D.D., LL.D., "The Apostle of 
Sunday Schools," editor and author, born at Tuscaloosa, 
Ala., Feb. 23, 1832. 

He was the chief founder of the Normal and Inter- 
national Sunday-School Lesson System ; but his latest 
beneficence to mankind is the Chautauqua series of 
educational institutions of which he was the chief or- 
ganizer. In May, 1888, he was ordained a Bishop of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church. 

February 24. 

Ephriam Williams, an American officer during the 
French and Indian war, born at Newton, Mass., Feb. 
24, 1715. Possessing a grant of land in the present 
township of Williamstown, Mass., he bequeathed his 
property to found & free school there, which afterward 



Feb. 25.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 55 

became Williams College. He was killed while lead- 
ing a regiment to the invasion of Canada, Sept. 8, 1755. 

Theophilus Parsons, an eminent American jurist, 
born in Essex County, Mass., Feb. 24, 1750. Died in 
1813. He was a member of the convention which, in 
1779, framed the State Constitution of Massachusetts ; 
also a member of the convention called to ratify the 
Constitution of the United States in 1787. As a lawyer 
he had few equals in the United States. 

William H. Crawford, an American statesman, 
born in Amherst County, Va., Feb. 24, 1772. Died Sept. 
15, 1834. He was elected to the United States Senate in 
1807; minister to France,1813 ; became Secretary of War, 
1815 ; and Secretary of the Treasury, 1816. In 1824 
he was nominated for the Presidency with three others, 
Jackson, J. Q. Adams, and Henry Clay. 

George William Curtis, a popular American 
author, orator and journalist, born in Providence, 
R. I , Feb. 24, 1824. 

Besides his many noted works, prominent among 
which are " Lotus Eating/' " The Potiphar Papers," 
" Prue and I," etc., he has been an editor of " Harper's 
Weekly/' and of the "Easy Chair" in "Harper's 
Monthly." 

Homer Winslow, an American painter of note, born 
in Boston, Mass., Feb. 24, 1836. 

His " Prisoners to the Front," exhibited in the Paris 
Exposition, was one of the few American pictures 
which French artists would recognize, and made his 
name famous. 

February 25. 

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, an American 



56 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Feb. 26. 

statesman and patriot, born at Charleston, S. C, Feb. 
25, 1746. Died there Aug. 16, 1825. He was aide- 
de-camp to Washington in some of his memorable battles, 
and a member of the convention which framed the 
Constitution of the United States in 1787. But his 
name is rendered immortal by his reply to the French 
Government, when it demanded tribute of the United 
States: "Millions for defense, but not one cent for 
tribute." 

John Gr. Simcoe, an English officer during the Ameri- 
can Eevolution, born in Essex, England, Feb. 25, 1752. 
Died in England, Oct. 26, 1806. He commanded the 
battalion of Tories, known as the " Queen's Eangers," 
and was with Cornwallis at Yorktown. Lake Simcoe in 
Ontario was named for him. 

Benjamin Talmadge, an American officer of the 
Eevolution, born on Long Island, Feb. 25, 1754. Died 
at Litchfield, March 7, 1835. He was one of the last 
survivors of the Revolutionary war who had attained 
celebrity. 

Ida Lewis, "the Grace Darling of America," born in 
Newport, E. I., Feb. 25, 1842. 

Her father, the keeper of Lime Eock Lighthouse, 
becoming paralytic, Ida was obliged to use the oars 
herself in providing for the family, which made her 
so expert that at the early age of sixteen she was num- 
bered with the brave, by rescuing drowning people. 
Eleven lives were saved by her in as many years ; but 
the last brave deed of March 29, 1869, when she res- 
cued two soldiers from Fort Adams, whose boat had 
capsized, gave her national popularity. 

February 26. 

Dominique Francois Arago, a celebrated French 



Feb. 27.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 57 

astronomer and natural philosopher, born at Estagel 
near the Pyrenees, Feb. 26, 1786. Died Oct. 2, 1853. 
He made several discoveries in the science of electro- 
magnetism, for which he received the Copley medal 
of the Eoyal Society of London, in 1825. He was a 
strong republican, and though he opposed the election 
of Louis Napoleon, and refused to take the oath of al- 
legiance, his eminent services were so recognized by the 
emperor, that he was excepted from the enforcement of 
the law on this point. 

Victor Marie Hugo, a celebrated French lyric poet 
and novelist, born at Besangon, Feb. 26, 1802. 
Died May 22, 1885. Like Arago he was a strong repub- 
lican, and like him refused to take the oath of allegiance 
to Louis Napoleon in December, 1851, but unlike him he 
was banished, and retired to the Isle of Guernsey. Of 
his many noted novels, "Les Miserables" is perhaps the 
best known. 

February 27. 

Martha Whiting, one of the pioneers of female edu- 
cation in America, born in Hingham, Mass., 
Feb. 27, 1795. Died there August 22, 1853. She 
founded the Charleston Female Seminary, where some 
of the noted women of America have been finely educa- 
ted, prominent among whom are Mary A. Li verm ore 
and Abbie E. Knight. 

Henry W. Longfellow, an eminent American poet 
and scholar, born at Portland, Me., Feb. 27, 
1807. Died at the u Craig House/' in Cambridge, his 
home, March 24, 1882. He was a descendant, by his 
mother, of "Priscilla, the Puritan Maiden," whose 
adventures he describes in his " Miles Standish ;" while 
his father was one of the early members of the House of 



58 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Feb. 23. 

Representatives. For eighteen years he was professor 
of modern languages in Harvard College, and during 
this time many of his noted works appeared. His first 
collection of poems, "Voices of the Night/' raised him 
at once to the first rank among American poets. 
"Evangeline" is one of his most admired, and held to 
be his greatest, production. "Hiawatha" is the most 
original and popular, and said to have the largest sale. 
The simple and direct appeal to those sentiments com- 
mon to all mankind, has given him the endearing 
epithet of ''the sweet poet of human nature," but best 
of all "his life was his greatest poem." 

Howard Crosby, D.D., LL.D., an eminent 
scholar and divine, born in New York City, Feb. 
27, 1826. 

As a professor, pastor and author he is equally pop- 
ular ; also noted as one of the scholarly "revisors"of 
the Old Testament. 

February 28. 

Michel Montaigne, a celebrated French philoso- 
pher, and essayist, born at the chateau de Montaigne, 
in Perigord, Feb. 28, 1533. Died Sept. 1592. 
Although he was the author of many works, yet he is 
best known by his " Essays," one hundred and seven in 
number, divided into three books, and embracing a 
variety of topics. These " Essays " have enjoyed an 
unparalleled popularity. "No prose writer of the 
sixteenth century, has been so generally read nor 
probably given so much delight as Montaigne." 

Bene Antoike Keaumer, a celebrated French 
natural philosopher, born at Koch el le, France, Feb. 
28, 1683. Died Oct. 18, 1757. He was an enthusiast 
in the studies of natural history and mathematics^ and 



Feb. 29] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 59 

by his writings first made his countrymen acquainted 
with the art of making steel from iron. Reaumer's por- 
celain is employed in many purposes. 

Mary Lyon, an eminent educator, born in Buckland, 
Mass., Feb. 28, 1797. Died at South Hadley, March 
5, 1849. She was founder of Mount Holyoke Semin- 
ary of which she was principal, 1837-1849 ; and it is an 
abiding monument to her energy, and sublime faith. 

Berthold Auerbach, a popular German author, 
born at Nordstetten in Wurtemberg, Feb. 28, 1812, 
Died Feb. 8, 1882. Among his many works is 
"Spinoza," a historical romance ; but his reputation 
rests chiefly on his " Village Tales of the Black Forest." 

Elizabeth Rachel Felix, commonly known as 
"Rachel," a celebrated French actress of Jewish parent- 
age, born at Munf, Switzerland, Feb. 28, 1820. 
Died at Cannes, Jan. 3, 1858. As a tragic actress 
she has probably never been equaled. 

Fetornary 29. 

Edward Oaye, an English printer, born at Newton, 
England, Feb. 29, 1691. Died 1754. He is memorable 
as the founder of " The Gentleman's Magazine," issued 
n 1731, which he published successfully until his death ; 
and it still flourishes. 

Ann Lee, the founder of the religion of the so-called 
" Shakers," born in Manchester, England, Feb. 29, 1736. 
Died at Watervliet near Albany, N. Y., Sept. 8, 1784. 
Suffering much persecution in England, in 1774 Ann 
and a few of her followers came to America. The 
radical principles of faith of the " Shakers" are 
duality of deity, virgin purity, equality of the sexes, 
community of goods, consecration of life, labor and 
treasures, to God. 



60 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Mar.l. 

Gioacchimo Kossisri, the greatest composer of the 
present century for the Italian lyrical stage, born in 
Pesaro, Feb. 29, 1792. Died in Paris, Nov., 1868. The 
original and incomparable opera of "William Tell" was 
pronounced by all musicians the most beautiful of his 
works. 

March 1. 

Warren Colburn', an American mathematician, born 
at Dedham, Mass., March 1, 1793. Died at Lowell, 
Mass., Sept. 13, 1833. His " Mental Arithmetic," pub- 
lished in 1821, had an extensive circulation in Europe as 
well as the United States, and has never yet been 
equaled. 

William J. Worth, an American general, born at 
Hudson, 1ST. Y., March 1, 1794. Died at San An- 
tonio, Texas, May 7, 1849. He was prominent dur- 
ing the war of 1812, and the Indian wars succeeding, 
and for his valuable services in the Mexican war was 
advanced to major-general. His remains rest at the 
junction of Broadway and Fifth Avenue, New York, 
over which the city has erected a monument. 

John J. Piatt, an American poet, born at Milton, 
Ind., March 1, 1835. 

He was joint author with W. D. Howells of " Poems 
by Two Friends/' His wife, Sarah M. B. Piatt, is also 
distinguished as a writer. 

William D. Howells, a popular American editor 
and author, born at Martinsville, Belmont County, Ohio, 
March 1, 1837. 

He was United States consul at Venice, 1861-65, and 
is at present considered the most successful dramatic 
writer of America, as well a§ one of the greatest liv- 
ing novelists. 



Mar. 2J ETERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 61 

March 2. 

Juye^al, one of the most celebrated of the Latin 
satirical poets, born in Aquinum, March 2, a.d. 40. 
Died in Egypt, a.d. 125. None of the productions of 
Juvenal were given to the public until he had passed the 
age of sixty. Sixteen of his satires have been preserved. 

Eobert II., of Scotland, founder of the Stuart dynasty, 
born in Scotland, March 2, 1316. Died at Dundonal 
Castle, May 13, 1390. He was a descendant of Kobert 
Bruce, and the family were the high stewards of Scot- 
land, hence their surname. 

Andrew Marvell, an eminent English patriot and 
satirical writer, born at Winstead, Yorkshire, Eng., 
March 2, 1621. Died in London, Aug. 17, 1678. He 
has been called " the British Aristides ;" was a friend 
and assistant of Milton, when the latter was Latin secre- 
tary to Cromwell. 

Sir William Howe, an English general during the 
Kevolutionary war, born in England, March 2, 1729. 
Died 1814. He was prominent at the battles of Bunker 
Hill, Long Island, White Plains, Eort Washington, and 
Brandy wine. He is said to have been deficient in all 
the qualifications of a general, which Franklin knew 
when he wittily remarked, on hearing that Gen. Howe 
had taken Philadelphia, "Howe has not taken Phila- 
delphia, so much as Philadelphia has taken Howe," and 
so it proved. 

DeWitt Cltkton", an eminent American statesman, 
born at Little Britain, Orange County, N". Y., 
March 2, 1769. Died Feb. 11, 1828. He held sev- 
eral offices in the gift of the government, such as mayor 
of New York city, United States senator, governor of 
the State of New York, and candidate for the presidency 



62 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Mar. 3. 

as competitor with James Madison. New York State is 
.indebted to him for the construction of the Erie Canal, 
and he lived to witness the prosperity it produced. 

Carl Schurz, a German orator and general, born 
near Cologne, March 2, 1829. 

His liberal views caused him to settle in the United 
States, 1852, and he soon interested himself in the 
government of his adopted country ; was a general in 
the civil war, and senator from Missouri, 1869. 

Orestes Cleveland, first vice-president of the 
United States Centennial Commission, born at Schenec- 
tady, N. Y., March 2, 1829. 

He bought out and developed the Dixon Crucible 
Co. to the largest and most successful establishment of 
the kind in the world. 

March 3. 

Edmund Waller, an eminent English poet, born at 
Coleshill, in Hertfordshire, March 3, 1605. Died in 1687. 
He was an intimate friend of Sir Philip Sidney and 
Edmund Spenser, and it was to a sister of the former 
that he addresses his " Saccharissa." 

William Charles Macready, a popular English 
tragic actor, born in London, March 3, 1793. Died at 
Cheltenham, 1873. He was the last of the great 
Shakespearean actors. 

Dio Lewis, D.D., an American reformer of the es- 
sentials requisite to the health of women, born at 
Auburn, N. Y., March 3, 1823. Died May 21, 
1886. He was an inculcator of the idea that proper 
physical and healthful exercise would replace the use of 
drugs. He founded a school in Boston for teaching 
gymnastics and oalisthenics as a regime for the public 
schools. 



Mar. 5.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 63 

March 4. 

Count Casikir Pulaski, the Polish patriot, who 
assisted the Americans in the Revolutionary war, born 
in Lithuania, March 4, 1747. Through his endeavors 
to liberate Poland and seize the king, he was outlawed 
and fled from his country. Meeting Franklin in Paris, 
he joined himself to the American cause. He was 
mortally wounded in the assault on Savannah, and died 
Oct. 11, 1780. When the Polish king heard of his 
death he remarked "Always brave, but always the 
enemy of kings." 

Percy Bolingbroke St. John, an English traveler 
and author, born at Plymouth, England, March 4, 
1821. 

He is a valued contributor to magazines and literary 
periodicals. 

March 5. 

Gerard Mercator, a celebrated Flemish geographer 
and mathematician, born in East Flanders, March 5, 
1512. Died in 1594. He is best known by the two 
superb globes he made for the emperor Charles V., and 
the method of geographical projection called by his name. 

Salem Town, LL.D., author, and for forty years a 
teacher in the State of New York, born at Belchertown, 
Mass., March 5, 1779. Died at Greencastle, Ind., Feb. 
24, 1864. His series of school readers, spellers and de- 
finers, were sold by the million. 

Frederic S. Cozzeks, an American writer, born in 
New York, March 5, 1818. Died Dec. 23, 1869. 
He is best known as the author of " Sparrowgrass 
Papers," originally written for "Putnam's Magazine." 

Isaac I. Hayes, M.D., surgeon to the Grinnell Ex- 



64 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Mar. 6. 

pedition under Dr. Kane, born in Chester County, 
Pa., March 5, 1832. Died Dec. 17, 1881. He 
participated in two other Arctic expeditions, 
and received gold medals from the Geographical Socie- 
ties of both London and Paris. He is the author of 
leveral volumes of interesting Arctic journeys. 
March 6. 

Michael Ahgelo, a celebrated Italian painter, 
sculptor and architect, born near Florence, Italy, 
March 6, 1475. Died Feb. 18, 1564. Being employed by 
Pope Julius to build his mausoleum it was suggested by 
San Gallo, an architect, that a new chapel should be 
erected expressly for so superb a monument, and this 
idea was the cause of the erection of " St. Peter's," 
the most magnificent church in the world. Forty years 
afterward when the church was actually begun, Michael 
Angelo was appointed the architect, and he devoted the 
remainder of his life chiefly to that grand fabric ; and 
although he lived to the age of ninety he did not see it 
completed. He drew until he could no longer hold a 
pencil, and carved as long as he could guide a tool. In 
painting, the great work on which his fame rests, is the 
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. 

Gerkit Smith, a distinguished American philanthro- 
pist, bom in Utica, N. Y., March 6, 1797. Died 
in New York City, Dec. 28, 1874. He was one of 
the leaders of the Anti-Slavery Society, and was noted 
for his philanthropy. Having inherited one of the 
largest landed estates in the country, he distributed 
nearly two hundred thousand acres of it among the poor. 

Philip H. Sheridan, "Little Phil," one among the 
noted generals of the civil war, born in Somerset, Perry 
County, Ohio, March 6, 1831. Died August 4, 1888. 



Mar. 8.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 65 

His "Turn, boys, we're going back !" which decided 
the battle of Cedar Creek, are among the noted words of 
noted generals. 

March 7. 

Goold Brown, an American teacher and gram- 
marian, born in Providence, E. L, March 7, 1791. 
Died March 31, 1857. His works on grammar have 
probably had the most extensive circulation of any of 
the kind. 

Stephen H. Tyng, Sen*., D.D., an American divine 
of note, born at JSTewburyport, Mass., March 7, 1800. 

He has been pastor for many years, and a leader of the 
evangelical party, author of several valuable works, and 
editor of religious periodicals. 

Edward Payson Eoe, an American minister and 
novelist, born in Newburg, 1ST. Y., March 7, 1838. 
Died at Cornwall, N. Y., July 20, 1888. He served 
during the war as chaplain, after which he became a 
Presbyterian minister at Highland Falls, near West 
Point. He began his literary career with "Barriers 
Burned Away," in 1872, an imaginary episode of the 
Chicago fire. "Opening a Chestnut Burr/' "Near to 
Nature's Heart," and many other volumes followed, and 
he is considered the first religious novelist of our time. 
His work on " Fruit and Fruit Culture " is considered 
an authority. 

march §• 

Simon Cameron, an American politician, born in 
Lancaster, Pa., March 8, 1799. 

Was four times chosen Senator of the United States ; 
appointed Secretary of War, and was afterward minister 
to Eussia. 



66 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Mar. 3. 

Alyan Clark, an American optician, born in Ash- 
field, Mass., March 8, 1804. Died in Cambridge, 
Mass., August 19, 1887. In 1844 he became interested 
in the manufacture of telescopes, and was the first per- 
son in the United States to make achromatic lenses, and 
the most important modern telescopes have been con- 
structed in his factory at Cambridgeport. 

Evakgelinus A. Sophocles, LL.D., born in Greece, 
March 8, 1807. Died 1883. He emigrated to the Unit- 
ed States, entered Amherst College, was for several 
years tutor, and afterwards professor of languages in 
Harvard College. 

Christopher P. Cranch, an American artist and 
poet, born at Alexandria, Va., March 8, 1813. 

Many of his finest poems appeared in the " Dial." 

Edwin Percy Whipple, a distinguished American 
critic and essayist, born at Gloucester, Mass., March 8, 
1.819. Died 1886. He has been a contributor to several 
of the leading periodicals of America, and as a lecturer 
has acquired a high reputation. 

James Sheridan Muspratt, Ph.D., M.D., a British 
chemist, and author of scientific works, born in Dublin, 
Ireland, March 8, 1821. Died at West Derby, Feb. 
3, 1871. He founded the Liverpool College of Chemistry 
and became a professor there. 

March 9. 

Americus Vespucius, after whom the American con- 
tinent was named, born at Florence, Italy, March 9, 
1451. Died at Seville, February 22, 1512. A German 
named Miiller, who published Vespucius' account of his 
voyage to the new world, was the one who applied the 
name. 






Mar. 10.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 67 

Hostore G. E. Mirabeau, a famous French orator 
and statesman, born at Bignon near Nemours, March 9, 
1749. By establishing the " States General," as the 
dominant power of France, he started the French Bevo- 
lution of 1790. But the storm which he tried at first to 
quell, was too terrific for his strength. He suddenly 
broke down and died April 2, 1791. 

Franz Joseph Gall, M.D., a German physician, 
born at Tiefenbrum, in Baden, March 9, 1758. Died 
near Paris, August 22, 1828. He is distinguished as the 
founder of the system of phrenology, and was assisted in 
his great work on the subject by his pupil and coadjutor* 
Dr. Spurzheim. 

William Cobbett, a popular and vigorous political 
writer, born at Farnham, England, March 9, 1762. 
Died June 18, 1835. Emigrating to America in 1792, 
he became editor of " Peter Porcupine's Gazette " in 
Philadelphia. He returned to England in 1800, where 
he continued a successful author and editor for over 
thirty years. 

Isaac Hull, an American commodore, born in Derby, 
Conn., March 9, 1775. Died Feb, 13, 1843. He 
is distinguished as the commander of the American 
frigate "Constitution," which captured the British fri- 
gate Guerriere, the first naval action of the war of 1812, 
and for which he received a gold medal from Congress. 

Edwi^ Forrest, a popular American actor, born in 
Philadelphia, March 9, 1806. Died Dec. 12, 1872. 
He has been one of the most successful of American 
actors. 

March 10. 

Ferdinand V., King of Castile and Aragon, surnamed 
"The Catholic," born at Sos, Spain, March 10, 1452. 



68 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Mar. 12. 

Died Jan. 23, 1516. His name will live in the annals 
of history, in consequence of the three noted events of 
his life : his connection with Columbus in the discov- 
ery of America, the expulsion of the Moors from the 
beautiful kingdom of Granada, and by the indelible 
stain of the Inquisition, which by his consent was intro- 
duced into Spain. 

Kakl VVilhelm Schlegel, an eminent German 
scholar and critic, born at Hanover, March 10, 1772. 
Died at Dresden in 1829. He with his brother August, 
are considered founders and leaders of the romantic 
school in German literature. 

Alexander III., the present emperor of Eussia, born 
March 10, 1845. 

He ascended the throne after the assassination of his 
father, March 13, 1881. 

Marcli 11. 

Torquato Tasso, a celebrated Italian epic poet, born 
at Sorrento, March 11, 1514. Died April 25, 1595. He 
was the son of Benardo Tasso, whose fame as a poet he 
eclipsed. His epic poem, " Jerusalem," is considered 
the great epic of modern times. 

John MacLean, an American statesman and jurist, 
born in Morris County, N". J., March 11, 1785. Died 
April 4, 1861. His name was thrice brought before 
conventions as a candidate for the Presidency. 

Francis Wayland, D.D., LL.D., an eminent 
American divine, scholar and author, born in New York 
city, March 11,1796. Died at Providence, E. I., Sept. 
26, 1865. His works on " Moral Science" are looked 
upon as among the great guiding monuments of human 
thought, in the department to which they belong. 
Marcli 12. 

George Berkeley, an English bishop and metaphys- 



Mar. 13.] E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 69 

ical philosopher of great merit, born near Thomastown, 
Ireland, March 12, 1684. Died in Oxford, England, 
Jan. , 1753. He removed to Ehode Island in 1728, 
and during his two years' stay in America, wrote the 
poem which immortalizes his name, containing the line, 
"Westward the course of empire takes its way." 

Maria Louisa, daughter of Francis I. of Germany, 
born at Vienna, March 12, 1791. Died there Dec. 
18, 1847. She was married to Napoleon I. after his di- 
vorce from the Empress Josephine in 1810. 

Thomas Buchanan Eead ? a distinguished American 
poet and artist, born in Chester County, Pa., 
March 12, 1822. Died in New York, May 11, 1872. 
As an author he is best known by his poem " Sheridan's 
Ride." His "Closing Scene" was considered by the 
" Westminster Review," one of the best American poems 
ever published. "Longfellow's Children "is esteemed 
one of his best pictures. 

Commodore Joh^" L. Worded, an American naval 
officer, born in Westchester County, 1ST. Y., March 
12, 1818. Died 1886. He was commander of the 
" Yankee cheese box," the "Monitor," in her famous 
fight with the iron-clad "Merrimac," March 9, 1862, 
the first battle between iron-clad ships in the world's 
history. 

Mareli 13. 

George B. Wood, M.D., LL.D., an eminent Ameri- 
can physician and medical writer, born in Green- 
wich, Cumberland County, N. J., March 13, 1797. 
Died March 30, 1879. As a professor in the University 
of Pennsylvania he did more than any other man of his 
time to advance its interests. As an author, his medical 
works ftaye been adopted as -text books for medical stn- 



70 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Mar. 14. 

dents; and of his "United States Dispensatory" more 
than 120,000 copies were sold soon after its publication. 

James Vetch, F.R.S., a British engineer, born at 
Haddington, Scotland, March 13, 1789. 

He made important suggestions utilized by DeLesseps 
in regard to the ship canal across the isthmus of Suez. 

March 14. 

Kobert Owen, a socialist and philanthropist, born in 
Newton, Wales, March 14, 1771. Died Nov. 19, 
1858. He endeavored to embody his social reform prin- 
ciples in a community, three times, the last at New 
Harmony, Ind., but they were all unsuccessful. His 
followers bore the name of "Owenites," from which 
sprang the English " Chartists." 

James Bogardus, an inventor and engineer, born at 
Oatskill, N. Y., March 14, 1800. Died April 13, 
1874. He made important improvements in cotton 
spinning, invented many useful mechanical instruments, 
and in 1847 he built in New York city the first iron 
building in the United States. 

Johank Strauss, a celebrated German composer, 
born at Vienna, March 14, 1804. Died there Sept. 24, 
1849. He did much to elevate the social music of 
Vienna, his works being principally waltzes and lively 
airs, in which department of music he has never been 
surpassed. 

Samuel T. Spear, D.D., author and for many years 
editor of the " Independent," born at Ballston Spa, 
N. Y., March 14, 1812. 

Victor Emanuel II. (of Sardinia), the first King 
of United Italy, born at Turin, March 14, 1820. Died 
Jan. 9, 1878. He succeeded to the throne of Sar- 



Mar. 15.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 71 

dinia by the abdication of his father in 1849. In 1859 
Lombardy was added to his kingdom, and soon followed 
Tuscany, Parma and Modena, and in 1861 all Italy had 
gathered to his standard with the exception of Venetia, 
still claimed by Austria, and a small part of the Papal 
States adjacent to Borne, still held by the Pope, and pro- 
tected by French soldiers. In 1866, Venetia was taken 
from Austria, and when in 1870, Napoleon III. withdrew 
his army from Koine the temporal power of the Pope, 
which had existed ever since early in the ninth century, 
was broken, and Italy for the first time in its history was 
a nation, and a united kingdom. 
March 15. 

Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United 
States, born at the Waxhaw settlement, Union County, 
N. C, March 15, 1767. Died June 8, 1845. He 
won his place in the nation's regard and popularity, by 
the capture of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815, which was 
considered one of the most brilliant and decisive battles 
ever gained by the American army. Among the prin- 
cipal events of his term was the establishment of "rota- 
tion in office," he having made more removals in one 
year than all the other Presidents in forty years before. 
His veto of the bill which granted a new charter to the 
Bank of the United States, July, 1832, was the issue 
which divided him and the opponents to his second 
term. His famous toast " Our Union : it must be pre- 
served," was given at a banquet, April, 1830. 

William Lamb Melbourne, viscount, a popular 
English statesman, born at Melbourne House, Derby- 
shire, England, March 15, 1779. Died at Brocton Hall, 
Nov. 24, 1848. He was the responsible head of the 
British government at the accession of Queen Victoria. 



72 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Mar. 17. 

March 16. 

Caroline L. Herschel, sister of Sir William Her- 
schel, born in Hanover, March 16, 1750. Died in 1848. 
She lived with her brother until his death, and shared 
his daily toils and nightly vigils, thus inscribing her 
name in luminous characters on the records of 
astronomy. 

James Madison, fourth President of the United 
States, born in King George County, Va., March 16, 
1751. Died at Montpelier, Va., June 28, 1836. As a 
statesman and philosopher he secured the highest con- 
sideration of the nation, and his writings on the 
Constitution were second only to those of Hamilton. 
The principal event of his administration was the war 
of 1812. 

Charles A. Washburn, an American author and 
inventor, born at Livermore, Me., March 16, 1822. 

He was United States minister to Paraguay during 
the terrible revolution of that country and wrote an in- 
teresting account of his troublesome residence in that 
country. He is also the inventor of the typography and 
other ingenious machinery. 

March 17. 

Saint Patrick, the apostle and patron saint of Ireland, 
born at Bannevan, a small village of Tabernia, in Scot- 
land, 372. He is supposed to have been one of the 
earliest teachers of Christianity in Ireland, and so care^ 
ful and consistent was he in promulgating his doctrines, 
that he won the entire population without serious oppo- 
sition. Why the 17th of March is kept in his honor is 
uncertain. Some claim it be on account of the disputed 
date of his birth 3 the 8th ^nd 9th of March, which the 



Mar. 18.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 73 

Pope, to settle, added together and called it the 17th. 
Others say he died on that day in 454. 

Thomas MacKeast, an American patriot, and 
"signer to the Declaration of Independence," born in 
Chester County, Pa., March 17, 1734. Died 1817. 
He was governor of Pennsylvania, 1797-1808, and a 
political friend of Jefferson. 

Madame Koland, one of the most noted and highly 
gifted women of France, born in Paris, March 17, 1754. 
Taking part with the Girondists in the French Kevolu- 
tion, when that party fell, she was executed Nov. 9, 
1793. Her last words were: "0 Liberty! what 
crimes are committed in thy name." 

Eoger B. Taney, a distinguished American jurist, 
born in Calvert County, Md., March 17, 1777. 
Died in Washington, D. C, Oct. 12, 1864. He was 
the fifth Chief-Justice of the United States, which place 
he occupied 1836-1864. His strange and unjust decision 
in the " Dred Scott " suit, 1857, removed the last barrier 
to the extension of slavery, and fastened reproach to a 
name that could have commanded the respect of the 
nation on any other subj.ect but slavery. 

Thomas Chalmers, the most eminent Scottish divine 
of the present century, born in Fifeshire, March 17, 
1780. Died May 30, 1847. He was an eloquent and 
powerful pulpit orator, and a leader in theological dis- 
cussions. He was the principal chief of the "Evangeli- 
cal " party of 470 other clergymen who receded from the 
Established Church, and organized what is known as the 
"Free Church." 

March 18. 

John C. Calhoun, an eminent American statesman, 
born in Abbeville district, S. 0„ March 18, 1783, 



74 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Mar. 19. 

Died March 31, 1850. He was sent to Congress in 
1811, and from that time until his death, his political 
career was one of the most marked in American history. 
He served as Senator, Secretary of War, Secretary of 
State, Vice-President, was candidate for the Presidency. 
He, with Webster and Clay, formed " The Great Trio." 

Francis Leiber, an eminent German historical and 
political writer, born at Berlin, March 18, 1800. Died 
Oct. 2, 1872. Being too liberal in his political opin- 
ions for his own country, he came to the United 
States, where he was an invaluable aid to the govern- 
ment. His motto, "No rights without its duties, no 
duty without its rights," was the keynote of his political 
writings. 

Groyer Cleveland, twenty-second President of the 
United States, born in Caldwell, Essex County, N. 
J., March 18, 1837. 

He was inaugurated President in 1885, resigning the 
governorship of New York for the national office. 

march 19. 

Ellas Hicks, a noted preacher of the Society of 
Friends or Quakers, born in Hempstead, Queens County, 
Long Island, March 19, 1748. Died Feb. 27, 1830. 
For many years he was an approved minister in the 
Society, but early in the present century he began to 
promulgate views different from those held by a majority 
of the Quakers. The result was a schism, and the two 
parties were known as the "Orthodox" and the 
"Hicksites," although the anti-orthodox division of the 
Society do not acknowledge the name of " Hicksites." 

Charles Knight, an eminent English editor and 
author, hovn at Windsor, England, March 19, 1791, 



Mar. 20.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 75 

Died March 9, 1873. He was founder of the system of 
the generalization of useful knowledge, which is illus- 
trated by his " Penny Magazine," u Penny Cyclopaedia," 
"British Almanac" and many other works. 

David Livingstone, M.D., LL.D., a Scottish mis- 
sionary, distinguished as an African explorer, born near 
Glasgow, Scotland, March 19, 1813. Died at Ulalla, 
Africa, May 1, 1873. In 1849 he crossed the continent 
of South Africa, from the Zambesi to the Congo, dis- 
covering Lake ISTgami and other waters, and from this 
time forth his life was spent in and for Africa. He 
was several times reported dead, and when at length he 
was missing for some time, Henry Stanley pushed his 
way into the interior to Ujiji and found him alive, but 
in great destitution. His "Missionary Travels and 
Eesearches in South Africa " is a work of great interest 
and value. 

Seth Green, an American pisciculturist, born in 
Kochester, N. Y., March 19, 1817. Died August 20, 
1888. By the application of the results of his close 
observation, he has done more than any scholar to 
advance the science of fish culture. 

March 20. 

Ovid, a popular Eoman poet, born at Sulmo, ninety 
miles east of Eome, March 20, 43 B.C. Died at Tomi, 
a small town at the Delta of the Danube, 18 a.d. As 
a poet he is celebrated for his "Metamorphoses," which 
Hawthorne has dealt so pleasantly with in his " Wonder 
Book" and "Tanglewood Tales." 

Neal Dow, an American general and philanthropist, 
born in Portland, Me., March, 20, 1805. 

He is the "father of the Maine Liquor Law," the 



76 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Mar. 21. 

passage of which he secured while a member of the 
legislature of Maine. 

Cardinal John McCloskey, a Catholic bishop, born 
in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 20, 1810. Died Oct. 10, 1885. 
Upon the death of Archbishop Hughes, in 1864, 
McCloskey was chosen his successor. In 1875 he was 
appointed Cardinal by Pope Pius IX. 

Napoleon II. , the only son of Napoleon I., born in 
Paris, March 20, 1811. Died of consumption in Vienna, 
June 22, 1832. Although he never actually occupied 
the throne of France, he is generally reckoned among 
the French sovereigns. In 1814 Napoleon I. abdicated 
the throne in favor of his son, but Louis XVIII. was 
preferred by the Senate and the young Napoleon was 
taken to Austria by his mother, Maria Louisa. 

Marcli 21. 

Eobert Bruce, the heroic and famous Ct King of 
Scots/' born March 21, 1274. He defeated the English 
at London Hill and Bannockburn, but in the internum 
of the two battles had made himself master of nearly the 
whole of Scotland. He died June, 1329, just one year 
after the English king, Edward II., had recognized the 
independence of Scotland. 

Jea:n" Paul Richter, a popular, quaint, and original 
German author, born in Wunsiedel, Bavaria, March 21, 
1763. Died in Beyruth, November 14, 1825. He is 
known as the writer of " gems ;" no writer having made 
such brilliant remarks, and no ten, as many. "Titan" 
is generally considered his masterpiece. 

Henry Kirk White, an English author and poet, 
born at Nottingham, England, March 21, 1785, and died 
at Cambridge, Oct. 19, 1806, 



Mar. 22.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 77 

Benito Pablo Juarez, a president of Mexico, born 
near Oaxaca, Mexico, March 21, 1806. Died July 18, 
1872. He was president when the archduke Maximilian 
was made Emperor of Mexico by the French in 1864. 
After the downfall of Maximilian in 1867, he was 
re-elected to the presidency. 

Marcli 22. 

Anthony Vandyke, a celebrated Flemish painter, 
born at Antwerp, March 22, 1599. Died in London, 
Dec. 9, 1641. He was Bubens' most illustrious 
pupil, and achieved his fame as a portrait painter, of 
which about three hundred still exist. His "Cruci- 
fixion " is considered one of the finest (or first) pictures 
in the world, and gives the highest idea of Vandyke's 
powers. 

William I., Kiug of Prussia, and since 1871, Emperor 
of Germany, born March 22, 1797. Died March 9, 
1888. He ascended the throne in 1861, and became 
head of the Northern German Confederation, and after 
the war of 1870-71 was proclaimed Emperor of Ger- 
many in the palace of the French kings at Versailles. 

Joseph Saxton, a noted American inventor, born in 
Huntington County, Penn., March 22, 1799. Died 
in Washington, D. C, Oct., 1873. He made the clock 
which still marks the time from the belfry of Inde- 
pendence Hall in Philadelphia, when he was but 
eighteen, and subsequently added many ingenious 
devices to science. He was one of the original corpora- 
tors of the National Academy of Science. 

Stephen Pearl Andrews, an American author and 
philologist, born in Massachusetts, March 22, 1812. 
Died May 21, 1886. He devoted many years to the in- 



78 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Mar. 23. 

yention of a universal language called Alwato, which 
perhaps centuries may mature. 

Rosa Bonheuk, a celebrated French painter of ani- 
mals, born at Bordeaux, March 22, 1822. 

Her "ISTivernais Ploughing/' which is esteemed her 
finest picture, has obtained a place in the gallery of the 
Luxembourg. During the siege of Paris, 1870-71, her 
studio and residence at Fontainebleau were spared and 
respected by special order of the Crown Prince of 
Prussia. 

HI arcli S3. 

William Smith, known as "the father of English 
geology/' born at Churchill, Oxfordshire, England, 
March 23, 1769. Died at Northampton, August 28, 
1839. He was author of several geological works, and 
published the first Ci Geological Map of England." 

Pierre Simost Laplace, one of the greatest astron- 
omers and mathematicians of any age or country, born 
in France, March 23, 1749. Died in 1827. Among his 
great discoveries are the theory of Jupiter's satellites, 
and the causes of the grand inequality of Jupiter and 
Saturn, and of the acceleration of the moon's mean mo- 
tion. He shared the honor with Lagrange of proving 
the stability of the planetary system. One of his last 
expressions was, " What we know is but little, that 
which we know not is immense." 

Don Carlos Buel, an American officer, born near 
Marietta, Ohio, March 23, 1818. 

He was an officer of note in the Florida, Mexican and 
Civil wars. After the last he was made president of the 
Green Kiver, Ky., iron works. 

Schuyler Colfax, an American statesman, born in 



Mar. 24. EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 79 

the city of New York, March 23, 1823. Died 1885. 
He was grandson of General W. Colfax, who commanded 
Washington's life-guards. Chosen Speaker of the House 
of Eepresentatives in 1863-63-67, he gained a high rep- 
utation as a presiding officer, and was the most popular 
Speaker of the House since Henry Clay. He was chosen 
Vice President with Grant in 1868. 

Eichard Anthony Proctor, a distinguished English 
scholar and astronomer, born at Chelsea, England, 
March 23, 1837. Died in New York, Sept. 12, 
1888, of yellow fever, which fatal disease he contracted 
in Florida. He early took to geometrical study, and on 
entering King's College, London, 1855, succeeded in 
taking first place in seven subjects. His first literary 
effort, an article on "Double Stars," appeared in 1863, 
since which time he has won a world-wide reputation as 
a scientific writer, lecturer and astronomer. He was 
eminently an instructor of the people. His best known 
works are, "Handbook of the Stars," "Constellation 
Seasons," "Some Views of the Earth," "Other Worlds 
than Ours," and "Light Science for Leisure Hours." 
He has made several lecture tours in Australia and 
America, and in April, 1887, took up his residence in 
Oakland, Fla., where he had been at work on his "Old 
and New Astronomy," a work that has been in prepara- 
tion for twenty years. Thus though his star is removed 
from our firmament, 

" The light he leaves behind him, lies 
Upon the paths of men." 

Mar eli 24. 

Thomas Gushing, an American patriot, born in Bos- 
ton, Mass., March 24, 1725. Died February 28, 1788. 



80 EVEHY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Mar. 25. 

He was so prominent a member of the Colonial 
Congress that he was regarded in Great Britain as one of 
the leaders of sedition. 

Joseph Peiestly, LL.D.,an eminent English phi- 
losopher, chemist and theologian, born near Leeds, Eng- 
land, March 24, 1733. As a chemist the talents of 
Priestly were considered of the first order, and his re- 
searches and writings have added much to the progress 
of the science. He discovered oxygen, August 1, 1774, 
which is now considered the " birthday of chemistry." 
This discovery was followed by the identification of other 
gases. He died at Northumberland, Penn., Feb. 
6, 1804, whither he had emigrated with his family 
to escape the public odium which his liberal opinions as 
a minister incurred. 

Joel Barlow, an American patriot and poet, born 
at Beading, Conn., March 24, 1755. Died near 
Cracow, December, 1812, while a foreign ambassador. 
As an author he belonged to the first class of his time in 
America, and was one of the celebrated " Hartford Wits." 
His "Vision of Columbus," a poem in imitation of Mil- 
ton, obtained great popularity, and "Hasty Pudding," 
a humorous poem dedicated to Martha Washington, was 
much admired. His most elaborate work " Columbiad," 
an epic poem, is considered by critics to be a failure. 

March 25. 

Francis Lewis, one of the "signers to the Declara- 
tion of Independence," born in Wales, March 25, 1713. 
Died in New York, Dec. 30, 1803. He emigrated to 
New York in 1735, and was elected to the Continental 
Congress, 1775. 

Joachim Murat, a celebrated marshal of the French 



Mar. 26.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. Si 

empire, born nearCahors, France, March 25, 1771. Na- 
poleon pronounced him Si the best cavalry officer in 
Europe," but he was unstable in his purposes, now fight- 
ing for, and now against Napoleon ; but after the em- 
perors fall in 1815, while attempting to recover Naples, 
he was captured and shot for treason, Oct. 13, 1815. 

March 26. 

Bestjamik Thompson, "Count Kumford," a cele- 
brated natural philosopher and economist, born at 
Woburn, Mass., March 26, 1753. Died Aug. 21, 1814. 
Being disaffected with his country in the Revolutionary 
times, he went to Europe.and for his political services and 
scientific researches, was made Count, to which he added 
Kumford, the name of the town in New Hampshire (now 
Concord), where he once resided. He gave to science 
many endowments, both in discoveries and wealth ; and 
it is a matter of national pride that the two men, 
Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Thompson, who first 
demonstrated the capital propositions of pure science, 
in regard to lightning and electricity, were Americans 
by birth and by education. 

Thomas Clarkso^st, an English philanthropist, born 
at Wisbeach, Cambridge, Eng., March 26, 1760. Died 
Sept. 26, 1846. He was one of the first anti-slavery 
committee that succeeded, after much opposition, in 
abolishing the slave trade by an act of Parliament, in 
1807. 

Nathaniel Bowditch, LL.D., F.R.S., an eminent 
American mathematician and scholar, born at Salem, 
Mass., March 26, 1773. Died March 16, 1838. He 
learned Greek and Latin, without a teacher, and his 
scholarly attainments won for him a membership in 



82 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Mar. 28. 

many of the learned societies of both England and 
America. 

William 0. Kedfield, an American geologist and 
meteorologist, born in Middletown, Conn., March 26 ? 
1789. Died in Feb. 1857. He conceived the funda- 
mental idea of his famous " law of storms " as early as 
1821, and promulgated his theory in 1831. He was first 
president of the "American Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science." 

March 27. 

Michael Bruce, a Scottish poet, born at Kinnes- 
wood, Scotland, March 27, 1746. Died July 5, 1767. 
His productions were characterized by a singular pathos 
and beauty. After his death his "friend" John Logan, 
published a volume of poems which he claimed as his 
own, but it afterwards proved that he had perpetrated 
a base literary piracy, and they belonged to Bruce. 

March 28. 

Saint Theresa, a Carmelite nun, born at Avila, Spain, 
March 28, 1515. Died at Alba, Oct. 4, 1582. Her re- 
ligious treatises are accounted among the Spanish 
classics. She was canonized by Pope Gregory XV. in 
1621. 

William Tudor, an American general and statesman 
in the early days of the Republic, born at Boston, March 
28, 1750. Died July 8, 1819. He was one of the 
founders of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 

Henry Eowe Schoolcraft, a distinguished Ameri- 
can traveler, ethnologist, and scientific writer, born near 
Albany, N. Y., March 28, 1793. Died at "Washington, 
D.C., Dec. 10, 1864. He was at the head of the expedition 
which, in 1832, explored, for the first time, Lake Itasca 



Mar. 30.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 83 

and the sources of the Mississippi river. "His scientific 
writings," says E. W. Griswold, "are among the im- 
portant contributions to the literature of this country, 
and will be read when the greater portion of the popular 
literature of the day is forgotten." 

Orville Dewey, D.D., LL.D., a distinguished Uni- 
tarian divine, born in Sheffield, Mass., March 28, 1794. 
Died , 1882. He was at one time an assistant of 

Dr. Channing, was also minister of the New South 
Church, Boston. As an original thinker and author, 
his productions are eminently able and profound. 

March 29. 

Johx Tyler, tenth President of the United States, 
born in Charles City Co., Va., March 29, 1790. Died 
in Eichmond, Va., Jan. 17, 1862. He became President, 
April 4, 1841, on the death of Harrison, with whom he 
stood as Vice-President. At the opening of the civil 
war he went over to the South, and was a member of 
the Confederate Congress when he died. 

Charles Moore, an American editor and author, 
born in Boston, March 29, 1801. 

He founded " Zion's Herald " in 1823. 

March 30. 

Sir Hestry Wotto^, an English diplomatist and 
writer, born in Kent, Eng., March 30, 1568. Died at 
Eton, Dec. , 1630. He was ambassador to several coun- 
tries and is author of the oft-quoted witticism : " An 
ambassador is an honest man, sent abroad to lie for the 
good of his country." 

Innis N. Palmer, an American general, born at 
Buffalo, N. Y., March 30, 1824. 



84 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Apr. 1. 

He was brigadier-general in the Union army at Fair 
Oaks and Malvern Hill. 

Mar eli 31. 

Franz Joseph Hayden, one of the sweetest musicians 
the world ever produced, born near Vienna, March 31, 
1732. Died May 26, 1809. Mozart's love for his « papa 
Hayden," proved that Hayden possessed a virtue rare 
in great musicians, he appreciated and recognized the 
talent of others. His noble master-piece, the oratorio 
of " The Creation," was performed in Vienna in 1798, 
and procured his admission into the French Institute. 

Johk P. Hale, an American statesman, born at 
Rochester, Stafford Co., MT. H., March 31, 1806. Died 
Nov. 19, 1873. He was elected XL S. Senator of New 
Hampshire, in 1847, and for several years stood almost 
alone in the Senate on the question of slavery, and 
maintained a position independent of party. 

Robert Wilhelm Bustsen", a distinguished German 
chemist, born at Gottingen, March 31, 1811. 

He has invented several important pieces of apparatus 
which bear his name. Among his brilliant discoveries 
was that of spectrum analysis, which established a new 
era in astronomy. 

William Morris Hunt, an American artist, born in 
Brattleboro, Vt., March 31, 1824. Died Sept. 9, 1879. 
He was one of the first to introduce the French school 
of art into America, and many of his well-known 
pictures have been reproduced in lithographs. 

April 1. 

William Harvey, an English anatomist, celebrated 
for his discovery of the circulation of the blood, born 
at Folkestone, Kent, Eng., April 1, 1578. Died June, 



Apr. 2.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 85 

1657. He was physician to James I. and Charles L, 
and followed the fortunes of the latter during the civil 
war. He promulgated his important theory in London 
in 1619, after three years' study upon it ; but it was not 
published until 1628. 

Thomas F. Buxton, an eminent English philan- 
thropist, born in Essex, April 1, 1786. Died Feb. 19, 
1845. He was a member of Parliament many years ; 
an eminent advocate of the abolition of slavery, 
and a leader in other humanitarian measures. 

Prince Otto yon Bismarck, a celebrated Prussian 
statesman, the Prime Minister of Germany, born at 
Brandenburg, April 1, 1815. 

In 1847 he was chosen a member of the United Diet, 
since which time, his public life has rendered him a star 
of the first magnitude in the political galaxy of the 
world. He was appointed chancellor of the North 
German Confederacy in July, 1867. 

April 2. 

Haks Christian Anderson, an eminent Danish 
poet and novelist, born on the island of Funan, April 2, 
1805. Died Aug., , 1875. He has published many noted 
works, but his original genius is conspicuous in fairy 
tales, which are characterized by a quaint humor, and 
haye been translated into most of the European lan- 
guages. 

Erastus Dow Palmer, a distinguished American 
sculptor, born at Pompey, Onondaga Co., N. Y., April 
2, 1817. 

" The Landing of the Pilgrims" and " The White 
Captive " are among his principal works. 



86 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Apr. 3. 

Moses Wight, an American painter, born at Boston, 
April 2, 1827. 

" The Sleeping Beauty" is one of his ideal pictures^ 
Laura Elizabeth B. Lyman, "Kate Hunnibee" of 
the " Hearth and Home," was born at Kent's Hill, Me., 
April 2, 1831. She was long an editor of " Home 
Interests " in the " New York Tribune " and since editor 
of the " Dining- Room Magazine," and contributor to 
several periodicals. 

Leon Gambetta, one of the greatest and most con- 
spicuous of Frenchmen, born at Oohors, France, April 
2, 1838. Died Dec. 31, 1882. It was not until 1868 that 
his name came prominently before the public, as counsel 
for defendants in political prosecutions, yet so popular 
had he become, that his death produced a profound 
sensation throughout France, and his funeral was the 
greatest that has occurred in Paris since the body of the 
First Napoleon was taken to the Invalid es. 

April 3. 

George Herbert, "Holy Herbert," an English poet, 
born at Montgomery Castle, April 3, 1593. Died Feb., 
1633. He was a man of profound learning, sincere piety, 
refined taste and extraordinary wisdom ; and his poetry 
includes some of the finest lyrics in our language. 

Washington Irving, LL.D., a distinguished 
American author and humorist, born in the city of New- 
York, April 3, 1783. Died Nov. 28, 1859* "The 
Sketch-Book " raised Irving to the highest rank of 
American authors ; and his "Life of Columbus" is con- 
sidered by critics to be as nearly perfect as a work can 
be. His residence in Spain as American Minister, gave 
him an opportunity for writing his "Conquest of Gran 



Apr. 4] E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 87 

ada," "The Alhambra," etc., while by his "Rip Van 
Winkle/' " Sleepy Hollow/ 5 etc., he has given a legend- 
ary charm to the Hudson river and. its vicinity, which 
will last as long as that noble stream laps the foot of the 
Catskills. 

Edward Everett Hale, A.M., a noted American 
author and Unitarian divine, born in Boston, April 3, 
1822. 

He stands in the foremost rank of American 
writers, and is one of the counselors to the Chautauqua 
Literary Scientific Circle. 

Henry Martyn Field, D.D., an American editor 
and author, born at Stockbridge, Mass., April 3, 1822. 

He is a brother of Cyrus W. Field, and a writer of rare 
abilities. To read his "History of the Atlantic Tele- 
graph/' compensates one for not being an eye-witness to 
the grand undertaking. 

William M. Tweed, "Boss Tweed/' born in New 
York city, April 3, 1823. He was leader of the famous 
Tammany Ring and obtained almost unlimited influence 
in the politics of the state and city. In 1872 he was im- 
prisoned for forgery and larceny ; escaped in 1875, was 
captured and returned to prison where he died in 1878. 

Harriet Elizabeth Prescott Spofford, an able 
American writer of to-day, born in Calais, Me., April 3, 
1835. 

John Burroughs, an American author, born in 
Roxbury, K Y., April 3, 1837. 

He has contributed largely to periodicals, mainly on 
rural themes, besides being author of many volumes. 

April 4. 

InIcholas Brown, a distinguished American mer- 



88 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Apr. 5. 

chant, born at Providence, E. L, April 4, 1769. Died 
Oct. 27, 1841. By his liberal endowment to the Ehode 
Island College of Providence, E. L, it took the name of 
Brown University in his honor in 1804. 

Thaddeus Steyeks, an eminent American legislator, 
born at Peacham, Vt., April 4, 1793. Died at Wash- 
ington, D. 0., Aug. 11, 1868. He was distinguished as 
an opponent of slavery, and at the end of the civil war 
was the most prominent and influential member of the 
House of Eepresentatives, and was one of the most active 
managers in the impeachment trial of President John- 
son. 

Dorothea L. Dix, the American " Elizabeth Fry," 
also known as " the prisoner's friend/' born at Wor- 
cester, Mass., April 4, 1794. Died July 28, 1887. She 
early became interested in the condition of criminals, 
lunatics and paupers, and in their interest visited 
nearly every State in the Union. 

James Freeman Clark, D.D., an eminent American 
Unitarian preacher, born at Hanover, N". H., April 4, 
1810. Died June 8, 1888. He has distinguished him- 
self as an opponent of slavery, and is also an author and 
poet. 

Samuel E. Wells, of the firm of Fowler & Wells, 
New York City, was born at Hartford, Conn., April 4, 
1820. Died in New York, April 13, 1875. He was 
an author and extensive traveler in the interest of 
phrenology, and for twenty-five years was editor of dif- 
ferent phrenological magazines, one of which was the 
" Phrenological Journal." 

April 5. 

Thomas Hobbs, a famous English philosopher and 



Apr. 5] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 89 

author, born at Malmesbury, April 5, 1588. Died Dec, 
1679. "A permanent foundation of his fame/' says 
Mackintosh, " consists in his admirable style, which 
seems to be the very perfection of didactic language/' 
His little tract on "Human Nature" has scarcely an 
ambiguous or needless word. He was intimate with 
Bacon, Ben Jonson, Galileo, Dr. Harvey, and other 
noted men of his day. He was tutor to Charles II. 

Sir Henry Havelock, a distinguished British gen- 
eral, born in Durham, England, April 5, 1795. Died 
in India, Nov., 1857. To Sir Henry is given the 
honor of the celebrated "Belief of Lucknow," in India, 
Sept. 25, 1857, during the Sepoy rebellion, when a small 
garrison of British soldiers was besieged by a large 
army of Sepoys. 

Vicenzo Gioberti, a remarkable Italian philosopher 
and statesman of modern times, born at Turin, April 
5, 1801. Died at Paris in 1853. He was the prophet 
of the uprising of Italy, and wrote many works, which 
roused the Italians to a longing for a united Italy. 

Louisa Chandler Moulton, an American author, 
born April 5, 1835. 

She began literary life under the name of "Ellen 
Louisa " at the age of fifteen, and at nineteen published 
her first book, which was very successful. She was long 
the Boston correspondent on literary topics of the 
"N. Y. Tribune/' and is one of America's popular 
writers. 

Algernon* Charles Swinburne, an English author 
and dramatist, born near London, April 5, 1837. 

Some of his most successful dramas are constructed 
after the Greek models, in which he first manifested 
his peculiar powers. 



90 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Apr. 7. 

April 0. 

Raphael, the "prince of painters," born at TJrbino, 
Italy, April 6, 1483. Died April 6, 1520. He was made 
architect-in-chief of the church of St. Peter, in 1514, 
by papal power, and for twelve years was engaged in 
decorating the Vatican. His last work, and his master- 
piece, the u Transfiguration," was left unfinished at his 
death. 

Jean Baptiste Rousseau, a French lyric poet of 
great eminence, born in Paris, April 6, 1670. Died at 
Brussels, March 17, 1741. He is considered the greatest 
lyric poet of France. 

John Pierpont an American poet and Unitarian 
divine, born in Litchfield, Conn., April 6, 1785. Died 
at Medford, Mass., Aug. 27, 1866. He was a prominent 
advocate of temperance, anti-slavery, and other reforms ; 
and as a poet, has produced many hymns, odes, and 
brief poems remarkably spirited and melodious. 

Mrs. Meta Heusser, the sweetest female song- writer 
in the German language, born in the canton of Zurich, 
Switzerland, April 6, 1797. Died Jan. 2, 1876. Her 
rare genius, sanctified by deep piety, has made her the 
most eminent and noble among the female poets of our 
Evangelical Church. 

Calvin E. Stowe, D.D., an American divine and 
scholar, born in Natick, Mass., April 6, 1802. Died in 
1886. He was the husband of the noted Harriet Beecher 
Stowe, and from early life was eminent as a scholar, 
author and translator. 

April 7. 

Saint Francis Xavier, a celebrated Jesuit mission- 
ary, called " the Apostle of the Indies," born in the 






Apr. 8.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 91 

kingdom of Navarre, near the foot of the Pyrenees, 
April 7, 1506. Died on an island near the Chinese 
coast, Dec., 1552. He visited the East Indies as a mis- 
sionary in 1541, and during the eleven remaining years 
of his life, founded several missions, and converted 
thousands of idolaters to the Christian faith. He was 
canonized in 1622. 

William Wordsworth, an illustrious English poet, 
born in Cockermouth, Cumberland Co., Eng., April 7, 
1770. Died April 23, 1850. Wordsworth, Coleridge 
and Sou they were designated as the " Lake Poets/'" be- 
cause they resided in the lake district of Cumberland, 
and described the scenery of that beautiful region. He 
succeeded Sou they as poet-laureate, in 1843, which 
niche of honor he filled until his death. 

William Ellery Changing, D.D., a distinguished 
Unitarian divine, and one of the most eloquent writers 
America has produced, born at Newport, E. I., April 7, 
1780. Died Oct. 2, 1842. "One of the most beauti- 
ful and admirable traits in Dr. Channing's character 
was his determination not to allow the spirit of contro- 
versy, or pride of opinion, to hinder in any way the 
reception of new truth ; " and as a minister he desired 
"not that people should adopt his thoughts and con- 
victions, but be true to their own." His last discourse 
was in commemoration of the abolition of slavery in the 
British West Indies. He was buried at Mount Auburn, 
where his grave is marked by a monument designed by 
his friend Washington Allston. 

April 8. 

David Eittekhouse, F.K.S., LL.D., an Ameri- 
can astronomer and mathematician, born at German- 



92 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Apr. 9. 

town, near Philadelphia, April 8, 1732. Died June 26, 
1796. He was employed with Mason and Dixon to 
determine the boundary line between Pennsylvania and 
Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, in 1763. He was 
appointed president of the American Philosophical 
Society on the death of Franklin, to whom, in point of 
scientific merit, he is considered next in rank. 

Sir Nathaniel W. Wraxall, an English states- 
man and historical writer, born at Bristol, Eng., 
April 8, 1751. Died Nov. 7, 1831. He was an exten- 
sive traveler, and many of his works are accounts of the 
tours he made. 

April 9. 

Kufus Putnam, an American general of the 
Eevolution, born in Sutton, Mass., April 9, 1738. He 
formed the Ohio Company which, in 1788, purchased 
large tracts in that State, and founded the city of 
Marietta, the first permanent settlement in Ohio, and 
died there May 4, 1824. 

Fisher Ames, a celebrated American orator and 
statesman, born in Dedham, Mass., April 9, 
1758. Died July 4, 1808. He was the leader of the 
Federal party in the House of Representatives during 
the administration of Washington, and was reverenced 
for his eloquence, learning, sound judgment, and for 
the purity of his character. 

John" L. Sullivan", M.D., an American engineer 
and physician, born in Saco, Me., April 9, 1777. Died 
in Boston, Feb. 9, 1865. He was appointed engineer of 
the first canal in the United States, between Boston 
harbor and the Merrimac river, and in 1814 received a 
patent for the first steam tow-boat. 



Apr. 10.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 93 

Isambard K. Brunel, an eminent British engineer 
and Naval architect, born in Portsmouth, Eng., April 9, 
1806. Died in 1859. He was assistant engineer with 
his father in the construction of the Thames Tunnel, 
and was the chief architect and designer of the " Great 
Eastern/' the largest vessel ever built. 

Adelista Maria Clorinda Patti, a popular operatic 
singer of Italian extraction, born at Madrid, April 9,1843. 

She sang at an early age in New York, and appeared in 
London in 1861, since which time she has been consid- 
ered one of the first singers of the day. In 1870, she 
received the Order of Merit from the emperor of 
Russia. 

April 10. 

Samuel Christian Freidrich Hahnemann, a cele- 
brated German physician, born in Saxony, April 10,1775. 
Died in Paris, July 2, 1843. He was the founder of the 
system of medicine known as homeopathy. 

Edward Robinson, D.D., LL.D., an eminent 
American biblical scholar, born in Southington, Conn., 
April 10, 1794. Died Jan. 27, 1863. His greatest work, 
" Biblical Researches," written after traveling and study- 
ing in Palestine, is considered the best work that has 
been published on that subject, and one of the most 
learned works of the century, and for it he received the 
gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society of 
London. 

William Hazlitt, an eminent English critic and 
miscellaneous author, born at Maidstone, Eng., April 
10, 1778. Died Sept. 18, 1830. Among his principal 
works are "The Round Table," " Table Talk," " Spirit 
of the Age/' etc. 
Maria S. Cummins, a popular American novelist, 



94 E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Apr. 11 

born at Salem, Mass., April 10, 1827. Died Oct.l, I860. 
One of her most successful novels, " The Lamplighter," 
had a sale of 70,000 copies in a single year. 

Gek. Lewis Wallace, an American general, lawyer, 
and author, born at Brookville, Franklin Co., Ind., April 

10, 1827. He commanded in several important positions 
during the civil war, and was especially noted for saving 
the National Capital by the battle of Monocacy, Md., 
which though it resulted in Wallace's defeat, gave Grant 
time to reinforce the capital. Among his works as 
author are " The Fair God," a romantic story of the 
Aztec civilization in Mexico, and "Ben Huiy" a work 
depicting the life and times of the Saviour. He was 
seven years in completing this latter work, and at the 
time is said to have owned one of the best oriental 
libraries of books and charts in the world. President Gar- 
field pronounced "Ben Hur" one of the greatest literary 
and critical studies produced in this country ; and an 
eminent lawyer of the United States declares it to be one 
of the milestones of the nineteenth century. 

April 11. 

George Canning, an eminent English statesman, 
orator and wit, born in London, April 11, 1770. Died 
Aug. 8, 1827. He and Lord Brougham were at one 
time considered the most powerful orators in the House 
of Commons. He made an important change in the 
foreign policy of England, in consequence of which that 
country ceased to be subservient to the designs of the 
Holy Alliance. 

Edward Eyerett, a distinguished American orator, 
scholar and statesman, born in Dorchester, Mass., April 

11, 1794. Died Jan. 15, 1865. He was an ordained 



Apr. 13.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 95 

minister before he was quite twenty-one ; and his celeb- 
rated oration at Cambridge in the presence of Lafayette, 
in 1824, won for him the name of orator, which will 
outlast all his other titles. His last speech, " The Eelief 
of Savannah " was delivered only six days before his 
death. 

April 12. 

Henry Clay, an eminent American statesman and 
orator, born near " The Slashes," in Hanover Co., Va., 
April 12, 1777. Died June 29, 1852. He was sent to 
the Senate from Kentucky in 1806, and from that date, 
his life, time and talents were interwoven with the polit- 
ical welfare of his country. He was thrice a candidate 
for the Presidency, but his adherence to principle in- 
stead of party lost for him the unanimous vote. When 
warned by his friends that his "Compromise Bill" 
would lessen his chances for the Presidency, he gave his 
ever-remembered reply : "I would rather be right than 
President." John C. Breckenridge, his political adver- 
sary but personal admirer, gave the keystone to his char- 
acter, in his proposed inscription for Clay's tombstone : 
" Here lies a man who was in public service for fifty 
years, and never attempted to deceive his countrymen." 

April 13e 

Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Stafford, born in Lon- 
don, April 13, 1593. For his harsh and despotic treat- 
ment during his rule in Ireland, he acquired the title of 
"the bad earl." He was impeached by the famous 
"Long Parliament" and beheaded on Tower Hill, May 
12, 1647. 

Jeakne Maria Bouvier de la Motte Guyok, 
"Madame Guyon," a French lady celebrated for her 



96 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Apr. 14. 

talents and piety, born at Montargis, France, April 13, 
1648. Died June 9, 1717. She suffered much persecu- 
tion on account of her religious opinions and writings, 
and at one time was imprisoned in theBastile. 

Frederick North, "Lord North," an English states- 
man, born April 13, 1733. Died Aug. 5, 1792. He 
was Prime Minister of Great Britain during the Ameri- 
can Kevolution, and upon receiving news of the surren- 
der of Cornwallis, exclaimed again and again: "0 God ! 
it is all over," and soon after resigned his place in the 
government. The American war is the great blot on his 
name. 

Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United 
States, born in Shadwell, Albemarle Co., Va., April 13, 
1743. Died July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of 
American Independence. That immortal document, the 
" Declaration of Independence " was, with the exception 
of a few words, entirely his work. He received a classi- 
cal education, and for his scholarly attainments was 
styled "The Sage of Monticello." As author of the 
" Declaration of Independence," and founder of the 
Eepublican (now the Democratic) party, Jefferson has ex- 
erted a greater influence on the institutions of this coun- 
try than any other American except Washington. 
Near the close of his life he founded the University of 
Virginia. 

April 14. 

Christian Huggens, a celebrated Dutch astronomer, 
and geometer, born at the Hague, April 14, 1629. Died, 
1695. As the discoverer of Saturn's rings, inventor of 
the spiral spring used to regulate the balance of watches, 
and the first to apply the pendulum to the measurement 



Apr. 16.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 97 

of time, he stands pre-eminent among contemporary 
philosophers of all nations. 

George Ross, an American patriot and signer of the 
Declaration of Independence, born at New Castle, Del.> 
April 14, 1730. Died at Lancaster July, 1779. 

William Williams, one of the founders of the Nor- 
wich Free Academy, born at Norwich, Conn., April 14, 
1788. Died there Oct. 28, 1870. 

Horace Bushkell, D.D., an eminent American 
divine, born in Litchfield Co., Conn., April 14, 1802. 
Died Feb. 17, 1876. He was for some time literary 
editor of the New York "Journal of Commerce " and 
author of several philosophical and theological works. 

April 15. 

Sir James Clark Boss, F.RS., an eminent English 
Arctic navigator, born in London, April 15, 1800. Died 
in 1862, He served in Arctic expeditions under his uncle, 
Sir John Eoss, also Captain E. Parry. In 1839 he 
commanded an expedition to the Antarctic regions and 
discovered Victoria Land. 

Jomr Lothrop Motley, an eminent American his- 
torian, born at Dorchester, Mass., April 15, 1814. Died 
May 29, 1877. His " Rise of the Dutch Republic " has 
been translated into German, French, Dutch and Danish, 
and is considered an honor to any literature in the world. 
In 1861, he was appointed minister to Austria, and in 
1869, was sent as ambassador to England. 

April 16. 

William of Nassau, Prince of Orange, " William 
the Silent," the illustrious founder of the Dutch Repub- 
lic, born at Dillenburg, in Nassau, April 16, 1533. He 



98 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Apr. 16. 

was assassinated by Balthazer Gerard, a fanatical Catho- 
lic, in 1584. Motley says he earned the name of " The 
Silent" not from being taciturn, but from the instance 
of his silently receiving communications from Henry II. 
of France, in regard to plots laid against the Protestants, 
without revealing to the monarch, by word or look, that 
he was a Protestant and a great blunder had been com- 
mitted. To William the Silent is due the honor of be- 
ing the first among the European states, to practically 
apply the principle of religious toleration. 

Edward Kawsoist, an early colonial author, born in 
Gillingham, Dorsetshire, Eng., April 16, 1615. Died at 
Boston, Aug., 1693. He was one of the first secretaries 
of the General Court of Massachusetts Colony. His 
daughter Eebecca was the heroine of one of Whittier's 
romantic episodes. 

Sir Johst Franklin, F.R.S., the lost Arctic explorer, 
born at Spilsby, Lincolnshire, Eng., April 16, 1786. He 
was governor of Tasmania for several years, and in 1845 
started on his last polar expedition, in command of the 
Erebus and Terror. It is believed by all conclusive evi- 
dence that he died near Lancaster Sound, June, 1847. 

Louis Adolphe Thiers, an eminent French histo- 
rian and statesman, born at Marseilles, April 16, 1797. 
Died Sept. 3, 1877. His "History of the French Eevo- 
lution " is one of the greatest historical works of the 
age. After the capitulation of Paris in 1870, he was 
chosen by the Assembly to be head of the Provisional 
Government. In 1871, having crushed the Commune 
and restored order, he became " President of the French 
Kepublic," which office he held until 1873, when he re- 
signed to give place to Marshal MacMahon, 



Apr. 19.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 99 

April 17. 

William Gilmore Simms, an American novelist and 
voluminous writer, born in Charleston, S. 0., April 17, 
1806. Died there June 11, 1870. He was the most 
successful Southern author, and as a novelist, contested 
the palm with Cooper. His " Atalantis" is considered 
his finest poem. 

George B. Cheever, D.D., an American divine and 
author, born at Hallowell, Me., April 17, 1807. 

As an author he was contemporary with Longfellow 
and Hawthorne, and has particularly distinguished 
himself as an earnest advocate of temperance, and an 
opponent of slavery. 

April 18. 

William Williams, a signer of the "Declaration of 
Independence," born at Lebanon, Conn., April 18, 1731. 
Died 1811. He was an active patriot, and contributed 
both by brains and estate to his country. His "last 
mite " was lent to the Continental treasury during the 
Eevolution. 

George Henry Lewes (husband of " George 
Eliot.") a popular English author, born in London, 
April 18, 1817. Died Nov. 30, 1878. He was distin- 
guished for his learning and versatility, and was largely 
engaged in literary, historical, scientific and philosophi- 
cal researches. 

April 19. 

Koger Sherman, an eminent American statesman 
during the Eevolution, born at Newton, Mass., April 
19, 1721. Died in New Haven, July 23, 1793. He 
signed the " Declaration of Independence/' and was a 



100 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Apr. 20. 

member of the Convention wliicli framed the Constitu- 
tion of the United States in 1787. 

Amos Whittemore, an American mechanician, born 
at Cambridge, Mass., April 19, 1759. Died at West 
Cambridge, March 27, 1828. He invented a machine 
for puncturing the leather and setting the wires of cot- 
ton and wool cards, which patent he sold for $150,000. 
The leading features of the invention were suggested 
by a dream. 

Mary L. Booth, an American author and editor, 
born in Yaphank, N. Y., April 19, 1831. 

Not only as the popular editor of " Harper's Bazaar" 
has her name become familiar to the literary world, but 
she has distinguished herself as an historian and trans- 
lator. Her brain and pen are ever busy. 

April 20. 

Mohammed, the founder of Islam, or the prophet of 
Moslem, born at Mecca, April 20, 571. Died at Me- 
dina on his birthday, 632. His famous flight from 
Mecca to Medina, called the Hegira, occurred Sept. 
20, 622. The intellectual powers of Mohammed were of 
a very high order, and as a poet he ranks far above all 
others who have ever written in the Arabic tongue. 

William H. Turner, an American divine and au- 
thor, born in Boston, April 20, 1802. 

In 1825 he became pastor of the First Unitarian Con- 
gregational Church in Philadelphia. His translations 



of Schiller are among the best. 



James David Forbes, F.R.S., a British physical 
philosopher, born near Edinburgh, Scotland, April 20, 
1809. Died Dec. 31, 1868. He was the first, after 
severe attempts, to discover the law of glacial motion, 






Apr. 21.] EVEItY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 101 

and for this and other scientific discoveries, he received 
the Kumford medal, and that of the Eoyal Society of 
London. 

Heis t ry Theodore Tuckerman, an American author, 
born in Boston, April 20, 1813. Died in New York, 
Dec. 17, 1871. He occupied a high rank among the 
art critics of America. 

April 21. 

Frederich Froebel, German teacher, founder of the 
" Kindergarten," born at Oberweisebach, in Thuringia, 
April 21, 1782, Died at Kudolstadt, June 21, 1852. 
The educational reform begun by Kousseau, carried 
on by Fichter, Pestalozzi and Diersterurg, finally cul- 
minated in Froebel's gospel to childhood, as the " Kin- 
dergarten "is called. His first school was founded at 
Brandenburg in 1840. 

Samuel J. Mills, an American divine, born at Tor- 
ringford, Conn., April 21,1783. As the "father of 
foreign missions " he organized the first society in 
America to contemplate foreign missions in 1808, and 
in 1817 visited Africa in company with the Eev. E. 
Bargess, to select a site for a colony, and died on his 
way home, June 16, 1818. 

James Marti^eau, LL.D., a Unitarian divine, 
whom Thackeray called " the greatest theologian in 
England," born in Norwich, Eng., April 21, 1805. 

A firm scholar, a penetrating thinker, having a mas- 
sive, luminous mind, his position is that of the boldest 
thinker within the Christian limits. 

Charlotte Brokte, " Currer Bell," a popular Eng- 
lish novelist, born at Thornton in Yorkshire, Eng., 
April 31, 1816. Died March 31, 1855. Her first sue- 



102 E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Apr. 22. 

cessful work, "Jane Eyre," has always retained its pop- 
ularity. Her sister Emily, "Acton Bell/' was like her- 
self a successful novelist, and died May, 1849. 
April 22. 

Isabella I., "The Catholic/' the patron of Colum- 
bus in his American discovery, born in Madrigal, Old 
Castile, April 22, 1451. Died Nov. 26, 1504. Her 
reign, like that of her consort Ferdinand, is noted for 
the establishment of the Inquisition in Castile, and the 
Moorish wars. She was mother of Catharine of Aragon, 
the unfortunate queen of Henry VIII. of England. 

Henry Fielding, an English dramatist and novelist, 
born at Sharpham Park, Somersetshire, Eng., April 
22, 1707. Died in Lisbon, Oct. 8, 1784. His first 
novel published in 1742, "The Adventures of Joseph 
Andrews and his friend, Abraham Adams," was regard- 
ed as the best work of fiction produced up to that time 
in the English language. He was a cousin of Lady 
Montague. 

Lindley Murray, a distinguished American gram- 
marian and educational writer, born near Lancaster, 
Pa., April 22, 1745. Died near York, Eng., Feb. 16, 
1826. His name will long be remembered as one inti- 
mately connected with the grammar of the English 
language, as one of its most successful pioneers. Soon 
after the Kevolutionary war he purchased an estate in 
England, the climate being beneficial to his health, and 
here he published his " Grammar of the English Lan- 
guage " in 1795, which was followed by briefer works 
for schools. He was also compiler of the famed "Eng- 
lish Reader" and "Introduction" of our ancestors, 
which contains selections from the best literature of the 
eighteenth century. 



Apr. 23.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 103 

James Fkeeman, D.D., the first in the United States 
to call himself a Unitarian clergyman, born in Charles- 
town, Mass., April 22, 1759. Died Nov. 14, 1835. By his 
influence " King's Chapel/' in Boston, the oldest Epis- 
copal church in New England, became the first Unita- 
rian church in America. He was one of the founders of 
the Massachusetts Historical Society. 

Anna Louise Germain De Stael-Holstein, " Ma- 
dame De Stael," a French lady of great genius, born in 
Paris, April 22, 1766. Died July 14, 1817. She was 
considered the most celebrated authoress of modern 
times. Her greatest work "Corinne," which was trans- 
lated into all the European languages, gaye such a vivid 
description of Italy, its country and its people, that from 
that day, European painters ceased to copy the old 
masters, and began to portray living Italian peasants. 

April 23. 

William Shakespeare, the greatest dramatic genius 
that ever lived, born at Stratford-on-Avon, April 
23, 1564. Died on his birthday, 1616. His works so 
noted need no comment, but it may not be a repetition 
to say, that of his tragedies, " Macbeth/' "King Lear," 
" Othello," " Hamlet, " and "Borneo and Juliet," are 
the most powerful. His best comic pieces are " Twelfth 
Night," "Much Ado about Nothing," "Midsummer 
Night's Dream," "Merry Wives of Windsor," and 
" Taming of the Shrew ;" but the character of Falstaff 
in "Henry the Fourth," is considered superior to any- 
thing in the range of comedy, ancient or modern. While 
of his dramas, not classed as either tragedy or comedy, 
"The Merchant of Venice," "The Tempest," and 
" As You Like It," were the most admirable. It has been 



104 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Apr. 24 

said by students of Shakespeare, that for every instance 
in human experience, an apt quotation can be found 
in his writings. 

Joseph M. W. Turner, an eminent English land- 
scape painter, born in London, Eng., April 23, 1775- 
Died at Chelsea, Dec. 17, 1851. He left most of his 
paintings to the nation by will, upon condition that 
they have a suitable gallery provided for them. They 
now occupy the " Turner Room " of the National Gal- 
lery. 

James Buchanan, the fifteenth President of the 
United States, born in Franklin Co., Pa., April 23, 1791. 
Died June 1, 1868. He was elected a member of Con- 
gress in 1820, and from that time until the close of his 
Presidential term in 1861, with the exception of four 
years, he filled some government office. When his ad- 
ministration closed, the fearful conflict of the civil war 
was close at hand. 

James Anthony Eroude, an eminent English his- 
torian and editor, born in Devonshire, Eng., April 23, 
1818. 

His greatest work is a " History of England from the 
Eall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth/' He was an 
intimate friend of Carlyle, and since the latter's death, 
his biographer. 

April 24. 

John Trumbull, LL.D., an American satirical poet 
and lawyer, born at Waterbury, Conn., April 24, 1770. 
Died at Detroit, May, 1831. He was one of the group 
of Connecticut literati, called the "Hartford Wits." 
His "McFingal," modeled upon Butler's " Hudibras, " 
was the most popular poem of the Revolution and was 



Apr. 25.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY, 105 

serviceable to the cause of liberty. It still remains one 
of the best American political satires. 

William Miller, founder of the sect of "Millerites," 
born in Pittsfield, Mass., April 24, 1781. Died at Low 
Hampton, Washington Co., N. Y., in 1849. In 1833 he 
began to predict that the end of the world would come 
in 1843, when the faithful would be translated. His 
followers, who are said to have numbered nearly fifty 
thousand, greatly decreased after his death. 

April 25. 

Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, and 
one of the most extraordinary men that ever lived, born 
at Huntington, Eng., April 25, 1599. Died Sept. 3, 
1658. He was member of the Parliament in 1628 which, 
after passing the " Petition of Eights/' was dissolved, 
and through the arbitrary measure of Charles I. never 
met again in eleven years. In 1647, the disturbance 
had increased to an open rupture, which terminated in 
the execution of Charles, Jan. 30, 1649, after which 
Cromwell was "Protector of the Commonwealth" until 
his death. 

Mark I. Brukel, F.K.S., a celebrated engineer, 
born near Eouen, France, April 25, 1769. Died Dec. 
12, 1849. His most important work is the Thames 
Tunnel, which is considered one of the greatest 
triumi of engineering skill in the world. 

James Miller, an American officer during the war of 
1812, born at Peterborough, K H., April 25, 1776. 
Died July 7, 1851. His reply " I'll try, sir," when asked 
by his commander if he could take a certain battery at 
the battle of Lundy's Lane, in 1814, is one of the bas- 
reliefs of history. 

Johk Eeble, an English divine and poet of high 



106 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Apr. 26. 

reputation, born at Fairford, Gloucestershire, Eng., 
April 25, 1792. Died March, 1866. His fame rests 
chiefly upon " The Christian Year." It is said, popu- 
larity is a weak word to express the cherished place 
which this book has among the best people in every 
organization in our time. 

April 26. 

David Hume, an eminent English historian and 
philosopher, born in Edinburgh, April 26, 1711. Died 
Aug. 25, 1776. His most celebrated work, the " His- 
tory of England," began to appear in 1754. His sym- 
pathy for Charles I. and the Earl of Strafford caused 
dissatisfaction, and his first volume was unpopular, but 
the subsequent volumes were better appreciated and 
raised the author to affluence. 

Alice Cary, a talented American authoress, born 
near Cincinnati, Ohio, April 26, 1820. Died in Ne^ 
York, Feb. 12, 1871. She first attracted attention by 
her contributions to the "National Era," under the 
title of " Patty Lee." Her sketches of western life, 
entitled " Clovernook," have obtained extensive popu- 
larity both in Europe and America. 

Frederick Law Olmsted, an American agricul- 
tural writer and architect, born at Hartford, Conn., 
April 26, 1822. 

In 1857, he was appointed chief engineer and archi- 
tect of the Central Park, New York, also superintended 
the reconstruction of the Capitol grounds in Washing- 
ton, D. C. He is also author of many works of agricul- 
ture and travel. 

Charles Farrar Browne, "Artemus Ward," an 
American humorist, bora at Waterford^ Me., April 26, 



Apr. 27.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 107 

1834. Died at Southampton, Eng., March 6, 1867. 
In 1860 he became a contributor to " Vanity Fair/' a 
New York comic newspaper, and being invited to lec- 
ture soon became very popular. 

John Clark Kidpath, LL.D., an American author 
and educator, born in Putnam Co., Ind., April 26, 1840. 

His " Popular History of the IT. S."— 1876— one of 
his many works, reached the extraordinary sale of 265,- 
000 copies. 

April 27. 

Edward Gibbojst, one of the most distinguished of 
English historians, born at Putnam, Surrey, Eng., 
April 27, 1737. Died in London, Jan. 16, 1794. His 
" Decline and Fall of the Eoman Empire," placed by 
common consent in the very highest rank of English 
classics, is considered the greatest historical work in 
existence, and its fame can perish only with the civiliza- 
tion of the world. 

Samuel F. B. Morse, a distinguished American 
inventor and artist, born in Charlestown, Mass., April 
27, 1791. Died in New York, April 2, 1872. He 
founded the " National Academy of Design " in New 
York, and was its annually elected president for many 
years. His most wonderful invention, the recording 
electric telegraph, has been called "the greatest 
triumph which human genius has obtained over space 
and time." The first telegraphic message, "What 
hath God wrought," was sent over the wires May 24, 
1844, and was dictated by Anna G. Ellis, daughter of the 
Commissioner of Patents, who came early in the morn- 
ing to inform him of the appropriation from Congress 
of $30,000 for the construction of his first telegraphic 
line between Baltimore and Washington, 



108 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Apr. 28. 

Louis Kossuth, an eminent Hungarian orator, 
statesman and patriot, born at Monok, Hungary, April 
27, 1802. 

Seeking to secure a representative Hungarian minis- 
try in the Austrian government in 1848, started distur- 
bances with that country which with alternate triumphs 
and defeats, terminated in the exile and imprisonment 
of Kossuth. But through the intervention of England 
and the United States, he was released in August, 1851, 
after which he visited both countries, where he was 
warmly received, but failed to secure aid from them in 
behalf of his country. 

Herbert Spencer, a distinguished philosopher and 
author, born in Derby, Eng., April 27, 1820. 

He is to ethics and politics, what Lyell has been to 
geology, and Darwin to the development of organic 
forms. He visited America in 1882, and was considered 
one of the most distinguished guests the country ever 
received. 

Ulysses S. Grant, the eighteenth President of the 
United States, and hero of the greatest civil war on record, 
born at Point Pleasant,Clermont Co., Ohio, April 27,1822. 
Died at Mt. McGregor, N. Y., July 23, 1885. He was 
President two terms, 1869-77, and was elected to his 
second term by a larger vote, and a larger majority than 
any other candidate had ever received since the United 
States had become a nation. The Centennial Exposi- 
tion at Philadelphia was open during the last year of 
his second term, and it was a fitting tribute to the 
nation's hero, that he should stand at its head during 
its prosperous Centennial year. 

April 2§. 

f&Am &&fth Acharp! a distinguished German 



Apr, 29.1 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 109 

chemist, born at Berlin, April 28, 1753. Died April 

20, 1821. He was the pioneer of the extraction of 
sugar from the beet-root, which, by his studies and 
writings, he succeeded in introducing into France. 

James Mokroe, the fifth President of the United 
States, born in Westmoreland Co., Va., April 28, 1758. 
Died in the city of New York, July 4, 1831. His 
administration, 1817-25, was at the beginning of the 
prosperous time in the United States history known as 
the " era of good feeling." He asserted the important 
principle of foreign policy which forms the celebrated 
" Monroe Doctrine." 

Dr. Ezra Abbot, D.D., one of the greatest scholars 
of the age, born in Maine, April 28, 1819. Died March 

21, 1884. No American scholar was his equal, and 
scarcely a European scholar his superior in the 
knowledge of the Greek Testament, ancient manu- 
scripts, etc. 

Egbert Bok^er, an American journalist, born in 
the north of Ireland, April 28, 1824. 

Since 1844 proprietor of the "N. Y. Ledger." 

April 29. 

Oliver Ellsworth, the second Chief Justice of the 
United States, born in Winsor, Conn., April 29, 1745. 
Died Nov. 26, 1807. He was a chosen delegate 
to the Continental Congress in 1777, a member of the 
Convention which formed the Federal Constitution in 
1787, elected Senator in 1789, and appointed Chief 
Justice by Washington in 1796. Adams admits him to 
be " the firmest pillar of Washington's administration ' 
in the Federal party. 

Mathew Vassar, founder of Vassar College, born in 



110 



EYERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



[Apr. 30. 



East Denham, Norfolk Co., England, April 29, 1792. 
Died at Poughkeepsie, June 23, 1868. Emigrating to 
America, he amassed a fortune, and in 1861 he appro- 
priated $408,000 to found the Vassar Female College in 
Poughkeepsie, and by his will this sum was increased to 
$800,000. 

Homer V. M. Miller, a Southern doctor and 
statesman, born in Pendleton Co., S. C, April 29, 
1814. 

His eloquence in the Presidential canvasses of 1840- 
44, won for him the title of "Demosthenes of the 
Mountains." 

Alexander II., Emperor of Russia, born April 29, 
1818. Among the important measures of his reign was 
the gradual emancipation of more than 20,000,000 serfs, 
which was decreed in March, 1861, and just twenty 
years from that date, March, 1881, he was assassinated 
by dynamite. Thus Lincoln and Alexander, who have 
given freedom to 25,000,000 of the population of the 
globe, both fell by the hand of an assassin. 

April SO. 

Miry II., of England, joint sovereign with William 
III., born April 30, 1662. Died of small-pox Dec. 
28, 1694. William survived her as sole sovereign, until 
1702. 

Hosea Ballou, an eminent American preacher, born 
at Richmond, N. H., April 30, 1771. Died June 7, 
1852. He is the author or founder of "Universal- 
ism," in the general acceptation of this term, and es- 
tablished the first newspaper devoted to this doctrine, the 
" Universalist Magazine," in 1819. 

Abba G. Woolsojst, an American author, poet and 
lecturer, born at Windham, Me., April 30, 1838. 






Mayl,] EVEHY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. Ill 

May 1. 

Rudolph, of Hapsburg, Emperor of Germany and 
founder of the Austrian Empire, born May 1, 1218. 
Died Sept. 30, 1291. He succeeded his father on the 
throne in 1240, and by his courage and love of justice, 
secured and enlarged his kingdom, and instituted many 
important reforms in the government. 

Johk Woodward, M.D., F.R.S., an eminent 
English geologist, born in Derbyshire, Eng., May 1, 
1665. Died in London, April 25, 1722. 

Joseph Addisok, an English author pre-eminent as 
an essayist, humorist and moralist, born at Milston, in 
Wiltshire, May 1, 1672. Died June 17, 1719. He was 
originally designed for the church, but was drawn into 
literature, by the friendship of Dryden, and by com- 
memorating in verse the battle of Blenheim, in 1709, 
thus securing royal patronage. Addison's fame rests 
chiefly on the " Spectator," a daily periodical, edited by 
himself and Steele, and the most famous that ever ap- 
peared in England. Dr. Johnson, the celebrated critic, 
said, "Whoever wishes to attain an English style, 
familiar but not coarse, elegant but not ostentatious, 
must study Addison." 

Nathaniel Emmoks, D.D., an eminent American 
theologian, born at East Haddam, Conn., May 1, 1767. 
Died Sept. 23, 1840. Many young men afterwards 
eminent, were trained by him for the ministry. 

Arthur Wellesley, first Duke of Wellington, a 
celebrated British general and statesman, born at 
Dangan Castle, Ireland, May 1, 1769. Died Sept. 22, 
1852. He received his first commission in the army in 
1787, as ensign in the seventy-third regiment of foot 5 



112 EYERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [May 2, 

and gradually rose until, by his victory over Napoleon 
Bonaparte, June 18, 1815, he stood on the pinnacle of 
fame. His invincible resolution and capacity for 
enduring fatigue, gave him his familiar title of the 
"Iron Duke." 

Junius Brutus Booth, a popular English tragedian, 
born in London, May 1, 1796. He visited America in 
1821, where he was very successful. He was pre-emi- 
nent in the character of Eichard III. Died on a Mis- 
sissippi Eiver steamboat when returning from Cali- 
fornia, Nov. 3, 1852. 

May 2. 

Elias Boudinot, LL.D., an American patriot and 
philanthropist, born in Philadelphia, May 2, 1740. Died 
Oct. 24, 1821. He w r as a zealous advocate of the 
patriotic cause in the Eevolution; was director of the 
mint at Philadelphia, 1796-1805, and in 1816 was chosen 
first president of the American Bible Society. 

John Gorham Palfry, D.D., LL.D., an American 
divine, historian and politician, born in Boston, Mass., 
May 2, 1796. Died April 25, 1881. He succeeded Ed- 
ward Everett as minister of Brattle Square Church in 
Boston, in 1818, was an able ally of Sumner and Adams, 
on the anti-slavery question, and one of the creators of 
the Eepublican party. 

Bernard B. Woodward, F.E.S., an English histo- 
rian and scholar, born at Norwich, Eng., May 2, 1816. 
Died in London, Oct. 12, 1869. He was a valued lit- 
erary assistant of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, and 
his " Encyclopedia of Chronology, Historical and Bio- 
graphical," is a work of the highest accuracy and value. 

Albion W. Tourgee, a popular American author and 
judge, born at Williamsfield, Ohio, May 2, 1838. 



Hay 3,1 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 113 

He served in the United States army during the civil 
war, and subsequently settling in North Carolina as a 
lawyer and afterwards as judge of the Supreme Court, 
gave him authority for the subjects of his noted books. 
The popularity of " The Fool's Errand " exceeded that 
of any book which had appeared since " Uncle Tom's 
Cabin." 

May 3. 

Humphrey Prideaux, D.D., an English scholar and 
author, born at Padstow, Cornwall, Eng., May 3, 1648. 
Died at Norwich, Eng., Nov. 1, 1724. His " Connection 
of the History of the Old and New Testaments," is still 
useful. 

William Windham, an eminent English orator and 
statesman, born in London, May 3, 1750. Died there 
June 3, 1810. He was elected to Parliament in 1783, 
and in 1787 was appointed one of the managers of the 
impeachment of Warren Hastings. He was a brilliant 
orator, and was regarded as the model of an English- 
man; though his love of paradox, fastened upon him the 
name of "Weathercock." 

Pierre Preyost, a Swiss natural philosopher, born at 
Geneva, May 3, 1751. Died there April 8, 1839. He 
was the inventor of the theory relating to radiant heat 
called " Prevost's Theory of Exchanges." 

George E. Perkins, LL.D., an American mathe- 
matician and astronomer, born in Otsego county, May 
3, 1812. Died Aug. 22, 1876. He is author of the 
valuable series of arithmetics which bear his name; was 
professor of mathematics, and principal of the " State 
Normal School" in Albany, and superintended the 
erection of the Dudley Observatory of that city. 



114 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [May 4, 

Montgomery C. Meigs, an American general, born 
in Georgia, May 8, 1816. 

As first lieutenant of engineers, he has been engaged 
in the construction of several prominent forts of the U. 
S., also the Delaware Breakwater, and the great work of 
supplying the National capital with water from the 
Potomac river. 

May 4. 

John James Audubon, a celebrated American 
naturalist, born in Louisiana, May 4, 1780. Died in 
New York, Jan. 27, 1851. His admirable work "The 
Birds of America," now in the Astor Library, sold for 
$1,000 a copy, and was pronounced by Ouvier to be the 
most magnificent monument that art ever raised to or- 
nithology. 

William H. Pkescott, an eminent American histo- 
rian, born in Salem, Mass., May 4, 1796. Died at Bos- 
ton, Mass., Jan. 28, 1859. His relations with Irving 
and Motley, as authors, where there might have been a 
possible competition, are among the pleasant things to 
remember. Irving abandoned in Prescott's favor, a pro- 
jected history of the Conquest of Mexico, and Motley 
received from Prescott encouragement to prosecute his 
"Rise of the Dutch Republic." Prescott was afflicted 
from early manhood with defective sight caused by the 
throwing of a crust of bread by a fellow-student while 
in college, which shut out the light of day from his left 
eye forever. Yet with tlr's serious drawback, his " His- 
tory of Ferdinand and Isabella," placed him in the fore- 
most rank of contemporary historians. 

Horace Mann, LL.D., an eminent American edu- 
cationalist, born in Franklin, Norfolk county, Mass., 
May 4, 1796. To his influence is due the fact that Mas- 






May 5,] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 115 

sacliu setts is a pioneer in the educational reforms so 
much needed in the public schools. He died at Yellow 
Springs, Ohio, Aug. 2, 1859, on account of overwork at 
the Antioch College commencement, of which he was 
president. 

Thomas Henry Huxley, F.E.S., an eminent Eng- 
lish physiologist and naturalist, born at Ealing, Middle- 
sex, May 4, 1825. 

He is a popular lecturer on natural science, and for 
many years one of the most laborious workers in geologi- 
cal science. He favors the Darwinian theory. 

John Hanging Speke, an English officer, dis- 
tinguished as an African explorer, born at Jordans, 
Somerset, Eng., May 4, 1827. He discovered Lake Vic- 
toria Nyanza in 1858, and the source of the Nile, in 
1862, by tracing that river to Lake Nyanza. He acci- 
dentally shot himself, Sept. 15, 1864. 

May 5. 

Nathan Sargent, "Oliver Old School," an Ameri- 
can author, born at Putney, Vt., May 5, 1794. Died 
in Washington, D. 0., Feb. 2, 1875. He was for several 
years a government officer connected with Congress and 
the Treasury. 

Hubert Howe Bancroft, the historian of the Pacific 
States, born at Gransville, Ohio, May 5, 1832. 

He has impressed himself upon the literature of his 
time by a work which may be called colossal, his " His- 
tory of the Pacific States, from Alaska to Central 
America, from the arrival of the Europeans to the pres- 
ent time." His work will contain in all twenty-eight 
volumes. 

Johk William Draper, M.D., LL.D., a dis- 



116 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [May 7, 

tinguished chemist and physiologist, born in Liverpool, 
England, May 5, 1811. Died Jan. 4, 1882. He came 
to America in 1833, and took a prominent part in es- 
tablishing the medical department of the New York 
University in 1841. Draper is said to have taken the 
first human face by the daguerrotype process, and the 
sitter was subjected to the action of the instrument for 
thirty minutes. 

May 6. 

Maximilien" Marie Isidore Eobespierre, a 
French demagogue and Jacobin, born at Arras, May 6, 
1758. As an enemy of the Girondists, he was a leader 
in the French Revolution, and when that party fell 
he was the dictator of France. But justice, sometimes 
tardy, was now prompt, and in a few months after the 
fall of his rival, Danton, he died on the guillotine, 
July 28, 1794. 

William Emerson", D.D., an American minister, 
born at Concord, Mass., May 6, 1769. Died May 12, 
1811. He was the first minister of Harvard, Mass. 
Was an accomplished writer, and one of the best orators 
of his day. 

Phebe A. Hanaford, an American minister, author 
and reformer, born on Nantucket Island, May 6, 1829. 

She was the first woman regularly ordained as min- 
ister in Massachusetts or New England. She has been 
a pioneer in several stations in life which are now open 
to women. 

May 7. 

Emanuel, surnamed " The Great, " King of Portugal, 
born at Alconcheta, May 7, 1469. Died in 1521. Dur- 
ing his reign the glory and power of Portugal attained 



May 9. J EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 117 

their greatest height by the discoveries and expeditions 
of Vasco de Gama, Almeida and other famous captains, 
who maintained the ascendancy of the Portuguese arms 
in India and Brazil, from 1497 to 1520. 

Charles William Wells, M.D., F.K.S., born in 
Charleston, S. C., May 7, 1757. Died in 1817. Al- 
though American, he was educated in Europe, and 
always remained a loyalist. Going with the King's 
troops to St. Augustine, Fla., 1782, he published the 
first weekly newspaper in that province. He received 
the gold and silver Bum ford medals from the Boyal 
Society in 1816 for the celebrated "Essay on Dew," 
which is his greatest work. 

May §. 

George Popham, an early English colonist to 
America, born in Somersetshire, England, May 8, 1550. 
Died 1608. He sailed from England, May 31, 1607, in 
company with a nephew of Sir Walter Baleigh, and 
landed at the mouth of the Kennebec, where they 
planted the first English colony in New England ; but 
Popham dying the next year, the colony was abandoned. 
The Maine Historical Society has several times cele- 
brated the anniversary of the foundation of the " Pop- 
ham Colony. 5 ' 

James Hamilton Hammond, a Southern politician 
and legislator, born in the Newberry district, S. C, 
May 8, 1807. Died in 1861. He was elected to Con- 
gress in 1835, chosen Governor of South Carolina in 
1843, and in 1857, became a U. S. Senator. In a speech 
delivered by him in the Senate, March 4, 1858, occurs 
the noted personification, " Cotton is King." 

May 9. 

William Slade, an American governor, author and 



118 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [May 10 

editor, born in Cornwall, Vt., May 9, 1786. Died at 
Middlebury, Vt., Jan. 18, 1859. He rendered great 
service to the educational cause by annually sending a 
number of competent teachers to the Western States. 
He served in Congress from 1831-43, and distinguished 
himself by his opposition to slavery. 

JoHtf Brown, of Ossawatomie, a distinguished 
champion of anti-slavery, born in Torrington, Conn., 
May 9, 1800. In 1855 he emigrated to Kansas, where 
he took an active part in the contest of that State, 
caused by the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, ad- 
vocating "squatter sovereignty." In 1859 he formed 
the bold plan of freeing the slaves in Virginia, and on 
the night of Oct. 16 he surprised Harper's Ferry, seized 
the arsenal and armory, and took forty prisoners. But 
his small band was soon overpowered and captured. He 
was tried in November, and hanged Dec. 2, 1859. 

May 10. 

William Ladd, an American philanthropist, born at 
Exeter, N. H., May 10, 1778. Died at Portsmouth, 
April 9, 1841. He was one of the originators of the 
"American Peace Society," and was for many years its 
president. He edited the " Friend of Peace," "Har- 
binger of Peace," and published many other writings 
on the same subject. 

Jared Sparks, a distinguished American historian 
and biographer, born at Wellington, Conn., May 10, 
1789. Died in 1866. He was editor of the "North 
American Eeview," and later of "The Library of 
American Biography," for which he wrote the biog- 
raphy of many noted Americans. "His great merits," 
says Griswold, "are reverence for truth, soundness of 



May 12.1 E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 119 

judgment in regard to evidence, and exhausting fulness 
of detail and illustration/' 

Montgomery Blair, an American officer, politician 
and statesman, born in Franklin Co., Ky., May 10, 
1813. 

He was appointed postmaster-general in Lincoln's 
first term. Was brother of F. P. Blair. 

May 11. 

Jane Porter, an English novelist, born at Durham, 
Eng., May 11, 1776. Died at Bristol, May 24, 1850. 
"Thaddeus of Warsaw" and "The Scottish Chiefs" 
are her best known works. 

Kobert C. Sands, a distinguished American jour- 
nalist and scholar, born at Flatbush, L. I., May 11, 
1799. Died at Hoboken, JST. J., Dec. 17, 1832. He 
was editor, or assistant editor, of several magazines, and 
with the poet Bryant and Mr. G. C. Verplanck, wrote 
"The Talisman," a literary annual of high character. 

May 12. 

Charles Linkjeus, a celebrated Swedish botanist 
and the most influential naturalist of the eighteenth 
century, born at Eashult, Smaland, May 12, 1709. 
Died Jan. 10, 1778. In 1730, he conceived the idea of 
a reform in botanical method and nomenclature, and by 
travel and long and severe study, produced the great 
"Philosophic Botanica," " which," says Cuvier, "ex. 
hibits on every page proofs of the rarest ingenuity, and 
the most surprising profoundness of observation." 

Justus yon Liebig, one of the greatest chemists of 
the present century, born at Darmstadt, Germany, 
May 12, 1803. Died April 18, 1S73. He founded in 
the University of Giessen the first model laboratory of 



120 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [May 13. 

Germany. Great in every department of chemical 
science, yet he owes his celebrity chiefly to his dis- 
coveries of organic chemistry. He received the title of 
" Baron " in 1845, and accepted the chair of chemistry 
at Munich in 1852. 

Kobert C. Winthrop, an American statesman, 
author and orator, born in Boston, Mass., May 12, 1809. 
He was a descendant of Governors Winthrop and 
Bowdoin, of colonial days. Elected to Congress in 1840, 
he continued there ten years, and was appointed in 1850 
to fill out the unexpired term of Daniel Webster. He 
was the chosen orator on several noted occasions, one of 
which was the laying of the corner-stone of the Wash- 
ington Monument July 4, 1848. 

George Lewis Prentiss, an American minister and 
author, born at Gorham, Me., May 12, 1816. 

He was an eminent scholar, and during the civil war 
an ardent advocate of Union principles. His wife, 
Elizabeth P. Prentiss, is author of the well-known book 
"Stepping Heavenward." 

John Kussell Hind, an eminent English astronomer, 
born at Nottingham, England, May 12, 1823. 

He discovered besides several comets, ten new as- 
teroids between the years 1847-54. Was author of 
several astronomical works. 

May 13. 

Maria Theeesa, Empress of Germany, born May 13, 
1717. Died Nov., 1780. She was crowned Queen of 
Hungary 1741. In 1745 her husband Francis, Duke of 
Lorraine, was elected to the dignity of Emperor Fran- 
cis I. of Germany. He died in 1765, and Maria Theresa 
retained the administration of the government until Jiej 
(Jeath. 






May 13.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 121 

Chakles Watson Wentworth, Marquis of Rock- 
ingham, a British statesman, born in England, May 13, 
1730. Died at Wimbleton, July 1, 1782. He was 
Premier during the repeal of the " Stamp Act," for 
which his ministry were driyen from power. But at 
the close of the American Revolution, when Lord North 
resigned in disgust, Rockingham was again called to 
the ministry. 

John Sullivan Dwight, a musical composer and 
critic, born in Boston, Mass., May 13, 1813. 

He established "Dwight's Musical Journal" in 1852, 
and is author of " God Save the State." 

Alexander Wilder, M.D., an American editor and 
journalist, born at Verona, Oneida Co., N. Y., May 13, 
1823. 

He has edited the " Syracuse Star and Journal," 
"New York Teacher," and has been staff contributor 
to several other leading periodicals, also president of the 
Eclectic Medical College. 

Arthur Seymour Sullivan, a popular English 
musician, born in London, May 13, 1842. 

He has written a large number of songs, cantatas, 
oratorios, etc., but is best known as the composer of 
"Pinafore" and "The Mikado," which have gained 
a popularity in English-speaking countries surpassing 
everything of the kind ever written. It is said that 
" The Mikado " was produced four thousand times in 
England, Australia, Canada and the United States, 
within one year of its appearance. But the success of 
his opera is greatly enhanced by his collaborator, Wil- 
liam Gilbert, who is one o_f the most brilliant and 
wittiest of poets. 



122 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [May 14. 

May 14. 

Alighieri Dante, an illustrious Italian poet, born 
in Florence, Italy, May 14, 1265. Died at Kavenna, 
Sept. 14, 1321. He is regarded as the greatest poetical 
genius that flourished between the Augustan and the 
Elizabethan age. His great work the "Divina Corn- 
media/' is supposed to have been written while he was 
in exile from his native city, through the distracting 
feuds of the Guelphs and the Ghibelines. 

Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, an eminent German 
natural philosopher and maker of philosophical instru- 
ments, born at Dantzic, May 14, 1688. Died 1736. He 
invented the thermometer which bears his name, and is 
said to have been the first who used mercury in the 
construction of thermometers. Fixing the zero of his 
scale at the point to which the thermometer sank in 
1709, he reproduced the same degree of cold, with a 
mixture of sal-ammoniac, common salt and snow. 

Timothy D wight, D.D., LL.D., an eminent divine 
and scholar, born at Northampton, Mass., May 14, 
1752. Died at New Haven, Conn., Jan. 11, 1817. He 
was chosen president of Yale College, where he presided 
until his death, and rendered important service as a 
teacher of youth for which he was eminently qualified. 
His mother, a daughter of Jonathan Edwards, was 
a woman of talent and rare worth. 

Dr. Charles Caldwell, an American physician 
and professor, born in Caswell Co., N. 0., May 14, 1772. 
Died July 9, 1853. He became a student of phre- 
nology under Drs. Gall and Spurzheim in Paris, and 
adopting their views, was the first to bring the new 
science into the United States. 



May 16.1 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 123 

James Donald Cameron", an American statesman, 
born at Harrisburg, Pa., May 14, 1830. 

He was Secretary of War in Grant's administration, 
and was president of the North Central E. E., of Penn- 
sylvania previous to the position being taken by the 
Hon. Thomas A. Scott. 

May 15. 

Prince yon Metternich Clemens Wenzel, an 
eminent Austrian statesman and diplomatist, born at 
Coblentz, May 15, 1773. Died in 1859. He was ap- 
pointed chancellor and minister of foreign affairs in 
October, 1809, and for more than thirty years had the 
chief direction of affairs in Austria, and experienced great 
influence in European politics. It was said that he 
always comprehended his position and never lost an 
opportunity. His conduct was always politic, but never 
precipitate. He was driven from power into exile, by 
the revolution of 1848. 

James Gadsden, an American statesman and soldier, 
born at Charleston, S. C, May 15, 1788. Died there 
Dec. 26, 1858. When minister to Mexico, in 1853* 
he arranged the boundary line between the United States 
and Mexico, purchased the land south of the Gila Eiver 
in Arizona, known as the " Gadsden Purchase," for 
which Mexico received $10,000,000. 

May 16. 

Sir William Petty, ancestor of the noble house of 
Lansdown, born in Hampshire, Eng., May 16, 1623. 
Died at Westminster, Dec. 16, 1687. He was one of 
the founders of the Eoyal Society, and made several 
philosophical discoveries ; was inventor of a " pen- 



124 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [May 16. 

tagraph " or copying machine, and has the reputation 
of being the principal founder in England of the science 
of political economy. 

Sir Isaac Coffin, an English officer during the 
Kevolution, born in Boston, Mass., May 16, 1759. Died 
July 23, 1839. He was founder of the Coffin School 
in Nantucket. 

William Henry Seward, LL.D., an eminent 
American statesman, born in the town of Florida, Orange 
Co., N. Y., May 16, 1801. Died at Auburn, Oct. 10, 
1872. Early a lawyer, he was prominent in the councils 
which framed the policy of his State, and later the 
nation, when he was appointed Secretary of State during 
Lincoln's administration. He was selected as a victim 
when Lincoln fell at the hands of the assassin, but 
recovered from his wounds. One of the greatest events 
of his diplomacy was the purchase of Alaska from 
Kussia, in 1867, for which the United States paid 
$7,200,000 in gold. This was considered a worthless 
addition of territory, but statistics prove that it has 
already paid for itself in seal skins. 

Levi Parsok Morton, the Kepublican nominee for 
vice-president in the campaign of 1888, born at Shore- 
ham, Vt., May 16, 1824. 

He was for many years financier and banker, and 
entered political life by being elected to Congress in 
1878. He accepted from Garfield the appointment of 
minister to France, which position he filled with great 
tact and popularity, and his philanthropic spirit manL 
fested on several occasions, will be remembered with 
gratitude by his countrymen. Mr. Morton hammered 
the first nail in the construction of the Bartholdi Statue 
of Liberty, and delivered a speech, June 15, 1884, ac- 



May 18.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 125 

cepting the statue in behalf of the American Govern- 
ment. 

May 17. 

Joh:n" Penn, an American patriot and signer to the 
"Declaration of Independence/' born in Carolina coun- 
ty, Va., May 17, 1741. Died 1788. 

Seth Warner, an American patriot, born at Rox- 
bury, Conn., May 17, 1743. Died there Dec. 26, 1784. 
He settled in Vermont in 1765, and was the leader of the 
" Green Mountain Boys " during their conflict with the 
New York authorities, and was second in command to 
Ethan Allen at the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown 
Point in 1775. 

Edward Jenner, M.D., celebrated for haying intro- 
duced the practice of vaccination, as prevention of 
smallpox, born at Berkeley, Gloucester, Eng., May 17, 
1749. Died there Jan. 26, 1823. His attention was 
first called to the subject by hearing a country woman 
say that she could not take the smallpox, because she 
had had the cow-pox. After nearly twenty years of ex- 
periments he announced his discovery in 1798, and re- 
ceived £30,000 from Parliament in money and grants. 

Aetna Isabella Millbanks, " Lady Byron," born 
in England, May 17, 1792. Died May 16, 1860. She 
married the celebrated poet, Jan. 2, 1815, but soon sep- 
arated, and devoted her large income to charitable pur- 
poses, and inherited the title of Baroness Wentworth. 

Joseph jN". Lockyer, an eminent astronomer, and 
author of astronomical works, born at Eugby, Eng., 
May 17, 1836. 

Hay 18. 

Eichard Taylor, an English printer and journalist, 



126 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [May 19. 

born at Norwich, Eng., May 18, 1781. Died near Lon- 
don, 1858. He was associate editor of the "Philosoph- 
ical Magazine," and in 1838 founded the " Annals of 
Natural History." 

May 19. 

Sie George Prevost, an English general, born in 
New York, May 19, 1767. Died Jan. 5, 1816. He was 
governor-general and lieutenant-general of the British 
Provinces of North America at the opening of the war 
of 1812 ; but after being defeated at PJattsburg was re- 
called. 

John Wilson, " Christopher North," a celebrated 
Scottish writer, critic and poet, born at Paisley, Scot- 
land, May 19, 1785. Died in Edinburgh, April 3, 1854. 
He was one of the first contributors to Blackwood's 
Magazine, which was founded in 1817, and which de- 
rived and retained its popularity from the brilliant con- 
tributions of "Christopher North." 

Anna Jameson, an eminent author, born in Dublin, 
Ireland, May 19, 1797. Died March 17, 1860. She 
was an earnest laborer for the mental development of 
the women of England, and is considered the most cele- 
brated female art critic of this century. 

May 20. 

Henry Percy, "Hotspur," son of the first earl of 
Northumberland, born in England, May 20, 1364. He 
rebelled against Henry IV., and was killed at the battle 
of Shrewsbury, July 21, 1403. He is immortalized in 
Shakespeare's Henry IV. 

Dorothy P. Madison, wife of President Madison, 
was born in North Carolina, May 20, 1772. Died July 
12, 1849. During the war of 1812, when the Capitol", 



May 20.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 127 

the White House and other public buildings were burned 
by the British, Mrs. Madison assisted in saving valuable 
national documents, and under her own supervision the 
magnificent portrait of General Washington was taken 
down and carried to a place of safety. 

David Dudley Field, Sen., D.D., an American 
clergyman, father of the noted Field family, born at 
East Guilford, Conn. May 20, 1781. Died at Stock- 
bridge, Mass., April 15, 1867. 

John Stuart Mill, an eminent English philoso- 
pher and economist, born in London, May 20, 1806. 
Died May 8, 1873. He was for some time editor of the 
" Y/estminster Review," and acquired a high reputation 
by his " Principles of Political Economy." He was one 
of the few English writers who defended the cause of 
the North during the civil war in America, and was also 
an earnest advocate of the rights of women. 

Rev. Antoinette Brown Black well, the first wo- 
man regularly ordained by public services in America, 
and perhaps in the world, born at Henrietta, Monroe 
county, N. Y., May 20, 1825. 

She took a three years' course in theology in Oberlin 
college, omitting no part of any class exercise, yet was 
not counted as a theological graduate " because she was 
a woman." Her ordination services took place in South 
Butler, N. Y., Sept. 15, 1853, but she had preached reg- 
ular sermons for years previously. 

Rose Hawthorne Lathkop, an American author and 
artist, born in Lenox, Mass., May 20, 1831. 

She studied painting in Dresden, Germany, but her 
taste for authorship developing in early years, has led 
her to devote her attention mainly to writing for the 



128 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [May2i. 

periodical magazines of the day. She is the second 
daughter, and youngest child of Nathaniel Hawthorne. 

May 21. 

Philip II. , of Spain, son of the Emperor Charles V. 
of Spain, born at Valladolid, May 21, 1527. Died Sept. 
13, 1598. He came into power when Spain was the 
empire "on which the sun never set," although his 
marriage with Mary I. of England, failed to add Great 
Britain to his territories. He also attempted the in- 
vasion of England thirty years afterwards, but the 
"Invincible Armada " also failed of its purpose. 

Elizabeth Fry, an eminent Quaker philanthropist, 
born in Norwich, Eng., May 21, 1780. Died at Eams- 
gate, Oct. 12, 1845. She renounced the gay amuse- 
ments of city life, and devoted herself to the reformation 
of female prisoners in Newgate, and other prisons of 
London ; and yet found time to train with care a large 
family of her own. 

James Bates Thomson, LL.D., an American math- 
ematician, author and educator, born in Springfield, 
Vt., May 21, 1803. 

He was an instructor in mathematics in the first 
"Teachers' Institute" and assisted in the organization 
of the New York State Teachers Association in 1845, 
and in 1864 became its president. 

Nelson Sizer, phrenological examiner in the office 
of Fowler & Wells Co., born in Chester, Hampden Co., 
Mass., May 21, 1812. 

He began his work as a phrenologist in 1839, and in 
1849 was invited to take his present position. He has 
been associate editor and editor of the "Phrenological 
Journal," vice-president of the firm, and President of 






May 22.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 129 

and teacher in the American Institute of Phrenology. 
As an author he has published books of great -value, 
such as " Forty Years in Phrenology/' "Choice of Pur- 
suits/' "How to Teach/' which serve especially to bring 
the science of human nature home to practical uses in 
every-day life. He has made upward of 250,000 pro- 
fessional examinations, and by his advice has guided 
thousands to the best use of their powers, and saved 
other thousands from mental and moral wreck. 

May 22. 

Alexander Pope, "the Bard of Twickenham/' a 
popular English poet and critic, born in London, May 
22, 1688. Died at Twickenham, May 30, 1744. The 
" Essay on Criticism" is among his earliest productions, 
but " The Essay on Man" is his most popular. " Pope's 
epistolary excellence," says Dr. Johnson, " had an open 
field ; he had no English rival, living or dead." Being 
noted for invective and sarcasm, he was sometimes 
called "The Wasp of Twickenham." 

Arthur Tappan, an American merchant, born at 
Northampton, Mass., May 22, 1786. Died at New Ha- 
ven, July 23, 1865. He was one of the founders of the 
"American Tract Society," "New York Journal of 
Commerce," and of Oberlin College, Ohio, and first 
president of the American Anti-Slavery Society at Phil- 
adelphia. 

Giulia G-risi, " Madame Melcy," a celebrated Italian 
vocalist, born at Milan, May 22, 1812. Died at Berlin, 
Nov. 29, 1869. She acquired great popularity as a 
singer in Italy, France, England and the United States. 

Wilhekm Eichard Wagner, a distinguished Ger- 
man composer, born at Leipsic, May 22, 1813. Died at 



130 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [May 23- 

Vienna, Feb. 13, 1883. He is considered the great- 
est composer of music since Beethoven. His interest in 
the cause of human rights made him consent to write 
the " Centennial March/' performed on the day in which 
the Philadelphia Exposition was opened, for which the 
United States government paid him $5,000. 

Eich ard Grant White, an eminent American scholar 
and author, born in New York City, May 22, 1822. 
Died there 1885. He was for a time associate editor of 
the " Courier and Enquirer." He has been contributor 
to the leading literary periodicals of the day, besides 
author of many scholarly works. He was writing a 
series of papers on the English Language, for the 
" Chautauquan," at the time of his death. 

May 23. 

Frederick Anton Mesmer, founder of the doctrine 
of mesmerism, or animal magnetism, born in Suabia, 
May 23, 1733. Died at Meersburg, Germany, March 
15, 1815. He made his doctrine known in 1775, and 
soon after established a hospital at Vienna for the per- 
fection of his theory. 

Charles Edward Dudley, United States Senator, 
born in Staffordshire, Eng., May 23, 1780. Died Jan. 
23, 1841. He was at one time mayor of Albany, and 
erected the Dudley Observatory, to which his widow 
gave $70,000. 

Thomas Hood, a famous English humorist, editor 
and author, born in London, May 23, 1798. Died there 
May 3, 1845. " The Bridge of Sighs " and " Song of a 
Shirt " are among his most popular poems. 

Sarah Margaret Fuller Ossoli, an American 
scholar and author, born at Cambridgeport, Mass., May 



May 24] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 131 

23, 1810. She received a classic education in early life, 
and at twenty-five became a teacher of languages in 
Boston. In 1840 became editor of the "Dial," the 
organ of transcendentalism in America. In this capa- 
city she was associated with Emerson, Thoreau, Haw- 
thorne and W. E. Channing, the great " Concord 
writers." She married the Marquis Ossoli at Home in 
1817, and when returning to America in 1850, was ship- 
wrecked on Fire Island Beach on the morning of July 
16. Among those who perished were the Marquis and 
Marchioness Ossoli and their child. 

May 24. 

Edward Hitchcock, D.D., LL.D., an eminent 
American geologist and author, born in Deerfield, Mass., 
May 21, 1793. Died Feb. 27, 1864. He was one of 
the originators and founders of Mount Holyoke Semi- 
nary, and of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 
He is also among the pioneers of American geology. 

Silas Wright, an American statesman, born at Am- 
herst Mass., May 21, 1795. Died in August, 1847. He 
served in an official capacity for more than twenty years, 
yet declined being Vice-President and Secretary of the 
State under Polk, and would not accept a foreign mis- 
sion. 

Emanuel Leittze, a distinguished historical painter, 
born in Wurtemberg, Germany, May 24, 1816. Died in 
Washington, D. C, July, 1868. Being obliged to leave 
Germany on account of political opinions, he made 
Philadelphia his home. His "Western Emigration " is 
conspicuous in the National Capitol, and " Washington 
Grossing the Delaware " is everywhere familiar through 
engravings. 



132 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [May 26. 

Victokia, Queen of Great Britain, and Empress of 
India, born at Kensington, May 24, 1819. 

She succeeded to the throne June 20, 1837, and was 
crowned June, 1838, and assumed the title of Empress 
of India in 1876. In 1887 she celebrated her jubilee, 
or reign as sovereign for fifty years over an empire on 
which now " the sun never sets." There has been but 
one instance of the kind before in English history. 
Henry III, reigned from 1216-1272. Edward III. only 
reached his fiftieth year as sovereign, and George III. 
was nominally king for sixty years, but the last ten he 
was an imbecile and his son reigned in his stead. 

May 25. 

Charles Cook, an eminent Wesleyan divine, born in 
London, May 25, 1787. Died in 1858. He was the 
chief founder of Methodism in France, and was to 
France and Switzerland, what Wesley was to England in 
his day. 

Ealph Waldo Emerson, LL.D., "the Concord 
Sage/' born in Boston, Mass., May 25, 1803. Died 
April 27, 1882. He was chief of the " Concord writers " 
and the prophet of transcendentalism. As a poet his 
merits were of the highest order, yet he is better appre- 
ciated as an essayist and lecturer, wherein he could em- 
brace almost every variety of subject with equal inter- 
est. His " Eepresentative Men " published in 1850 is 
his most important publication and upon which his 
permanent reputation as a thinker will principally rest. 

May 26. 

Johst Zephaniah Holwell, member of the council 
at Calcutta, in the early establishment of the English 
government there, born in Dublin, May 26, 1711. 






May 27.1 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 133 

Died in 1798. He was one who survived the confinement 
in the " Black Hole/' of which he wrote a narrative. 

Joseph Steveks Buckminster, D.D., an eloquent 
Unitarian minister, born in Portsmouth, N. H., May 
26, 1784. Died June 9, 1812. In 1804 he became pas- 
tor of the Brattle Street Church in Boston, one of the 
largest and most intelligent congregations in New Eng- 
land. He acquired a high reputation as a preacher and 
scholar. 

May 27. 

Johk Wixslow, a descendant of Governor Winslow, 
of "Pilgrim" fame, born at Marshfield, Mass., May 27, 
1702. Died at Hingham, Mass., April 17, 1774. He 
was founder of the town of Winslow, in Maine, and 
principal actor in the expulsion of the Acadians from 
their homes in 1755. 

Nathaniel Greeke, a distinguished American gen- 
eral of the Revolution, born at Warwick, S. I., May 27, 
1742. Died near Savannah, June 19, 1786. He never 
gained a decided victory, yet his "retreats," for which 
he is noted, had the effect of successes. Congress voted 
him the highest honors, and he was considered next to 
Washington, the greatest general of the Eevolution. 

Com. Cornelius Vakderbilt, an enterprising Amer- 
ican navigator and "railroad king," born on Staten 
Island, N. Y., May 27, 1794. Died at New York, Jan. 
4, 1877. Originally a poor boy, he began business as 
master of a small sail-boat, which, by enterprise, grew 
into lines of improved steamboats and steamships ; one 
of which he started in 1851, between New York and 
California, via Nicaragua, and another in 1855, be- 
tween New York and Havre. In 1862 he presented to 
the Federal government his finest steamer, worth 



134: E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [May 28. 

$800,000. He founded the Vanderbilt University at 
Nashville, Tenn., for the education of youth of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church. He was president of the 
Harlem, the Hudson Kiver, and Central K. K. of New 
York, up to his eighty-second year, and "his enterprise, 
genius and success/' says the " Merchants' Magazine/' 
"are known and felt the world over." 

John Dudley Philbeick, LL.D., an American 
teacher and pioneer educator, born in Deerfield, N. H., 
May 27, 1818. Died 1866. He was principal of Con- 
necticut State Normal School, Superintendent of Public 
Schools of Boston, and was Educational Commissioner 
of Massachusetts to the Vienna Exposition. He was 
also a prolific writer. 

Julia Ward Howe, an American author, poetess and 
popular lecturer, born in New York, May 27, 1819. 

Her poems possess merit of the highest order, and win 
for her the title of the "Browning of America." "Pas- 
sion Flowers" and "Words for the Hour" are among 
her most important works. She is author of the de- 
servedly-popular hymn, "The Battle Hymn of the 
Eepublic." 

May 28. 

George I., King, of Great Britain, belonging to the 
German branch of the House of Stuart, born at Osna- 
burgh, May 28, 1660. Died there while on a visit to his 
fatherland, June 10, 1727. In the reign of William III. 
a law was passed which rendered it impossible for none 
but a Protestant to be King of England, consequently 
George, Elector of Hanover, a descendant of James I., 
was preferred to the son of James II., who was a 
Catholic. 

John Smeaton, an eminent English civil engineer, 



May 28.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 135 

born near Leeds, Eng., May 28, 1724. Died at Aus- 
thorpe, Oct. 28, 1792. He constructed Eamsgate 
harbor, and was engineer of the great canal of Scotland 
from the Clyde to the Forth, but his greatest work is 
the Eddystone Lighthouse, finished in 1759. 

Joseph Ig:nace Guillotine, a French physician, 
born at Sainter, May 28, 1738. Died in 1814. He 
was one of the founders of the Academy of Medicine 
in Paris ; but authority declares him not to be the in- 
ventor of the instrument called by his name. When 
deputy to the States-General in 1789, he proposed de- 
capitation as a humane measure, in preference to other 
modes of punishment, and this may have given rise to 
the name. 

William Pitt, Jr., generally called "Younger Pitt," 
a celebrated statesman and debator, born at Hayes, in 
Kent, May 28, 1759. He was appointed prime minister 
in 1784, when only twenty-five years old. " A chip of 
the old block," said Burke, when declaring the young 
Pitt's resemblance to his worthy father. Being strongly 
sustained by the favor of the court and the nation, he 
became at this early age the most powerful subject of 
Europe. He died Jan. 23, 1806, of vexation, at the 
failure of England and her allies in the battle of 
Austerlitz. 

Thomas Moore, a celebrated Irish poet, born at 
Dublin, May 28, 1779. Died Feb. 25, 1852. As a lyric 
poet, Moore is said to be without a rival in the English 
language. His "Lalla Rookh"and "Irish Melodies" 
enjoy the highest reputation. Hazlitt says, "His is the 
poetry of the toilette, of the salon, of the fashionable 
world ; not the poetry of nature, of the heart, or of 
human life," 



136 UVIOUY DAY BIOGRAPHY. [May 89, 

Km; Nil aim> SEVERIE 1 NO km ANN', one of the most dis- 
tinguished poets ;md novelists of Denmark, born on the 

Island ol* Kalsfor, May 28, L789. Died May 24, 1862. 
Like Walter Scott, lie is the romantic historian of bis 

country, and there perhaps, exists no Dane who lias not 
read his scries of romances. 

Louis Agassiz, a Swiss naturalist of great eminence, 

born near Lake Neufchafel, May 28, 1807. Died Deo. 

11, L873. Eis visit to the United States in L 846 gave a 
decided impulse to the study of the natural sciences in 
America, lie rounded the great Museum of Natural 
Eistory in Harvard University by contributing his 

valuable collection and arranging all the specimens. 

lie was for many years a professor in that institution. 
When he made liis famous South American scientific 
tour in L865 he discovered 1,800 new species of lish in 
the region of the Lower Amazon and its tributaries. 

James B. Lads, an American civil engineer, born at 
Lawrenoeburg, 1ml., May 28, L820. Died March 8, 1SS7. 
Besides many inventions, he was the constructor of the 
Illinois and St. Louis bridge over the Mississippi at St. 

Louis, and of the famous jetties at the mouth of the 
Mississippi. Hofh Lads and De I jesscps have struggled 
for the rare honor of joining at the isthmus of Panama 
the waters of the great A flan tic and Pacific. 

May 99. 
Ohables II. of England, 1660-1685, born May 29, 

\(YM). Died Feb. (I, L665. He was son of Charles [., 

and when that king lost his throne, Little Gharles went 
with his mother to Pranoe. After the death of Crom- 
well, whose son did not, wish to be Protector, Charles 
was called to the throne, which period was called the 
Restoration, He parried Catherine, daughter of the 



May so.] EVERY DAY BIOGRAPHY. 137 

King of Portugal, and his father gave as a wedding 
gift the Isle of Bombay in Bast [ndies. This was among 
the first places England p< i in that part of the world 

where her empire is so extensive now. About tin's; time 
the words WTiigand Tory originated, and were applied re- 
spectively to the opponents and partisans of the court. 
The great plague, followed by the great fire of London, 
occurred during Charles 11. 'i reign. 
Patrick Beitry, a celebrated American orator and 

patriot, born at Stud ley, Hanover Co., Virginia, May 
29, L736. Died in Virginia, June; 6, L799. In. 1774 he 
was chosen a delegate to the Continental Congress, and 
among his groat triumphs of unrivaled eloquence, was 
peech delivered March, 1775, closing with the noted 
words, "Give me liberty, or give me death V* 
Gerald Massey, an English poet, bom in Hertford- 
is, May %% 1828. 
He is a frequent contributor to periodical literature, 
and is a popular lecturer. JIo belongs to the asthetic 
so boo J. 

May 30. 

Cotton Tufts, M.D., an American physician and 

patriot, born in Medford, Mass., May 30, L734. Died 
at Weymouth, Mass., Dec. 8, 1815. Be i e of the 

founders of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 
and of the Massachusel ical Society, of which he 

was president for some tin 

Dr. IIaxxaji K. L >re, an American physician, 

born in Maryland, May 30, 1819. 

She was the first woman to put up a professional 
u sign " in Philadelphia, and one of the ten members 
who composed the fi lating class of the Woman's 

Medical College in Pennsylvania, 



138 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY- [May 31. 

May 31. 

Alexander Cruder author of " Cruden's Concor- 
dance/^ an eccentric Scottish bookseller, born in Aber- 
deen, Scotland, May 31, 1700. Died at Islington, Nov. 1, 
1770. His " Concordance," the result of his own unas- 
sisted industry, was the best which had then appeared, 
and is still considered indispensable to Biblical scholars. 

Horatio Seymour, LL.D., an American politician, 
born at Pompey, Onondaga Co., N. Y., May 31, 1810. 
Died 1886. He was twice governor of New York, and 
in 1868 was an unsuccessful candidate for the presidency 
in opposition to Grant. 

John Albion Andrews, an American statesman, 
born at Windham, Me., May 31, 1818. He was five 
times elected governor of Massachusetts, and in answer to 
Lincoln's call for 75,000 troops, April 15, 1861, he sent 
five regiments within a week. His death, Oct. 30, 1867, 
was deeply lamented, as his reputation had become 
national, and the highest honors of the country were 
hoped for him. 

"Walt" Whitman, an American poet of rare talent, 
born at West Hills, L. I., May 31, 1819. 

"My Captain," written after the assassination of 
President Lincoln, is his most popular poem. 

June 1. 

Brigham Young, high priest of the Mormons, born 
at Whitingham, Vt., June 1, 1801. He was founder of 
Salt Lake City, and leader of the Mormons from the 
death of Joseph Smith in 1844 until his own, Aug. 29, 
1877. 

Francis Ponsard, a French dramatic poet, born at 
Vienne, France, June 1, 1814, Died at Paris, July 13, 



June 3.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 139 

1869. Standing at the head of classical literature in 
France, he was the rival of Victor Hugo. Among his 
most popular works is a comedy, " Honor and Money/' 
which opened to him the French Academy. 

June 2. 

Johk Randolph, of Roanoke, an American orator 
and statesman, born in Chesterfield Co., Va., June 2, 
1773. Died of consumption, June 24, 1833. He was a 
man of decided genius, distinguished for his ready wit, 
which joined to his mastery of sarcasm and invective, 
rendered him a formidable opponent in debate. He 
claimed to be a descendant of the Indian princess Poca- 
hontas. 

Joh^ Godfry Saxe, LL.D., an American humorous 
poet, born at Highgate, Franklin Co., Vt, June 2, 1816. 
Died March 31, 1887. He was for a time editor and 
proprietor of the "Burlington Sentinel," and for years 
editor of the " Albany Evening Journal." His poems 
rank among the most successful of their kind, and have 
obtained extensive popularity. 

June 3. 

Sydney Smith, a celebrated English divine and writer, 
born at Woodworth, Essexfield, Eng., June 3, 1771. 
Died in London, Feb. 22, 1845. He, with Brougham, 
Jeffrey and other brilliant young men, founded the 
"Edinburgh Review" in 1802, and he was its first edi- 
tor. Smith greatly promoted the cause of Catholic 
emancipation by an anonymous work, entitled " Letters 
on the subject of the Catholics to my Brother Abraham, 
by Peter Plymley." 

Nathaxiel P. Rogers, an American author, born at 
Plymouth, N. H., June 3, 1794. Died at Concord, 
Oct. 18, 1846. He established at Concord, N". H., the 



14:0 E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [June 4. 

" Herald of Freedom " in 1838, one of the pioneer anti- 
slavery papers in the United States. He wrote for the 
"New York Tribune" over the signature "The Old 
Man of the Mountains." 

Eichakd Cobden, an eminent English Liberal 
statesman and economist, born at Dumford, in Sussex, 
June 3, 1804. Died April 2, 1865. His untiring 
energy as a prominent advocate of the free importation 
of breadstuffs, which resulted in the repeal of the 
Corn Laws, June, 1846, won for him the title of " The 
Apostle of Free Trade." He was one of the few 
British statesmen who favored the cause of liberty and 
humanity in the United States during the civil war. 

Jeffersok Dayis, an American statesman and mili- 
tary leader, born in Christian Co., Ky., June 3, 1808. 

He served in the Black Hawk war of 1831-32, at 
which time Lincoln was captain and Davis lieutenant ; 
also in the Mexican war. He was elected to Congress in 
1847, where he was an advocate of slavery and State 
rights. Having taken a prominent part in the secession 
movement of 1860-61, he resigned his seat in the Senate, 
and was elected President of the Confederate States, being 
inauguarated Feb. 22, 1862. At the close of the war he 
fled into southern Georgia, but was captured and confined 
in Fortress Monroe for two years. He was included in 
the general amnesty of Dec. 25, 1868. 

June 4. 

Geokge III., King of Great Britain, 1760-1820, born 
in London, June 4, 1738. Died Jan. 29, 1820. The 
noted events of this reign were the gain of an empire in 
the East Indies — and the loss of one in the West — the 
United States, which latter was separated from the 
mother country by the blind obstinacy of the King and 



June5.] E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 141 

the over-reaching craft of the ministry. His reign was 
the longest known in English history. Sixty years a 
king ! yet the last ten years were clouded by a mental 
malady, and his son George ruled as regent. 

Alta Q. Hulett, the eminent lady lawyer of Chicago, 
born near Bockford, 111., June 4, 1854. Died March 
27, 1877. She graduated at the Eockford High School 
at the age of sixteen and took up the study of law, and 
for three years knocked incessantly at the doors of the 
Legislature of her native State and the Supreme Court 
of the United States for permission to practice in a 
profession which had been her earliest inspiration. 
After a severe examination, she stood at the head of a 
class of twenty-eight, all gentlemen her seniors, and at 
the age of nineteen, began to practice law in Chicago on 
an equal footing with her brother lawyers. Says the 
Eev. Phebe A. Hanaford: "Chicago is proud of its 
first lady lawyer, and like its famous water-crib, grain 
elevators, etc., she was regarded as one of its distinctive 
institutions." 

June 5. 

Socrates, the illustrious founder of Grecian philoso- 
phy, born at Athens, June 5, 470 b. c. Drank the 
fatal cup of poison, 400 b. c. He committed nothing 
to writing, and all that is known of his philosophical 
views is derived from the works of his disciples, Plato 
and Xenophon. 

Adam Smith, a celebrated Scottish philosopher and 
political economist, born in Kirkaldy, Fifeshire, Scot- 
land, June 5, 1723. Died July, 1790. His great work, 
" The Wealth of Nations," on which he worked many 
years, will continue to be, as it has been, a standard of 
reference on almost all branches of the science of legisla- 



142 E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [June 6. 

tion ; and it has won for him the title of " The Father 
of Political Economy." 

Lyman Spalding, originator of the Pharmacopoeia of 
the United States, born at Cornish, N. H., June 5, 1775. 
Died Oct. 31, 1821. He delivered the first course of 
lectures on chemistry in Dartmouth College. 

June 6. 

Piekre Corneille, a celebrated French dramatic 
author, and "founder of the French drama," born at 
Eouen, June 6, 1606. Died at Paris, Oct. 1, 1684. As 
a writer, he has perhaps contributed more to the 
national genius than any other author, and his pro- 
ductions gave a new tone and dignity to French tragedy, 
and eclipsed everything that had heretofore appeared on 
the French stage. 

Nathan Hale, an American patriot, born in Coventry, 
Conn., June 6, 1755. He was sent by Washington, after 
the battle of Long Island, to ascertain the strength and 
position of the enemy, and was captured and hanged as 
a spy, Sept. 22, 1776. His last words were, " I only 
regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." 

John Trumbull, an eminent American historical 
painter, son of Jonathan Trumbull, colonial governor of 
Connecticut, born in Lebanon, Conn., June 6, 1756. 
Died at New York, 1843. His "Battle of Bunker 
Hill," and " Death of Montgomery before Quebec," are 
well known through engravings. Four of the colossal 
pictures in the rotunda of the Capitol at "Washington, 
viz., " Surrender of Cornwallis," " Eesignation of Wash- 
ington," " Declaration of Independence," and " Sur- 
render of Burgoyne," are his. 

Nathaniel Willis, an eminent American journalist, 
born at Boston, June 6, 1780. Died there May 26, 



June 8. J EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 143 

1870. He established the " Eastern Argus " at Port- 
land, Me., in 1803, the "Boston Recorder" in 1816, 
which was the first religious newspaper in America, and 
the " Youth's Companion " in 1827, the first American 
juvenile paper. 

June 7. 
Sir Jomsr Reekie, Sen., a distinguished British civil 
engineer, architect and mechanician, born in Hadding- 
tonshire, Scotland, June 7, 1761. Died 1821. He re- 
moved to London in 1782, and was employed in the fab- 
rication of steam-engines, etc. His first bridge was erected 
at Kelso, after which he was employed as engineer of 
public works, among which are the Kennet and Avon 
Canal, the South wark Bridge over the Thames, the Lon- 
don Docks, the pier at Holyhead, and the Waterloo 
Bridge, which is considered his best work of that class. 
It was finished in 1817. 

Elijah Heddik"G, D.D., an American divine, born 
in Pine Plains, Dutchess county, 1ST. Y., June 7, 1780. 
Died April 9, 1852. He began to preach in the Metho- 
dist Church in 1800. At the general Conference in 
1824 he was elevated to the office of Bishop of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church. During the first eight years of 
his Episcopal life, he presided over fifty conferences, ex- 
tending over the whole Union. 

June §. 

Thomas D. Whitakek, LL.D., an English divine 
and writer, born in Rainham, Norfolk, England, June 8, 
1759. Died at Blackburn, Dec. 18, 1821. Dr. Whita- 
ker was one of the most popular of English topog- 
raphers. 

Robeet STEVEKSOisr, a Scottish engineer, born at 
Glasgow, Scotland, June 8, 1772. Died at Edinburgh, 



144 ETEKY-DAY BIOGBAPHY. [June 9. 

July 12, 1850. During the time he was engineer to the 
board of commissioners for northern lighthouses, he 
erected twenty-three, the most celebrated of which was 
that on Bell Rock in the German Ocean, on the east 
coast of Scotland. 

Charles Reade, D.C.L., a distinguished English 
novelist, born June 8, 1814. Died April 11, 1884. He 
established his reputation by " Peg Woffington " in 1852, 
which was followed by many other novels. " Never too 
Late to Mend/' "White Lies," " Put Yourself in His 
Place," etc., made him, after the death of Dickens, the 
most popular Bri ish novelist. 

Samuel White Baker, K.O.B., a celebrated ex- 
plorer of Africa, born in England, June 8, 1821. 

He discovered the Albert Nyanza lake in Africa, and 
published an interesting account of his explorations. 

John Everett Millais, an eminent English painter, 
born at Southampton, June 8, 1829. 

He, with William Holman Hunt and Rosetti, inaugu- 
rated the " pre-Raphaelite school " of art. 

June 9. 

Samuel Slater, an English artisan and mechanic, 
born in Derbyshire, Eng., June 9, 1768. Died 1835. 
He was instrumental in erecting the first cotton factories 
in the IT. S., at Pawtucket, R. I. He also by his fac- 
tories formed the nucleus of the prosperous village of 
Slaterville. 

George Stephenson, "father of railways," an emi- 
nent English engineer, and inventor of the locomotive en- 
gine, born at Wylam, Northumberland, Eng., June 9, 
1781. Died Aug. 12, 1848. The first railway was opened 
in 1822, and was eight miles long, but the first for pub- 
lic use, was from Stockton to Darlington, opened in 1825. 



June 10.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 145 

John Howard Payne, author of "Home, Sweet 
Home/'' an American actor and dramatic poet, born in 
New York, June 9, 1792. Died at Tunis, Africa, 1852, 
where for the second term he was consul. His "Home, 
Sweet Home," was written for one of his dramas " Clari, 
or the Maid of Milan." 

June 10. 

Peter I., "the Great," Czar of Eussia, born at Mos- 
cow, June 10, 1672. Died Feb. 8, 1725. He founded 
St. Petersburg, and made it his capital in preference to 
Moscow. By his energy and enterprise he raised his 
country from semi-barbarism to civilization^ and being 
the first Eussian to take the title of Emperor, was really 
the founder of the Empire. 

Jonathan Trumbull, LL.D., governor of Connecti- 
cut throughout the Eevolution, born at Lebanon, Conn., 
June 10, 1710. Died there Aug. 17, 1785. He was con- 
sidered a leader of the " Whigs" in New England, and 
" Brother Jonathan," the name applied as the personifi- 
cation of the United States, originated from Washing- 
ton's habit of thus addressing him. 

Samuel Bayard Woodward, M.D., an American 
physician, born at Torringford, Conn., June 10, 1787. 
Died Jan. 3, 1850. He was one of the founders of the 
"Hartford Betreat for the Insane," and assisted to es- 
tablish other philanthropic institutions. 

Edwin Arnold, an English author, born June 10, 
1831. 

He has been president of the Sanskrit college at Poo- 
nah, India, a journalist of London, and has published 
several volumes, but is best known by his "Light of 
Asia," a poem on Buddha, published in lc-79. 



146 E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [June 12. 

June 11. 

Benjamik Jonsok, "Ben Jonson," one of the most 
celebrated English poets and dramatists, born at West- 
minster, June 11, 1574. Died Aug. 6, 1637. 

In 1598 he produced "Every Man in his Humor," 
which at once brought him into notice. In 1619, James 
L created him poet -laureate, with an annual pension of 
£100, and a tierce of Spanish wine. Dryden calls him 
"the Virgil of dramatic poets." He was buried at 
Westminster Abbey, where his tombstone bears the in- 
scription, "0 rare Ben Jonson." 

Joseph Warren, a distinguished American general 
and patriot, born at Eoxbury, Mass., June 11, 1741. 
He possessed in perfection the gift of eloquence, and a 
speech delivered in March, 1772, on the anniversary of 
the Boston massacre, carried him at once to the helm, 
and for the brief period of his subsequent life he was 
one of the most prominent men in New England. He 
was elected major-general, June 14, 1775, and fell at the 
battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. The Bunker 
Hill Monument now stands near the spot where he 
fell. 

June 12. 

Harriet Martikeau, an eminent English author,born 
at Norwich, Eng., June 12, 1802. Died June 27, 1876. 
Her tales illustrating political economy have been trans- 
lated into French and German. She was a contributor 
to the "Westminster Review" and other periodicals. 

John" A. Roeblikg, a celebrated engineer, born at 
Mlilhausen, Prussia, June 12, 1806. At the age of twen- 
ty-five he emigrated to the United States, and devoting 
his talents to his adopted country, he has left monuments 
to his skill, in the elegant bridge at Pittsburg, over the 



June 13] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 147 

Alleghany, one over the Ohio at Cincinnati, the great 
suspension bridge at Niagara ; but the grandest of all is 
the East River bridge connecting New York and Brook- 
lyn, which, however, he never saw completed. He con- 
tracted lockjaw from an injury to his foot, and died in 
Brooklyn, July 22, 1869. 

Lewis Gaylord Claek aistd Willis Gaylord Clark 
(twin brothers), American poets, authors and journalists, 
born June 12, 1810. Lewis became editor of the "Knick- 
erbocker Magazine," in 1834, which he conducted many 
years with ability and success. Willis was associate 
editor of the "Columbia Star," and editor and proprietor 
of the "Philadelphia Gazette." He died in 1841, but 
his brother Lewis lived many years afterw T ard, and died 
Oct. 3, 1873. 

Key. Charles Kikgsley, a popular English writer, 
born at Holne, Devonshire, England, June 12, 1819. 
Died Jan. 24, 1875. Eor his devotion to the improve 
ment of the working classes, he has been styled "the 
Chartist parson." "Westward Ho " is among his many 
works, but he is best known by "Alton Lock, Tailor and 
Poet," written to illustrate the trials of the working 
classes in large towns. His philosophical romance "Hy- 
patia," is considered his most powerful work. 

June 13. 

Frakcis Dak a, LL.D., an eminent American 
statesman and patriot, born at Charlestown, Mass., June 
13, 1743. Died April 25, 1811. He was one of the 
patriot " Sons of Liberty," in the Eevolutionary time, 
and served in the first provincial Congress of Massachu- 
setts in 1774, and from that time forth he stood with the 
founders and supporters of the Federal Constitution. He 
was the father of Eichard H. Dana, the poet. 



148 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [June 14. 

Wikfield Scott, one of the most distinguished of 
American generals, born near Petersburg, Va., June 13, 
1786. Died May 29, 1866. He was voted a gold medal 
for his service in the war of 1812, and with Taylor was 
noted as the hero of the Mexican war. He was an un- 
successful candidate for the Presidency in 1852. 

Thomas Arnold, D.D., of Eugby, an English his- 
torian and teacher of great merit, born on the Isle of 
Wight, June 13, 1795. Died June 12, 1842. As a 
teacher he found exercise for his rare qualifications 
while headmaster of the school at Eugby, and he raised 
the character of that school by the influence of his 
Christian principles enforced by his example. As a his- 
torian he is noted for his love of truth and conscien- 
tious judgment of political transactions. 

June 14. 

Eobeet Akdersok, an American officer, born in 
Louisville, Ky., June 14, 1805. Died at Nice, France, 
Oct. 26, Ib71. He was commander of Fort Sumter 
when it was forced to surrender to the first bombard- 
ment of the civil war, April 12, 1861. 

Fernakdo Wood, an American politician, born at 
Philadelphia, June 14, 1812. Died Feb., 1881. He 
was Mayor of New York at the commencement of the 
civil war, and for recommending the city to secede and 
become a free city, he became the butt of much polit- 
ical sarcasm. 

Harriet Beecher Stowe, one of the most distin- 
guished of American authors, born at Litchfield, Conn., 
June 14, 1812. 

It is said of "Uncle Tom's Cabin " that no book, save 
the Bible and " Imitation of Christ/' has had so wide a 



June 16.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 149 

circulation. The success of this work is without a 
parallel in the history of literature. Half a million copies 
have been sold in the United States, and more than that 
in Europe ; and it has been translated into all the Euro- 
pean and into several of the Asiatic languages. 

Charles Lakmak, an American writer and editor, 
born in Monroe, Mich., June 14, 1819. 

He was for some time librarian of the several depart- 
ments of the government, and private secretary to 
Daniel Webster. 

June 15. 

Edward, "The Black Prince," so called from 
the color of his armor, eldest son of Edward III., born at 
Woodstock, June 15, 1330. Died June 8, 1376, leaving 
a son who became king as Kiehard II. He commanded 
the main body of the English at the victorious battle of 
Crecy, and there adopted the crest of ostrich feathers, 
and the motto " Ich dien " (I serve), since borne by his 
successors. 

June 16. 

Edward I., surnamed "Longshanks," King of Eng- 
land, 1272-1307, was eldest son of Henry III. He was 
born at Westminster, June 16, 1239. Died July 7, 
1307, while on his march against Eobert Bruce of Scot- 
land. His reign is memorable by the confirmation of the 
Great Charter, the institution of the House of Commons, 
and great improvement in the common law. 

William Jay, an American philanthropist, born in 
New York, June 16, 1789. Died at Bedford, M". Y., 
1858. He was son of Chief- Justice Jay, and from early 
life exerted himself in behalf of social and religious 
reforms. He was for several years president of the 



150 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [June 18. 

American Peace Society, and one of the founders of the 
American Bible Society. 

Jime 17. 

John Wesley, a distinguished religious reformer, 
the founder of the Society of Methodists, born at Ep- 
worth, Lincolnshire, Eng., June 17, 1703. Died in 
London, March, 1791. Influenced by his mother to 
make religion the study of his life, and becoming im- 
pressed by Jeremy Taylor's " Holy Living and Dying, * 
the result was that since the days of the apostles, very 
few religious teachers have effected more good than John 
Wesley. Coming to America in 1736, he preached for 
a short time in the infant colony at Georgia. He re- 
turned to England in 1738, and following the example 
of Whitefield, preached in the open air at Bristol, where 
the foundations of the Society of Methodists, as an in- 
dependent sect, were laid. 

Mary Ellet, who has been termed the " Cornelia of 
America," born in Philadelphia, June 17, 1779. 

She won the name by her heroic reply to one who 
sympathized with her in the loss of sons and grandsons 
during the civil war. 

Charles Eelix Gounod, a popular French composer 
and musician, born in Paris, June 17, 1818. 

He gained the grand prize for composition in 1839. 

June 1§. 

Eichard Cary Morse, brother of the celebrated S. 
F. B. Morse, born in Charlestown, Mass., June 18 3 1795. 
Died in Germany, lb 68. He, with his brother Sidney, 
established the " New York Observer/' and for thirty- 
five years was its proprietor and associate editor. 



June 19.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 151 

Eobeet Walter Weir, an American painter, born at 
New Kochelle, June 18, 1803. 

Among his well known paintings is " The Embark- 
ment of the Pilgrims " in the rotunda of the Capitol at 
Washington. 

Frances Sargent Osgood, an American poetess, 
born in Boston, June 18, 1811. Died at Hingham, 
Mass., May 12, 1850. "A Wreath of Wild Flowers 
from New England," her best known collection of 
poems, was published in 1839, while residing in Lon- 
don with her husband, Mr. S. S. Osgood, a distinguished 
artist. 

Samuel Longfellow, an American minister and 
poet, born in Portland, Me., June 18, 1819. 

He was a brother of the " sweet poet " Longfellow, and 
like him a poet of the heart, as his many hymns prove. 

Sir William Palliser, a British inventor, born in 
Dublin, Ireland, June 18, 1830. 

He is inventor of the Palliser projectiles, and has 
made great improvements in the construction of ord- 
nance. He was Knighted by the Queen, Jan. 21, 1873. 

June 19* 

Confucius, the most illustrious of Chinese philos- 
ophers, born in the kingdom of Loc, June 19, 551 b. c. 
Died 478 b. c. He came forward as a teacher when 
about twenty-two, and the excellence of his teachings 
has exerted an influence for good over nearly one-third 
of the human race. 

St. Boniface, "The Apostle of Germany," born in 
Devonshire, England, June 19, 680. He distinguished 
himself by his zeal in converting the Germans to Chris- 
tianity, and resided among them for thirty years, 



152 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [June 19. 

founding schools, cathedrals and monasteries. He was 
assassinated in 755 with a number of his companions, by 
an armed troop of pagans. 

James I. of England and VI. of Scotland, only son of 
Mary, Queen of Scots, born at Edinburgh Castle, June 
19, 1566, succeeded to the throne of England, 1603, and 
died March 27, 1625. His reign is distinguished by 
the discovery of the " Gunpowder Plot," the brilliant 
career of Shakespeare and Ben Jonson, the colonization 
of Virginia and New England, and the translation of the 
English Bible. 

Blaise Pascal, a celebrated French philosopher, 
mathematician and author, born in Auvergne, June 
19, 1623. Died Aug. 19, 1662. In 1656 he produced 
his " Provincial Letters," which did more to show up 
the errors of the Jesuit monasteries than all the con- 
troversies of Protestantism or denunciations of courts. As 
a mathematician, he wrote a treatise on Conic Sections, 
and invented an ingenious calculating machine before he 
was twenty, and as a philosopher established the theory 
of atmospheric pressure. 

Eaphael Sanzio Moeghek, an eminent Italian en- 
graver, born at Florence, Italy, June 19, 1758. Died 
in 1833. The "Transfiguration" and "The Last 
Supper w are among his master-pieces. 

Chaeles Haddo^ Spuegeoist, a popular and eloquent 
English Baptist preacher and author, born at Kelvedon, 
Essex, June 19, 1834. 

He took charge of a small congregation at the age of 
eighteen, and in a few years his popularity was so great 
that his followers built for him the immense " Taber- 
nacle," in which, since 1861, he has preached every week 
to thousands of hearers. " John Ploughman's Talk " is 



June 21.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 153 

one of his many books, and he has edited " The Sword 
and Trowel," a monthly magazine since 1861. 

June 20. 

Salvator Kosa, a famous Italian painter of history, 
landscapes and battles, born near Naples, June 20, 
1615. Died at Eome, 1673. The "Conspiracy of 
Cataline " is considered his masterpiece. 

Anna Letitia Babbauld, an English author, born 
in Leistershire, England, June 20, 1743. Died March 9, 
1825. Her books for children are among the most 
useful of their kind, and all her writings are charac- 
terized by the elevated morality and deep devotional 
feeling which were so conspicuous in her life. 

Eichard Colley Wellesley, Marquis, an able 
statesman, brother to the Duke of Wellington, born in 
Dublin, Ireland, June 20, 1760. Died in London, 
Sept. 26, 1842. He was governor-general of India, 
1793-1805, after which he was lord lieutenant of Ireland, 
and was a zealous friend of Catholic Emancipation, but 
this office he resigned in 1828, when the Duke of 
Wellington became prime minister, because the duke 
opposed the Catholic claims. 

JTuiie 21. 

Anthony Collins, an English writer on theology, 
born in Middlesex, Eng., June 21, 1676. Died Dec. 13, 
1729. He gave great offence to the orthodox clergy of 
his day, by his independence of thought and investiga- 
tion of religious ideas. Was an intimate friend of John 
Locke. 

Daniel D. Tompkins, an American statesman, 
born at Scarsdale, Westchester Co,, N. Y., June 21, 



154: EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [June 22. 

1774. Died on Staten Island, June 11, 1825. He was 
governor of New York ten years, and twice elected as 
Vice-President of the United States. 

Eliza Meteyard, "Silverpen," an English, writer, 
born in Liverpool, Eng., June 21, 1822. 

She became known by her contributions to the mag- 
azines edited by Hood, Eliza Cook, and Douglass Jer- 

rold. 

Juiae 22. 

Karl Wilhelm von Humboldt, a celebrated Ger- 
man philologist and statesman, born at Potsdam, June 
22, 1767. Died April 8, 1835. He was one of the great- 
est philosophers and critics of his time, and has been 
called "the creator of comparative philology." 

Giuseppe Mazzini, a distinguished Italian patriot and 
writer, born at Genoa, Italy, June 22, 1808. Died 
March 10, 1872. Mazzini, Pope Pius IX., Count Ca- 
vour, Garibaldi and Victor Emanuel, were the five 
noted characters in the development of United Italy. 

Eobert Shelton Mackenzie, D.O.L., a British 
writer and journalist of much ability, born in Ireland, 
June 22, 1809. Died November 21, 1881. He was for 
some time foreign and literary editor of the Philadelphia 
" Press," and was a biographer of note. 

A. B. Oummings, U. S. N., a naval commander in the 
civil war, born in Pennsylvania, June 22, 1830. Died 
during the engagement of the batteries at Port Hudson, 
March 14, 1863. His self-forgetfulness after falling 
mortally wounded, was nearly equal to that of the noted 
Sir Philip Sidney. 

Julian Hawthorne, the athlete and author, son of 
Nathaniel Hawthorne, born in Boston, Mass., June 22, 
1846. 



June 24.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 155 

He is author of many works and also contributor to 
periodical literature. 

June 23. 

Kuben" Dimokd Mussey, M.D., LL.D., an emi- 
nent physician, born at Pelham, N. H., June 23, 1780. 
Died in Boston, June 28, 1866. He was the first to tie 
both common carotids, and successfully removed an en- 
tire scapula and clavicle, the first operation of the kind 
ever performed. 

John Jay, an eminent American lawyer, grandson of 
Chief-Justice Jay, born in New York, June 23, 1817. 

He distinguished himself as an opponent of slavery, 
and was counsel for several fugitive slaves in the 
courts. In 1869 was sent as United States minister to 
Austria. He was thrice chosen president of the Union 
League of New York. 

Henry P. Gray, an American painter, born in New 
York, June 23, 1819. Died Nov. 12, 1877. His repu- 
tation rests mainly on his composition pictures, the 
subjects of which are Biblical, classical and romantic. 
He was for several years president of the National 
Academy of Design. 

Felix 0. C. Darley, an eminent American designer, 
born in Philadelphia, June 23, 1822. 

He has illustrated Irving's a Sketch Book, " "Knick- 
bocker's New York/' "Rip van Winkle" and other 
humorous works, also J. F. Cooper's and Dickens' works. 

June 24. 

Jea^t Baptiste Massillon, a French pulpit orator 

of great celebrity, born June 24, 1663. Died 1742. In 

1699, he preached the " Advent " at Versailles before 

Louis XIV., and received the celebrated compliment 



156 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [June 24. 

from that potentate: "I have heard many great ora- 
tors and been pleased with them, but after hearing you 
I am displeased with niyself." After the death of Bos- 
suet and Bourdaloue, he was at the head of French pul- 
pit orators, and in 1715 pronounced the funeral oration 
of Louis XIV., beginning with " God only is great !" 
which simple exordium, so absolutely appropriate, 
brought his whole audience, by instantaneous impulse, 
to their feet. 

William Hull, an American officer of the Kevolu- 
tion, born at Derby, Conn., June 24, 1753. Died at 
Newton, Mass., 1825. He was governor of the terri- 
tory of Michigan, at the opening of the war 1812, and 
his cowardly surrender of Detroit caused him to be 
tried by court-martial and he was sentenced to be shot ; 
bat for his age and former services he was reprieved. 

Josephine, Empress of France, first wife of Napoleon 
I., born in Martinique, West Indies, June 24, 1763. 
Died May 29, 1814. Napoleon's ambition to form an 
imperial line caused his divorce in 1809. 

Sik John Eoss, a famous Arctic explorer, born at 
Balsarroch, Wigtonshire, Scotland, June 24, 1777. Died 
in London, August 30, 1856. In 1818 he was appointed 
commander of the first expedition sent to search for a 
northwest passage. In 1829 he made another voyage 
for the same purpose, but the party became ice-bound 
in the Arctic seas nearly four years. In 1831 he dis- 
covered a point which he believed to be the Northern 
Magnetic Pole. 

Most Rev. John Hughes, an eminent Roman Catho- 
lic prelate, born at Annaloghan, Ireland, June 24, 1797. 
Died January 3, 1864. He was archbishop of New 
York fourteen years. 



June 25.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 15? 

Hekry Ward Beecher, a distinguished American 
minister and writer, born in Litchfield, Conn., June 24, 
1813. Died March 8, 1887. He was one of the origin- 
ators of "The Independent/' a weekly religious paper 
published in New York, which acquired a wide pop- 
ularity through his contributions. His articles sent to 
the paper were signed with an asterisk, and these ar- 
ticles collected and published in book form, comprise 
his noted "Star Papers." While in Amherst College in 
1833, he was chosen to debate against Phrenology, a sub- 
ject then recently introduced to public notice by the 
visit and death of Dr. Spurzheim. To prepare himself 
lie read the works of Spurzheim and Combe, and the 
result was, the most able speech of his life up to that 
time in favor of the science. This debate was the in- 
troduction of the brothers Fowler to Phrenology. As a 
reformer in the cause of temperance and ■ anti-slavery, 
Beecher stood in the foremost rank, and was one of the 
most successful lecturers in America. As a pulpit orator 
he gathered around him the largest audiences in the 
United States. 

June 25. 

Joh:n" Horne Took, a celebrated English philol- 
ogist and politician, born at Westminster, England, 
June 25, 1736. Died March 18, 1812. During the 
Eevolutionary war in America, he was fined £200, and 
imprisoned a year, for starting a subscription for the 
benefit of the families of those whom " the King's 
troops murdered at Lexington and Concord." He was 
distinguished for his conversational powers. 

Eliphalet Nott, D.D., LL.D., an American di- 
vine and scholar, born at Ashford, Conn., June 25, 
1773. Died January 29, 1866. He became president 



158 E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [June 26. 

of Union College, Schenectady, and filled this post for 
nearly sixty years. As a pulpit orator he will retain 
his celebrity by his sermon on the death of Alexander 
Hamilton. 

June 26. 

Sir Samuel Homeland, an English mechanician, 
inventor and writer, born in Berkshire, England, June 
26, 1625. Died 1695. He invented the speaking trum- 
pet, an arithmetical machine, and made great improve- 
ments on the fire-engine and steam-engine. 

Charles XIL, of Sweden, sometimes called " The 
Alexander of the North/' a celebrated conqueror and 
military genius, born at Stockholm, June 26, 1682. He 
succeeded to the throne in 1697, and shortly after three 
kings, Peter I., of Russia, Frederick IV., of Denmark, 
and Augustus, King of Poland, taking advantage of 
his youth, formed a league to partition his dominions 
among themselves. This aroused the intrepid Charles 
to action, and in May, 1700, he left his capital with a 
well disciplined army, and within a year all the three 
kings were glad to sue for peace. Success emboldened 
him, and he continued his wars in Europe amid tri- 
umphs and defeats, until he was killed at the siege of 
Frederickshall, in Norway, Dec. 11, 1718. 

Philip Doddridge, an eminent English preacher 
and author, born in London, June 26, 1702. Died in 
Lisbon, Oct. 26, 1761. His work on the "Evidence 
of Christianity " has long been a text-book at Cam- 
bridge, Eng., but his most important work is "The 
Eise and Progress of Eeligion in the Soul." He is 
said to be the author of three hundred and seventy-five 
hymns. 



June 28.1 EVERY- DAY BIOGRAPHY. 159 

June 27. 

Phillip Emanuel von Fellenburg, a Swiss philan- 
thropist and writer, and a descendant of Admirable Van 
Tromp, born in Berne, Switzerland, June 27, 1771. 
Died there, Nov. 21, 1844. In 1799 he founded his 
famous educational and manual labor school, in Berne, 
which before his death contained ten distinct depart- 
ments of education. 

Joseph H. Scranton, an American manufacturer, 
born at Madison, Conn., June 27, 1813. Died at 
Baden-Baden, Germany, 1872. He, with his brother 
George, settled in the coal region of Lackawanna valley 
and founded the flourishing city of Pennsylvania w r hich 
bears his name. 

June 28. 

Henry VIII., King of England, 1509-1547, born at 
Greenwich, June 28, 1491. Died at Westminster, Jan. 
28, 1547. Some of the events of his reign are the 
battle of " Fiodden Field," so disastrous to the Scotch, 
but after which there was a peace between the two 
countries ; the " Battle of the Spurs," between England 
and France, so called because the French soldiers made 
more use of their spurs in fleeing, than their swords in 
fighting. In his reign we find " The Field of the Cloth 
of Gold," where Henry and Francis I., the young king 
of France, met to display their finery and amuse them- 
selves. Henry wrote a book to defend the Pope against 
Martin Luther, and thus won the name of the " De- 
fender of the Faith," but later when the Pope would 
not sign his divorce from Catherine of Arragon, he join- 
ed the Protestants against the Pope 3 and made himself 
". The Supreme Head of the English Church." 

Jean Jacques Bousseau, a celebrated Swiss philos- 



160 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [June 2d. 

opher and eloquent writer, born in Geneva, June 28, 
1712. Died July 3, 1778. He stands in the front rank 
of classic writers of France. One of his political works 
became the catechism of the French Eevolution. He 
has been styled the " father of modern democracy. " 

Eichard Hildretei, an American journalist ar.d 
historian, born in Deerfield, Mass., June 28, 1807. 
Died at Florence, Italy, July 11, 1865. He is author 
of many works, but is best known by his "History of 
the United States," which is classed among the stand- 
ard histories of our country. 

Egbert Sears, an American publisher and compiler 
of illustrated works, born at St. John, New Brunswick, 
June 28, 1810. 

His books were among the first of the now well-known 
class of books sold exclusively by subscription. 

Col. Edmond Eichardson, the "Cotton King of 
the World," born in Caswell Co., N. C, June 28, 1818. 
Died at Jackson, Miss. He was owner and manager of 
forty cotton plantations in the Gulf States, marketing 
at an average 15,000 bales annually. Was also owner 
of the largest cotton factory in the southwest. 

June 29. 

Peter Paul Eubens, the most celebrated of the 
Flemish painters, born at Liegen, Westphalia, June 29, 
1577. Died at Antwerp, May 30, 1640. Aided by his 
pupils, he left over 1,800 pictures. His master-pieces 
are the "Descent from the Cross " and "Elevation of 
the Cross." 

Baron John DeKalb, a German general, born in 
Alsace, June 29, 1732. He came to the United States 
with Lafayette to assist in the American Eevolution, and 



June 30.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 161 

was mortally wounded at the battle of Camden, S. 0., 
and died August 19, 1780. 

Celia Thaxter, an American poet, born in Ports- 
mouth, N. H., June 29, 1835. 

She passed much of her early life upon the " Isle of 
Shoals/' and her verses have the very swing of the sea. 
It is said that Lieutenant Greeley was so cheered by 
some of her poems during his dreary stay in Arctic win- 
ter, that when introduced to her on his return, he 
dropped on his knee in reverence. 

Stephen H. Tyj^g, Jr., an American divine, born at 
Philadelphia, June 29, 1839. 

He was one of the founders of the "Christian at 
Work," and editor of the "Working Church," and is 
noted for his liberal fellowship with other denominations. 

June 30. 

Horace Ver^et, a celebrated French painter of 
battles, born in Paris, June 30, 1789. Died there Jan. 
17, 1863. At the Exposition of 1855, a jury of painters 
from various nations, awarded him the grand medal of 
honor. 

William A. Wheeler, Vice-President of the United 
States in Hayes' administration, born in Malone, Franklin 
Co., 1ST. Y., June 30, 1819. Died June 4, 1885. He 
was elected to the 37th, 41st, 42d, 43d and 44th Con- 
gresses, and during the last term adjusted difficulties 
existing in Louisiana, on the basis of what is known as 
"the Wheeler compromise." 

William Hepworth Dixok, an able and popular 
English writer and critic, born in Yorkshire, England, 
June 30, 1821. Died Dec. 27, 1879. Besides his many 
volumes of history, travels, etc., he was editor of the 
" Athenaeum " for sixteen years. 



162 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [July 2. 

July 1. 

Jean Baptiste de Bochambeau, a French marshal, 
born at Vendome, France, July 1, 1725. Died May 10, 
1807. During the American Beyolution he commanded 
an army of six thousand sent by the French government 
to America, and contributed to the victory at Yorktown. 

Gideon Welles, an American politician, born at 
Glastonbury, Conn., July 1, 1802. Died Feb. 11, 1878. 
He was editor of the "Hartford Times," 1826-37, and 
an original member of the Bepublican party, separating 
from the Democrats on account of the extension of 
slavery. He was Secretary of the Navy during the ad- 
ministrations of Lincoln and Johnson. 

Amasttine Lucile Aurore Dupin, "George Sand/' 
a celebrated French novelist, born in Paris, July 1, 1804. 
Died June 8, 1876. She had the original merit to per- 
ceive and express the poetry of the landscapes of France. 
It is by her style more than by the subject of her 
writing that she especially excels. 

July 2. 

Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, an 
English statesman, divine and reformer, born in Not- 
tinghamshire, Eng., July 2, 1489. Being prime minister 
to Henry VIII. he adopted the views of the Protestants, 
and was ready to go as far as any Swiss or Scottish Be- 
former ; but when Mary I. became queen, he was accused 
of heresy, and in hopes of saving his life he recanted. 
But his enemies were anxious for his execution, and he 
was burned at the stake, March 21, 1556. 

Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, a celebrated Ger- 
man poet, born in Quedlinburg, Prussian Saxony, July 
2, 1724. Died in Hamburg, March 14, 1803. He is 



July 4.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 163 

considered "the father of German poetry," since he 
wrote the first great epic poem, " the Messiah," which 
was written in the German language. 

Francois Hubee, a Swiss naturalist, born at Geneva, 
Switzerland, July 2, 1750. Died Dec. 22, 1831. Al- 
though he began to lose his eyesight at fifteen, and in a 
few years was totally blind, he devoted his life to the 
study of bees, and by the aid of his wife, son, and a 
faithful servant, added more to the knowledge of that 
science than has any other naturalist before or since. 

July 3. 

John Singleton Copley, an historical and portrait 
painter, born at Boston, Mass., July 3, 1737. Died 
Sept. 25, 1815. He is said to have been the only native 
painter of real skill which the New World could boast 
before the Eevolution, and to possess one of his portraits 
is America's best title to nobility. " The Death of Lord 
Chatham " is his masterpiece. 

Gabriel E. Derzhavin, a celebrated Eussian lyric 
poet, born at Kazan, July 3, 1743. Died July 6, 1816. 
His most popular poem is an " Ode to Deity," commenc- 
ing "0, Thou Eternal One." 

Henry Grattan, an eminent Irish statesman, born at 
Dublin, July 3, 1746. Died in London, May 14, 1820. 
In 1780 he brought forward and secured the passage of 
the famous "Bill of Eights," asserting the right of 
Ireland to self-government. Sir James Mackintosh says 
of him : " The purity of his life was the brightness of his 
glory." 

July 4. 

Nathaniel Hawthorne, a distinguished American 
author, born at Salem, Mass., July 4, 1804. Died May 19, 



164: EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [July 5. 

1864. His place in American literature is a prominent 
one, being one of the noted " Concord writers " with 
Emerson, Thoreau, and William Ellery Channing. The 
"Old Manse," his home for a time, he immortalized in 
the work " Mosses from Old Manse." The " Scarlet 
Letter " raised its author at once to the first rank among 
American writers of fiction ; but his " Marble Faun" is 
regarded by some to be his best work. 

Gen> Giuseppe Garibaldi, a celebrated Italian 
patriot and general, born at Nice, July 4, 1807. Died 
June 2, 1882. He was the general, famous in the suc- 
cessful struggles of Italy to become a united nation. 

David P. Page, an eminent American educator, born 
at Epping, N. H., July 4, 1810. Died 1848. He was 
for many years principal of the State Normal School at 
Albany, and author of the valuable work, " The Theory 
and Practice of Teaching," and of an "Elementary 
Chart of Vocal Sounds," which was the first attempt of 
the kind in the English language. 

JTuly 5. 

Saeah Siddoks, a celebrated English tragic actress, 
born in Brecon, South Wales, July 5, 1755. Died in 
London, June 8, 1831. For thirty years she was the 
queen of the English stage, and by general consent is 
admitted to have been the greatest actress that England 
has produced. 

David Glasgow Eaeragut, America's "Great Ad- 
miral," born at Campbell's Station, East Tennessee, 
July 5, 1801. Died at Portsmouth, N. H., Aug. 14, 
1870. His capture of New Orleans and Mobile during 
the civil war, created for him a name equal in fearless 
bravery to Nelson, and in grandeur of character, to the 
illustrious Collingwoocl. 






July 6.] 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 165 



Phineas Taylor Barnum, a famous American show- 
man and lecturer, born in Bethel, Conn., July 5, 1810. 

He is noted for his energy and enterprise, rallying so 
quickly after his many severe losses by fire. 

W. J. Macquork" Eakkiks, F.B.S., a British civil 
engineer, born at Edinburgh, July 5, 1820. Died at 
Glasgow, Dec. 24, 1872. He is distinguished as a writer 
on heat, electricity, and mechanics. Although noted as 
a philosopher, he had so keen a relish for music and 
literature, that he was as noted in the social circle as in 
the halls of philosophy. 

July 6. 

John Paul Jones, a famous naval officer, born at 
Arbigland, Scotland, July 6, 1747. Died in Paris, July 
18, 1792. He is noted for the victory of the Bonhomme 
Richard over the Serapis, Sept. 23, 1779, for which he 
received a gold medal from Congress. 

John Flaxman, the most poetical sculptor England 
has ever produced, born in the city of York, Eng., July 
6, 1755. Died in 1826. " He was never happier," says 
Cunningham, ' ' than when working in bas-relief, for 
which he had a genius all his own." The "Shield of 
Achilles " is one of the most beautiful and characteristic 
of his productions. 

Ferdinand Joseph Maxmilian, Archduke of 
Austria, and for a brief period Emperor of Mexico, born 
at Vienna, July 6, 1832. In 1863 he was tempted by 
Napoleon III. to act the part of Emperor of Mexico, but 
after four years' struggle to gain a foothold, on the with- 
drawal of the French troops, the empire collapsed, and 
Maximilian was shot, June 18, 1867. 



166 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [July 7. 

July 7. 

Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French inventor, born at 
Lyons, France, July 7, 1752. Died Aug. 7, 1834. He 
is distinguished for the invention of a loom for weaving 
figured cloth, now called the Jacquard loom. He also 
invented a machine for weaving nets, by which he won 
the gold medal from the inspectors of Paris. In 1840 
a public statue was erected to his memory in Lyons. 

Philip Sing Physick, one of the most eminent of 
American surgeons, born in Philadelphia, July 7, 1768. 
Died Dec. 15, 1837. He was a student of the celebrated 
John Hunter, and distinguished himself by his faithful 
attention to his professional duties, during the frightful 
mortality caused by the yellow fever in Philadelphia, 
1793, when not only citizens, but even physicians, fled 
from the city. In 1825 he was elected a member of the 
French Koyal Academy of Medicine, and is said to be 
the first American who received this honor. 

Nicholas L, Emperor of Russia, 1825-1855, born at 
St. Petersburg, July 7, 1796. Died March 2, 1855. 
He was noted for his ambition and despotism which in- 
volved him in wars to add to his territory. The long 
and famous seige of Sevastopol was an event of the 
closing years of his reign. 

Sarah Payson Willis Parton, "Fanny Fern/' born 
at Portland, Me., July 7, 1811. Died Oct. 10, 1872. Her 
works have obtained great popularity in America, and 
have been republished in England. She was sister to the 
noted author, N. P. Willis, and wife of the able and 
popular writer, James Parton. 

July §. 

FitzGree^e Halleck, a distinguished American poet, 
born at Guilford, Conn., 1790. Died there Nov. 19/ 



July 9.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 167 

1867. Among his well known poems are " Marco 

Bozzaris," and his poem on the death of his friend, J. 

K. Drake, in which occurred the well known couplet : 

f * None knew him but to love him, 

None named him but to praise." 

Frederick W. Seward, author, editor and statesman, 
born at Auburn, K Y., July 8, 1830. 

He is son of W. H. Seward, and was for several years 
assistant Secretary of State, 

July 9. 

Axka Ward Kadclifee, a popular English novelist, 
born in London, July 9, 1764. Died there Feb. 7, 1823. 
Her writings had so much influence upon the literature 
of the time, that even Byron was among her imitators. 

Jacob Perkins, an American mechanician and inven- 
tor, born at Newburyport, Mass., July 9, 1766. Died in 
London, July 30, 1849. Among his inventions is a 
machine for cutting and heading nails at a single opera- 
tion. He was the originator of using steel, instead of 
copper plates, for engraving banknotes. 

Elias Howe, inventor of the sewing machine, born at 
Spencer, Mass., July 9, 1819. Died Oct. 3, 1867. He 
obtained a patent for his machine in 1846, but in con- 
sequence of the infringement on his patents, he did not 
realize the benefit of his invention until 1854. During 
the civil war he raised and equipped a regiment at his 
own expense, and served as a private. 

Philip Paul Bliss, an American singing evangelist, 
born in Clearfield Co., Pa., July 9, 1838. He was 
killed by a railroad disaster at Ashtabula, Ohio, Dec. 30, 
1876. He was associated with Moody in his noted 
evangelical tours, was composer and singer of many of 



168 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [July 10. 

the sweet inspirational hymns which vivified their 
meetings. 

July 10. 

Oheistopher Columbus, the most illustrious of naviga- 
tors and discoverers, born at Genoa, Italy, July 10, 
1436. Died May 20, 1506, at Valladolid, Spain. The 
period of his four voyages, 1492, 1493, 1498, 1502, is 
the most important decade in the earth's history, and 
"though," says Irving, "his discovery burst with such 
sudden splendor upon the world as to dazzle envy 
itself, he died ignorant of its grandeur." 

John Calvin, after Luther, the greatest of the Protes- 
tant Eeformers, born at Noyon, Picardy, July 10, 1509. 
Died in 1564. Being obliged to flee from France, and 
afterwards from Italy on account of his adhesion to the 
Protestant faith, he was induced by Farel, the Swiss 
reformer, to join him at Geneva in 1536, where he spent 
the remainder of his life — with the exception of a short 
exile in Strasburg — in founding the Genevese church, 
endeavoring to make it a model for all other Protestant 
churches. 

Sir William Blackstone, an English jurist and emi- 
nent commentator on law, born in London, July 10, 
1723. Died Feb. 14, 1780. His reputation is founded 
on his " Commentaries on the Laws of England," con- 
tained in four volumes, which passed through several 
editions and is extensively used by students of law. 

George M. Dallas, an American statesman, Vice- 
President with James K. Polk, born in Philadelphia, 
July 10, 1792. Died Dec. 31, 1864. 

Eobert Chambers, LL.D., a well known Scottish 
writer and publisher born at Peebles, Scotland, July 10, 



July 11.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 169 

1802. Died in 1871. Associated with his brother 
William, they published several popular works on Scot- 
tish history; afterwards published the " Edinburgh 
Journal." Their " Information for the People" had a 
sale of nearly two hundred thousand copies. Eobert 
was principal editor of u Chambers' Cyclopedia of 
English Literature," which is the best known of his 
works. 

July 11. 

George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends, or 
Quakers, born at Drayton-in-the-Clay, Leicestershire, 
Eng., July 11, 1624. Died in London, 1690. He was 
early inclined to religious thoughtfulness, and at the 
age of twenty-three began to preach, believing that he 
was called by heaven to awaken men from lifeless forms 
and dogmas to an inward living spiritual religion. The 
thee and thou he adopted from principles of truth and 
simplicity ; and to doff the hat in honor to any but the 
Creator, he considered inconsistent with the practice of 
the primitive Christians. His followers were called 
Quakers by Justice Bennet, of Derby, because he bade 
the magistrates " tremble at the word of God." 

Joh^" Quikcy Adams, the "old man eloquent," an 
American statesman, orator and diplomatist, the sixth 
President of the United States, born at Braintree, Mass., 
July 11, 1767. Died Feb. 23, 1848, being struck with 
paralysis two days before while in his seat in the Senate. 
His last words were, " This is the last of earth! I am con- 
tent!" As early as 1793 he wrote several articles, which 
afterwards gave him the honor of publicly advocating the 
United States neutrality between England and France, 
which became a settled principle of American govern- 
ment. Elected to the Senate in 1803, during the 



170 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [July 12. 

remainder of his long and useful life was prominent as a 
statesman and particularly as a diplomatist. His influ- 
ence at St. Petersburg laid the foundations of that 
friendly relation ever existing between Eussia and 
America, and he, with Clay, Gallatin and Russell, nego- 
tiated the treaty of peace at Ghent in 1814. 

Eeubek E. Fekton, American legislator, born at 
Carroll, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., July 11, 1819. Died 
Aug., 1885. He was governor of New York for two 
terms, and in 1869 was elected IT. S. Senator. 

July 12. 

Julius C^sak, the noted Eoman general, and one of 
the most remarkable men that ever lived, born July 12, 
100 B. c. Elected qusester at the age of thirty-two, he 
rapidly passed through all the Eoman offices, reaching 
the consulship with his colleague Bibulus, at the age of 
forty-one. Shortly after, Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, 
formed an alliance known as the first "Triumvirate." 
Transalpine Gaul being given to him as his part of the 
government for a period of five years, he commenced 
that series of conquests of the German tribes which he 
described in his famous "Commentaries." Before his 
two terms as Governor of Gaul were ended his ambition 
caused him to "cross the Eubicon," subdue Pompey, 
his only remaining rival, and make himself master of 
Eome. This accomplished he extended his conquests 
to foreign countries and was soon undisputed master of 
the world. It was concerning his famous victory over 
Pharnaces, King of Pontus, that he sent his noted letter 
of three words to the Eoman senate: "Veni, vidi, 
vici," "I came, I saw, I conquered." He did not long 
enjoy his triumph, for the Eomans fearing he would con- 
vert the republic to a kingdom, assassinated him March 



July 13.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRxlPHY. 171 

15, 44 b. c. The improved method of computing time, 
introduced by him, has with slight modifications become 
the standard rule of civilized nations, and his name is 
immortalized in the name of the month July, and the 
phrases "Julian year," " Julian period," etc. 

Josiah Wedgewood, E.K.S., a celebrated English 
artisan, born at Burslem, Staffordshire, Eng., July 12, 
1730. Died at Etruria, Jan. 3, 1795. He was in- 
ventor of several kinds of earthenware, chief among 
which are "Egyptian," "tortoise shell," "jasper," and 
"queen's ware." The latter, a beautiful cream-colored 
ware, now goes by his name. 

Thomas Guthrie, a Scottish divine, born in Forfar- 
shire, Scotland, July 12, 1803. Died at Eifeshire, Feb. 
24, 1873. He was a social reformer and a brilliant 
orator. Among his humanitarian efforts is the found- 
ing of the "Bagged or Industrial Schools" in 1847, 
which idea he took from John Pounds, a poor cobbler 
of London. 

Heis t ry David Thoreau, the " poet naturalist," an 
American poet, born in Concord, Mass., July 12, 1817. 
Died there May 6, 1862. He lived a simple retired life, 
and " dedicated his genius with such entire love to the 
fields, hills, and waters of his native town, that he made 
them knoAvn and interesting to all his readers." His 
home on the shore of Walden Pond near Concord, he 
has celebrated by his book, "Walden, or Life in the 
Woods." 

July 13. 

Johk Dee, a famous astrologer and mathematician, 
born in London, " July 13, 1527. Died 1608. He was 
remarkable for his versatile talents and learning, and in 



172 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [July 14. 

the reign of Mary I. was imprisoned for magic ; but was 
patronized by Elizabeth who employed him as her "in- 
telligencer." 

Feiedeich Adolph Keitmmachee, a distinguished 
German theologian and writer, born in Westphalia, July 

13, 1768. Died at Bremen, April 14, 1845. His " Par- 
ables" became a very popular book, and ran through 
several editions, and was translated into other lan- 
guages. 

July 14. 

Jules Mazaeust, a celebrated courtier and prime 
minister of France, born in Italy, 1602. Died at Vin- 
cennes, March 9, 1661. It was during his reign as 
prime minister that the famous treaty of Westphalia 
with the German Emperor, ceded to France the pro_ 
vince of Alsace, since the bono of contention between 
those two countries. 

Isaac Watts, D.D., an eminent English divine and 
sacred poet, born at Southampton, England, July 14, 
1674. Died Nov. 25, 1748. Although an author 
of many works, he is best remembered by his "Psalms 
and Hymns, " " and is," says Montgomery, "almost the 
inventor of the hymns of our language." 

Joh:n" Huktee, F.E.S., an eminent British anato- 
mist and surgeon, born near Glasgow, Scotland, July 

14, 1728. Died Oct. 16, 1793. He is admitted to 
be the greatest British anatomist of the eighteenth cen- 
tury, and one of the fathers of zoological science. 

William Eobeet Geove, F.K.S., an eminent Eng- 
lish electrician and natural philosopher, born at Swansea, 
July 14, 1811. 

Among his important inventions is the nitric-acid bat- 
tery which bears his name. 



July 16.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 173 

July 15, 

Paul Harmons Rembrastdt, a celebrated Dutch 
painter of history and portraits, born at Leyden, July 
15, 1607. Died Oct. 8, 16G9. He was recognized 
as the first master of the Dutch school of art, and as an 
engraver in aquafortis has never been surpassed. 

Clement Clark Moore, LL.D., an American 
scholar, author and poet, born at New York, July 15, 
1779. Died at Newport, R. I., July 10, 1863. His 
well-known ballad "The Night before .Christmas," will 
last as long as that joy-bearing season exists. 

Charles Edward Lester, an American journalist, 
lecturer and scholar, born at New London, Conn., July 
15, 1815. 

Among his many works are " Life of Charles Sumner," 
"Our First Hundred Years." He was a descendant of 
Jonathan Edwards. 

July 16. 

Sir Joshua Reynolds, the most celebrated portrait 
painter that England ever produced, born at Plympton, 
Devonshire, July 16, 1723. Died in February, 1792. 
He is considered as the head or founder of the British 
school of painting. Says Buskin: "Reynolds, swiftest of 
painters, was gentlest of companions." 

Lady Caroline Oliphaht Nair^e, a Scottish au- 
thoress, born in Perthshire, Scotland, July 16, 1766. 
Died Oct. 27, 1845. Her poetical productions were 
prompted by her desire to supplant the coarse, rough 
words of the popular songs, by putting new words to the 
beautiful tunes. She accomplished her design. 

Emily Ruggles, a successful lady merchant of Read- 
ing, Mass., born in Dorchester, July 16, 1827. 



174 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [July 17. 

She is a descendant of Peregrine White, the first child 
born among the Pilgrims of Massachusetts. Being 
deeply interested in the reforms of the day, she was one 
of the first women in Massachusetts elected to the office 
of School Committee. 

Eben" E. Kexfoejd, an American author and poet, 
born in Johnsburg, N. Y., July 16, 1848. 

He has gained a reputation in the literary world, by 
his regular contributions to the best magazines of the 
age, and to him the music-loving world owes some of its 
most popular songs, "Silver Threads among the Gold," 
and "Only a Pansy Blossom" being among thern. 

July 17. 

Timothy Pickering, LL.D., an American states- 
man, born at Salem, Mass., July 17, 1745. Died there 
Jan. 29, 1829. He occupied three different positions 
in the cabinet during Washington's administration. 

Johk Jacob Astor, an eminent New York merchant 
and millionaire, born in Germany, July 17, 1763. Died 
March 29, 1848. He founded the city of Astoria, Ore- 
gon, in 1811. The Astor Library of New York was also 
founded by his bequest of $400,000. As much more 
has since been added to it by his son. 

Paul Delaroche, a French historical painter, born in 
Paris, July 17, 1797. Died Nov. 4, 1856. Among his 
noted pictures is " The Princes in the Tower," which 
greatly increased his reputation. 

Maetik F. T upper, a popular English poet and nov- 
elist, born in London, July 17, 1810. 

He is best known by his " Proverbial Philosophy." In 
18*5, he wrote a drama in honor of American Inde- 
pendence. 



July 19.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 175 

July 18. 

Gilbert White, an eminent English naturalist and 
divine, born in Hampshire, Eng., July 18, 1720. Died 
at Selborne, June 26, 1793. His works on natural his- 
tory haye taken high rank among the English classics. 

Karl voin" Eotteck, an eminent German historian, 
statesman and jurist, born at Freiburg, Baden, July 18, 
1775. Died Nov. 26, 1840. Kotteck's "Universal 
History " is perhaps the most popular work of the kind 
that had yet appeared and, in 1841, had reached fifteen 
editions. 

William M. Thackeray, an eminent English novel- 
ist, born in Calcutta — where his father held a position in 
the East India Company — July 18, 1811. Died in Kens- 
ington, Eng., Dec. 24, 1863. He was first recognized as 
a literary celebrity, upon the publication of " Vanity 
Fair," in 1847, after which followed "Pendennis," 
"Henry Esmond," "The Eewcomes," and "The Vir- 
ginians," which constitute his five greatest novels. 
Thackeray and Dickens were considered rivals without 
enmity for the first place in modern English fiction. 
Thackeray wrote of high life, Dickens of the lower classes; 
and in their chosen subjects, stood even in the balance. 

July 19. 

Johk Gibsok, one of the most eminent sculptors of 
recent times, born in Conway, Wales, July 19, 1790. 
Died in Kome, Jan. 27, 1866. He studied under Canova 
and Thorwaldsen, and some of his productions are con- 
sidered models of classic art. 

Eobert J. Walker, a distinguished American 
writer on political economy, born in Northumberland, 
Pa., July 19, 1801. Died in Washington, D. C, Nov. 



176 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [July 20. 

11, 1869. He was in the U. S. senate for several years, 
and was appointed Secretary of the Treasury under Polk. 

Agkes Strickland, an English historical writer, born 
in Suffolk, Eng., July 19, 1806. Died July 13, 1874. 
She has written numerous historical works, which have 
acquired an extensive popularity both in Great Britain 
and America. 

Samuel Colt, an American inventor, born at Hart- 
ford, Conn,, July 19, 1814. Died in 1862. He took out 
the patent for the revolver which bear his name, in 1835, 
and in 1848 began the manufacture of them in Hartford, 
where he built one of the most extensive armories in 
the world. 

July 20. 

Francesco Petrarch, a celebrated Italian poet, born 
in Tuscany, Italy, July 20, 1304. Died July 19, 1374. 
To him is due the preservation of many Latin authors, 
which were buried in the dust of monastic libraries. 
He founded the library of St. Mark, at Venice, and was 
one of the principal revivers of classical literature in 
Italy. The laurel crown of both Koine and Paris were 
offered him on the same day. 

Thomas Bruce, Earl of Elgin, born in Scotland, July 
20, 1777. Died Nov. 14, 1841. When appointed envoy 
extraordinary to Constantinople, he availed himself of 
the opportunity to procure with great labor and expense, 
a large collection of statues, bas reliefs, medals, monu- 
ments, and other remains of ancient art, at Athens, 
which were purchased by the British government, and 
now form part of the British Museum under the name of 
the " Elgin Marbles. " For removing them he was severely 
satirized by Lord Byron. 



JuiyfcJ.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 17? 

July 21. 

Mathew Prior, an English poet and diplomatist, born 
in Dorsetshire, Eng., July 21, 1664. Died in Cambridge- 
shire, Sept. 18, 1721. He, with Charles Montagu, wrote 
the poem, "The City Mouse and the Country Mouse, " 
in ridicule of Dryden's "Hind and Panther." 

Chakles Tristan Mosttholok, a French general, 
born in Paris, July 21, 1782. Died in 1853. He served 
with distinguished bravery under Napoleon, during all 
his campaigns, and shared his exile at St. Helena, and 
was appointed executor of his will. After the emperor's 
death, he returned to France and published " The His- 
tory of France under Napoleon, dictated by himself at 
St. Helena." He also wrote an "'Account of the Cap- 
tivity of Napoleon at St. Helena." 

July 22. 

Akthoky Ashley Coopee, first earl of Shaftsbury, 
born in Dorsetshire, Eng., July 22, 1621. Died Jan. 
22, 1683. He was a member of both the "Long" and 
"Short" Parliament; afterward he changed his party, 
and was member of " Barebones' " Parliament. He pre- 
pared with John Locke, his private secretary, the famous 
aristocratic constitution for the Carolinas, which proved 
such a failure. Ashley and Cooper rivers in South 
Carolina were named for him. 

Frederic I., the first king of Prussia, born at Kon- 
igsberg, July 22, 1657. Died at Berlin, Feb. 25, 1713. 
Previous to his reign, Prussia was only an electorate, but 
he purchased from the Pope the title of "King." He 
was father to "Frederic the Great." 

Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, one of the greatest of 
modern astronomers, born at Minden, Prussia, July 22, 



178 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [July 24. 

1784. Died in March, 1846. In 1811 lie became 
director of a new observatory at Konigsberg, built under 
his direction, and no observatory has contributed more 
during the present century to the improvement of every 
branch of astronomy than that of Konigsberg. 

July 23. 

Chaelotte Cushman, a distinguished American ac- 
tress, born in Boston, July 23, 1816. Died Feb. 18, 1876. 
She is generally admitted to be the greatest of American 
actresses and readers, and by her stainless life, worked 
for the elevation of the stage. Her farewell to the stage 
was a great ovation, and she received from the noble and 
venerable poet Bryant, a laurel crown. She was a de- 
scendant of Eobert Cushman, one of the founders of the 
Plymouth colony, who preached, in Dec, 1621, the first 
sermon in America that appeared in print. 

July 24. 

Bekkikg Wektwoeth, an American statesman and 
philanthropist, born in Portsmouth, N. H., July 24, 
1696. Died Oct. 14, 1770. He was governor of New 
Hampshire for twenty years, and gave five hundred acres 
of land for the founding of Dartmouth College. The 
town of Bennington, Yt., was named in his honor. 

Johk Philpot Cure an", a famous Irish orator and 
barrister, born near Cork, July 24, 1750. Died Oct. 14, 
1817. His eloquence, humor, and mastery of sarcasm, 
procured him a large practice at the bar. In 1783 he 
entered Parliament, where he worked with Grattan, 
who was a leader of the opposition party. 

Johk Adams Dix, an American general and states- 
man, born at Boscawen, N". H. , July 24, 1798. Died 



July 25.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 179 

April 21, 1879. He was elected to the Senate of tlie 
IT. S. and was for a brief period Secretary of the Treas- 
ury. Was an efficient general during the civil war, and 
was afterwards governor of New York. 

Alexander Dumas, a celebrated French novelist and 
dramatist, born in France, July 24, 1803. Died Dec. 5, 
1870. His facial characteristics bore testimony to his 
African origin. "The Count of Monte Cristo" is his 
greatest work. 

Josiah Gilbert Holland, " Timothy Titcomb," a 
popular American author, born at Belchertown, Mass., 
July 24, 1819. Died Oct. 12, 1881. Among his well- 
known works are, "Bitter Sweet," "Gold Foil/' "Let- 
ters to the Joneses," etc. In the latter is found a 
pleasant rebuke to every egotistic folly of human nature. 

Dona Martina Oastells y Ballespi, a female M.D. 
of the Madrid University, born in Lerida, July 24, 1855. 
She graduated academically in 1874, and in June the 
same year received the degree of bachelor of Arts ; and 
when she won her licentiate's degree, the occasion was 
one of significance and importance, and all Spain wished 
health, long life and success to their plucky lady doctor. 

July 25. 

Henry Knox, an able American statesman and gen- 
eral of the Revolution, born at Boston, July 25, 1750. 
Died at Thomastown, Me., Oct. 1806. He took an active 
part in the battle of Bunker Hill, and served under 
Washington in most of his principal battles, enjoying 
in a high degree the esteem and confidence of his chief, 
which was manifest by his appointment in 1789, as the 
first Secretary of "War of the United States of America. 

Simon Bolivar, the liberator of South America from 



180 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. tJuly26. 

the Spanish domination, often called "The Washington 
of South America/' born at Caracas, July 25, 1783. Died 
Dec. 17, 1830. The result of his military services was 
the independence of New Granada (now called United 
States of Columbia), Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia, of 
which he was made President and dictator. 

George H. Pendleton, an American politician, born 
at Cincinnati, Ohio, July 25, .1825. 

He was candidate for Vice President in 1864, and 
nominated by the democratic convention as candidate 
for President in 1868. He has of late been IT. S. min- 
ister to Austria. 

July 26. 

Geokge Clinton, American patriot and statesman, 
born in Ulster Co., N. Y., July 26, 1730. Died April 20, 
1812. Chosen governor of New York at the first election 
under the State Constitution of 1777, he held the office 
by successive re-elections for eighteen years. In 1804 
he was elected Vice President for Jefferson's second 
term, and was re-elected for Madison's first term. 

Eobeet Fulton, a celebrated American engineer and 
inventor, born in Lancaster Co., Pa., July 26, 1765. Died 
in the height of his popularity in New York, Feb. 
21, 1815. He invented a machine for spinning flax, 
another for making ropes, and was proprietor of the 
first panorama exhibited in Paris. Though others had 
previously conceived the idea of steam navigation, 
Fulton was the first who successfully realized it. The 
"Clermont," sometimes called " Fulton's Folly," launch- 
ed in 1807, was the first steamboat on the Hudson river. 

Orange Judd, an eminent American journalist and 
editor, born near Niagara Falls, N. Y., July 26, 1822. 



July 28.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 181 

The " American Agriculturist," under his supervision, 
is in the foremost rank of agricultural journals. He was 
publisher of the " Hearth and Home," and agricultural 
editor of the " New York Times." 

July 27. 

Thomas Campbell, a popular British poet, born in 
Glasgow, Scotland, July 27, 1777. Died June 15, 1844, 
and was buried in Westminster Abbey. His " Pleasures 
of Hope," written when only twenty-two, was considered 
by Byron " one of the most beautiful didactic poems in 
the English language," and his " Hohenlinden" is said 
to be the purest Saxon poem in literature. 

Thomas Say, an American naturalist, born at Phila- 
delphia, July 27, 1787. Died at New Harmony, Oct. 
10, 1834. He was one of the founders of the Phila- 
delphia Academy of Natural Sciences, and " has done 
more to make known the zoology of his country than 
any other man." 

July 2§. 

Col. Joseph Habersham, an American patriot and 
soldier, born at Savannah, Ga., July 28, 1751. Died 
there Nov. 17, 1815. He was postmaster-general under 
"Washington. 

Marie Anke Charlotte de Cord ay d'Armaxs, 
" Charlotte Corday," a French patriot and descendant of 
the illustrious Corneille, born in Normandy, July 28, 
1768. She adopted with enthusiasm the principles of 
the Girondists during the French Eevolution. The 
infamous Marat being then at the zenith of his in- 
fluence, she resolved to sacrifice herself for the good of 
her country, and seeking a private interview with him, 
stabbed him to the heart. She was executed in July, 
1793, a few days after the death of Marat, 



182 EYEEY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [July 30. 

William Mathews, LL.D., an American author and 
editor of note, born at Waterville, Me., July 28, 1818. 
He is author of " Getting on in the World," " Words, 
their Use and Abuse," " Hours with Men and Books." 

July 29. 

James Waddell, D.D., an American divine, cele- 
brated for his eloquence, born July 29, 1739. Died in 
Virginia, Sept. 17, 1805. He was blind, and the 
original subject of William Wirt's beautiful sketch of 
" The Blind Preacher." 

Kev. Moses Waddell, D.D., an eminent American 
educator, born in North Carolina, July 29, 1770. Died 
July 21, 1840. As an instructor of boys, he had few 
superiors in the United States, and ranks with Dr. Nott, 
of Union College, and Dr. Witherspoon, of Princeton. 
Prom his boarding-school at Wellington, S. 0., were sent 
forth many prominent jurists, legislators, and divines. 

Hiram Powers, an eminent American sculptor, born 
at Woodstock, Vt., July 29, 1805. Died June 27, 1873. 
Among his many works is his "Greek Slave," which 
became widely celebrated, and placed the artist in the 
first rank of sculptors. 

Eastmak Johnson", an American painter of portraits, 
born in Lovell, Me., July 29, 1824. 

As a painter of common life, Mr. Johnson stands 
foremost among American artists. His picture " The 
Old Kentucky Home," was sent to the Paris Exhibition 
in 1867. 

July 30. 

Samuel Rogers, the " banker poet," an eminent 
English banker and poet, born near London, July 30, 



Aug.l.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 183 

1763. Died at London, Dec. 18, 1855. He retired 
from business in the prime of life with an ample fortune, 
which he gave liberally to artists and literary men in 
pecuniary distress. His " Pleasures of Memory" is con- 
sidered his best poem, but u Italy " is his most extensive 
work. It is stated that he spent £10,000 in illustrating 
this poem with engravings after Prout and Turner. 

William T. Adams, "Oliver Optic," a popular 
American writer, born in Medway, Mass., July 30, 1822. 
He has written much for youth and children, and 
founded the journal " Our Boys and Girls " in 1867. 

July 31. 

John Ericsson, an illustrious engineer and inventor, 
born in Sweden, July 31, 1803. 

To this skilled inventor belongs much of the success of 
the late civil war, by the building of his iron-clad turret, 
the " Monitor," just in time to defeat the " Merrimac," 
and thus save the ports of the North from Southern or 
from foreign invasion. 

Gen. George Henry Thomas, the " slow but sure" 
general of the American civil war, born in Southamp- 
ton Co., Va., July 31, 1816. Died March 28,1870. 
His wonderful skill exercised at the battle of Chicka- 
mauga, furnishes one of the most remarkable pages in 
the history of the war, and won for him the title of 
" The Eock of Chickamauga." 

Z. K. Pangborn, an American editor, born in 
Peacham, Vt., July 31, 1829. 

He has been editor of several papers, some of which 
he established himself. 

August 1. 

"William Clarke, an American general and explorer, 



184 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Aug. 1. 

bom in Virginia, Aug. 1, 1770. Died Sept. 1, 1838. 
He was associated with Lewis, and conducted the first 
exploring expedition across the American continent to 
the Columbia river, and gave the names of Lewis and 
Clarke to the two tributaries of that river. 

Francis Scott Key, an American jurist and poet, 
born in Frederick Co., Md., Aug. 1, 1779. Died in 
Baltimore, Jan. 11, 1843. He is remembered as the 
author of the popular national song, " The Star- 
Spangled Banner," composed while a prisoner in the 
British fleet, during the bombardment of Fort McHenry 
near Baltimore, in the war of 1812. 

George Tickstor, a distinguished American scholar 
and writer, born at Boston, Aug. 1, 1751. Died 1871. 
His " History of Spanish Literature/* in 1847, estab- 
lished the reputation of the author, and his " Life of 
William Prescott " is said to be one of the most in- 
teresting biographies in the language. 

Kichard Henry Dana, Jr., an eminent American 
lawyer and author, born at Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 1, 
1815. Died Jan. 7, 1882. Being obliged, on account of 
his eyes, to suspend his studies at the age of nineteen, he 
took a voyage to California as common sailor, a nar- 
rative of which he gave in his popular book, " Two 
Years before the Mast." He was one of the founders of 
the " Free Soil " party in 1848. 

Maria Mitchell, a distinguished American astrono- 
mer, born on the Island of Nantucket, Aug. 1, 1815. 

In 1847, she received a gold medal from the King of 
Denmark, for the discovery of a new comet. She was 
appointed Professor of Astronomy at Vassar College soon 
after the opening of that institution in 1865, which posi- 



Aug. 2.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 185 

tion she has filled with honor, until her resignation in 
tne summer of the present year (1888). 

Peter Bonnett Wight, an American architect, born 
in New York City, Aug. 1, 1838. 

He drew the plan for the " New York Academy of 
Design," the " Yale School of Fine Arts " in New Ha- 
ven, and the "Mercantile Library Building " in Brook- 
lyn. 

August 2. 

William II. of England, Eufus '■ the red-haired," 
born in Normandy, Aug. 2, 1056. He was accidentally 
shot by Walter Tyrrel, while hunting in the ' ' New For- 
est/' Aug. 2, 1100. He built London Bridge, and 
completed London Tower and Westminster Hall. 

Robert Eichfoed Roberts, called by the Indians 
"the grandfather of ail the missionaries," born in Fred- 
erick Co., Md., Aug. 2, 1776. His history is identified 
with the early Methodist church in the then " far west," 
occupying in the capacity of exhorter and minister from 
a " stalwart youth " to his death, March 26, 1843. He 
was mourned throughout the nation. 

Joseph Sturge, an English philanthropist, born at 
Elberton, Gloucestershire, Aug. 2, 1793. Died in 1859. 
He was one of the first in England to advocate the im- 
mediate abolition of slavery, and co-operated with Cob- 
den and Bright in the anti-corn-law movement. 

Kev. Ada C. Bowles, an American minister, born in 
Gloucester, Mass., Aug. 2, 1836. 

She is a successful pastor of a church in Easton, Penn., 
though she resides in Philadelphia, where her husband, 
Rev. B. F. Bowles, is pastor of a flourishing church. 



186 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Aug. 3. 

August 3. 

James Wyatt, an English architect of high reputa- 
tion, born in Staffordshire, Eng., Aug. 3, 1746. Died 
Sept. 5, 1813. Among the many monuments to his skill 
is the famous Pantheon on Oxford street, London, and the 
House of Lords, which he designed in 1800. 

Saeah Platt Doremus, an eminent American phi- 
lanthropist, born in New York, Aug. 3, 1802. Died Peb. 
5, 1877. In 1842, she, with Miss Catherine Sedgwick, 
established a home for women from prison, now called 
the " Isaac T. Hopper Home." She was also one of the 
founders of the " House and School of Industry," which 
is but a fraction of her beneficent labors. She was con- 
sidered one of the most remarkable women of her time. 

Sir Joseph Paxton, an English architect and land- 
scape gardener, born in Bedfordshire, Eng., Aug. 3, 1803. 
Died June 8, 1865. "The Crystal Palace" built for 
the " World's Fair " of 1851, was designed and superin- 
tended by Mr. Paxton, who was knighted for this ser- 
vice. 

Hamilton Fish, LL.D. an American statesman, born 
in New York, Aug. 3, 1808. 

He was appointed Secretary of State in Grant's cabi- 
net, and suggested the " Joint High Commission " be- 
tween the United States and Great Britain, to settle the 
various difficulties between the two nations including 
the famous "Alabama claim.' ' 

Christine Nilsson, Countess Marastzi, a cele- 
brated singer, born in Smaland, Sweden, Aug. 3, 1843. 

She made her debut in Paris, 1864, appeared in Lon- 
don 1867, and in 1870-71 visited the United States. 



Aug. 6.1 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 187 

August 4. 

Percy Bysshe Shelley, an eminent English poet, 
born near Horsham, Surrey, Eng., Aug. 4,1792. He 
left England in 1818, and took up his residence in Italy, 
and was intimate with Leigh Hunt, Byron, and Keats. 
He was drowned off the coast of Italy, July 8, 1822, and 
was buried in the Protestant burying-ground at Borne, 
near the grave of his friend Keats, who had died of con- 
sumption the previous year. Standing by the grave of 
his friend one day, he remarked that "it was enough to 
make one in love with death, to lie in so beautiful a 
spot," little thinking the privilege would so soon be his. 
Shelley has been styled by some "the poet of poets, " 
and is regarded by critics as " the greatest English poet 
since Shakespeare." 

Augu§t 5. 

Thomas Lynch, Jr., one of the signers of the " Dec- 
laration of Independence," born in Prince George par- 
ish, S. C, Aug. 5, 1749. In 1779 he sailed for the 
West Indies, on account of his health, but the ship was 
never again heard from. 

Com. Eoxhall A. Parker, an American naval com- 
mander and writer, born in New York, Aug. 5, 1821. 
Died 1879. He was one of the founders of the U. S. 
Naval Institute at Annapolis, in 1873, and for many 
years contributed to the Knickerbocker Magazine. 
Augu§t 6. 

Francois Saligkac de la Motte Fenelon, Arch- 
bishop of Cambray, an illustrious French prelate and au- 
thor, born in France, Aug. 6, 1651. Died at Cambray, Jan. 
7, 1715. He ranks among the most excellent masters of 
graceful and eloquent diction that France ever pro- 
duced. 



188 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Aug. 7. 

William Hyde Wollaston, an eminent English chem- 
ist and natural philosopher, born in London, Aug. 6, 1766. 
Died there Dec. 22, 1828. His many inventions and dis- 
coveries in the interest of chemistry have given him the 
name of " the founder of modern British chemistry." 

Daniel O'Connell, a famous Irish orator and political 
agitator, born in Kerry Co., Aug. 6, 1775. Died at 
Genoa, Italy, May 15, 1847. He was pre-eminent as the 
advocate of Catholic emancipation, and in 1823 
founded the Catholic Association. He was elected to 
Parliament in 1828, and refusing to take the oath de- 
signed expressly to exclude Koman Catholics from the 
House, caused a violent excitement which resulted in 
the passage of the bill for Catholic Emancipation, i. e. 
they were relieved from the political disabilities under 
which they had suffered for more than a century. 

William A. Alcott, an American reformer and edu- 
cational writer, born at Wolcott, Conn., Aug. 6, 1798. 
Died March 29, 1859. He labored earnestly in the 
cause of educational and hygienic reforms, being associ- 
ated with Sylvester Graham in his dietetic and vege- 
tarian principles. Besides editing and contributing to 
various journals, he published many volumes on edu- 
cational and kindred matters. 

August 7. 

Joseph Eodman Dkake, an American poet, born in 
New York, Aug. 7, 1795. Died Sept. 21,1820. Al- 
though but twenty-five at his death he left an impress 
on his country by the beautiful poem "The American 
Flag." "The Culprit Fay " is also a noted poem. 

Joseph P. Thompson, D.D., an American divine* 
born in Philadelphia, Aug. 7, 1819, Died 1879. He was 



Aug. 9.7 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 189 

one of the founders of the " Independent," at Brooklyn, 
and the "New Englander;" was also author of many 
theological works. 

August §. 

James Bowdoin, LL.D., an American statesman, 
born at Boston, Mass., Aug. 8, 1727. Died Nov. 6, 
1790. He was president of the convention which in 
1778 formed the Constitution of Massachusetts, and 
was twice governor of that state. Bowdoin College, at 
Brunswick, Me., founded in 1802, was named in his 
honor, but endowed by his son James Bowdoin. 

Benjamin Silliman, M.D., LL.D., an eminent 
American naturalist and professor, born in Trumbull, 
Conn. , Aug. 8, 1779. Died at New Haven, Nov. 24, 1864. 
He founded the " Journal of Science and Art " in 
1818, which was recognized in America and Europe as 
the chief repository of American science. He was 
considered by the country at large as the " Nestor of 
American Science." 

Charles Anderson Dana, a noted American 
journalist, born at Hinsdale, N. H., Aug. 8, 1819. 

In 1847, he became city editor of the " Tribune," and 
two years later, Greeley's principal assistant. In 1865 
was editor-in-chief of the " Kepublican," at Chicago. 
He formed the " New York Sun " association, and took 
charge of the paper Jan. 1, 1868, since which time he 
has made the " Sun " a power in the land. 

August 9. 

John Dryden, a celebrated English poet, born at 
Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, Eng., Aug. 9, 1631. Died 
May 1, 1700, and was buried at Westminster Abbey. 



190 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Aug. 11. 

He succeeded Davenant as poet-laureate in 1668, and 
by his " Essay on Dramatic Poesy" won the title from 
Dr. Johnson of " the father of Englisli criticism." In 
1686 he avowed himself a Catholic, which was the 
religion then favored at court, and wrote "The Hind 
and the Panther/' an allegory in verse. The subject 
was a discussion between the two churches. His " Ode 
for St. Cecelia's Day " is pronounced his greatest work, 
and some critics consider it "the finest ode in the lan- 
guage." His " Translation of Virgil," says Pope, is the 
most noble and spirited translation in any language; and 
Brougham speaks of his prose as " the matchless prose 
of Dryden." 

Adokiram Judson, D.D., an eminent Baptist and 
missionary, born at Maiden, Mass., Aug. 9, 1788. Died 
at sea, April 12, 1850. He was forty years a mission- 
ary to Burmah, learned the language, translated both 
the Old and the New Testaments into Burmese ; also 
wrote a dictionary of that language. 

August 1®. 

Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, an eminent 
French artist, whose name has been rendered memorable 
by the invention of the daguerrotype, born at Cormeilles, 
Aug. 10, 1789. Died July 12, 1851. When his inven- 
tion was announced by Arago, in the Academy of 
Science, in 1839, it produced a profound sensation. 

August 11. 

Jean Victor Moreau, one of the most eminent 
generals of France, born at Morlaix, Bretagne, Aug. 11, 
1763. He was the hero of the battle of Hohenlinden, won 
by the French over the Austrians, Dec. 3, 1800, which 
excited the enmity of Napoleon, his rival in generalship. 






Aug. 12.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 191 

Being one of the party opposed to Napoleon as the 
"Emperor of the French/' he was banished to the 
United States, and resided in Morristown, Pa., unti] 
invited to return to Europe by the Czar of Eussia. He 
fell mortally wounded at the battle of Dresden, and died 
Sept. 2, 1813. 

Eowlakd Hill, Viscount, an English general, 
nephew of the great preacher of the same name, born 
in Shropshire, Aug. 11, 1772. Died near Shrewsbury, 
Dec. 10, 1842. Hill was called the "right arm of 
Wellington/' and was the most popular general in the 
British army. 

Jeffkies Wyman, M.D., an American anatomist, 
born at Chelmsford, Mass., Aug. 11, 1814. Died at 
Bethlehem, 1ST. H., Sept. 4, 1874. He is regarded as 
among the first of American comparative anatomists. 

Akdrew Jackson Dayis, a clairvoyant and eminent 
spiritualist, born at Blooming Grove, Orange Co., N. Y., 
Aug. 11, 1826. 

He is the author of many works on spiritualism, 
among which is " The Great Harmonia." 

Eobert Green Ingersoll, a noted American 
lawyer, orator and author, born in Dresden, N. Y., 
Aug. 11, 1833. 

He has taken part in numerous noted law-suits, in 
all parts of the country ; was counsel for the so- 
called star-route conspirators, whose trial ended in 
acquittal, 1883. His services as a campaign orator are 
in demand throughout the country. He is well known 
by his books, pamphlets, and speeches, considered to be 
directed against the Christian religion. 
August 12. 

George IV., of England, grandfather of Queen 



192 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Aug. 13. 

Victoria, born Aug. 12, 1762. Died June 26, 1830. 
He reigned ten years as regent during the inability of 
his father, George III., and became king at the death of 
his father in 1820. 

Kobert Southey, an eminent English poet and 
author, born at Bristol, Eng., Aug. 12, 1774. Died 
March 21, 1843. In 1803 he settled in the lake region 
in the north of England, and with Wordsworth and 
Coleridge formed the " Lake Poets. " He was appointed 
poet-laureate in 1813. 

Elizabeth Oakes Smith, an American poet and mis- 
cellaneous writer, born at Cumberland, Me., Aug. 12, 
1806. 

She was the wife of Seba Smith, " Major Jack Down- 
ing," and has been a prominent advocate of the rights 
of women, both as a writer and lecturer. 

August 13. 

Antotoe Laurekt Layoisier, an illustrious French 
chemical philosopher, born at Paris, Aug. 13, 1743. He 
discovered the composition of water in 1783, and was 
the principal inventor of the system of chemical 
nomenclature ; and was thus styled " one of the fathers 
of modern chemistry." He was guillotined during the 
" Eeign of Terror " in France, May 8, 1794. 

Key. ' Kowland Hill, an eccentric yet popular 
preacher, born at Hawkstone, Eng., Aug. 13, 1744. 
Died in London, April 11, 1833. In 1783 he built Surrey 
Chapel, London, in which he preached fifty years. He 
was a disciple of the eloquent Whitfield. 

Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, Sen"., an American 
writer, born at Andover, Mass., Aug. 13, 1815. Died 



[Aug. 14. EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 193 

there Nov. 30, 1852. She wrote many popular tales for 
the young under the name of "H. Trusta." 

Arthur Sherburne Hardy, M.A., Ph.D., an Amer- 
ican scholar and author, born at Andover, Mass., Aug. 
13, 1847. 

As a mathematician he holds a position among the 
brightest lights in that department, and is an authority 
in all the higher branches of the art. He has publish- 
ed several mathematical works, but is best known to the 
reading public by his novel "But yet a Woman," of 
which 20,000 copies have been sold in this country, be- 
sides the four editions issued in England. As a book it 
is equal to Longfellow's " Hyperion " in its wealth of 
pithy, felicitous expression, easily passed into proverbs. 
August 14. 

Haks Christian Oersted, a celebrated Danish 
natural philosopher, the founder of the science of electro- 
magnetism, born on the Island of Langeland, Aug. 14, 
1777. Died March 9, 1851. He announced his great 
discovery of the relation between magnetism and elec- 
tricity in 1820, and the electric telegraph is one of the 
most direct practical results of that discovery. He also 
made many discoveries in chemistry, and wrote a num- 
ber of works on that science. At the close of 1850, a 
national jubilee was held in honor of the fiftieth anni- 
versary of his connection with the University of Copen- 
hagen, a festival he did not long survive. 

John H. Griscom, a lecturer, physician, and author 
born in New York, Aug. 14, 1809. Died 1874. Author 
of "Uses and Abuses of Airland other works. 

Charlotte Fowler Wells, an American phrenolo- 
gist, born at Cohocton, Steuben Co., N. Y.,Aug. 14,1814. 

She is a sister of the Fowlers, and was wife of S. E. 



194 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Aug. 15. 

Wells, of the publishing house of "Fowler & Wells." 
She early became interested in the study of phrenology 
and is considered the pioneer woman in this field, hav- 
ing been for more than fifty years actively engaged in 
the work. On the death of her husband in 1875 she be- 
came owner and director of the establishment,, together 
with the widely known "Phrenological Journal/' and is 
the president of the Fowler & Wells Co. She was one 
of the incorporators of the New York Medical College 
for Women, and has been an active trustee since 1863/ 

August 15. 

Edward Preble, a celebrated American Commodore, 
born in Portland, Me., Aug, 15, 1761. Died there Aug. 
21, 1807. He is famous for the success of his squadron, 
under his flagship the " Constitution," sent against 
Tripoli in 1803. For these services he received a gold 
medal from Congress. 

Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon I., Emperor of 
the French, and the greatest general of modern times, 
born at Ajaccio, in Corsica, Aug. 15, 1769. Tired of 
anarchy and confusion produced by the " Eeign of 
Terror " and subsequent wars, the French gladly accept- 
ed Napoleon as First Consul, Jan., 1800. In Dec, 1804, 
he crowned himself Emperor of France. His well-known 
career in his attempt to make all Europe, France, was 
terminated at the battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815, 
and he died an English prisoner on the island of St. 
Helena, May 5, 1821. 

Sir Walter Scott, a celebrated Scottish novelist 
and poet, born in Edinburgh, Aug. 15, 1771. Died 
Sept. 21, 1832. The first of his three great poems, the 
" Lay of the Last Minstrel," appeared in Jan., 1805, 



Aug. 15.1 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 195 

and at once gave its author a place among the most dis- 
tinguished poets of the age. " Marmion " was publish- 
ed in Feb., 1808, and the " Lady of the Lake" in May, 
1810. According to Lockhart, " the Lay" is consider- 
ed the most natural and original, " Marmion" the most 
powerful and splendid, and the "Lady of the Lake" 
the most interesting and graceful. In July, 1814, ap- 
peared " Waverley, or 'Tis Sixty Years Since," the tirst 
of that series of novels which formed a new era in the 
history of romance, and placed the name of Scott on the 
highest pinnacle of fame. When the Waverly novels ap- 
peared anonymously, the author was popularly styled 
" The Great Unknown," and on account of his marvel- 
ous power of creating illusions, was called " The Great 
Enchanter." 

Thomas de Quincey, an eminent English author, 
bom in Manchester, Eng\, Aug. 15, 1785. Died in 
Edinburgh, Dec. 8, 1859. He early began to use 
opium to alleviate the pains of rheumatism, and con- 
tracted the habit of an excessive use of that drug; but 
in the prime of life, through severe struggle, reformed, 
and afterwards wrote his noted " Confessions of an 
Opium Eater." He was one of the most brilliant maga- 
zine writers of his time. 

Francois P. Jules Grevy, a French politician and 
statesman, born in Jura, Aug. 15, 1813. 

He was elected President of the Eepublic of France, 
Jan. 1879, which place he filled with the respect and 
confidence of all parties until his resignation, 1887. 

Charles G. Leland, an American author and 
humorist, born at Philadelphia, Aug. 15, 1824. 

He first addressed himself to the public through the 
magazines, and has officiated as editor of some of the 



196 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Aug. 17. 

periodicals of the day, but has achieved his greatest 
popularity by productions of a humorous or burlesque 
character. As a writer of dialect poetry, Mr. Leland 
has shown a considerable mastery of the quaint speech 
of the "Pennsylvania Dutch," and his ballads are as 
highly appreciated in England as in America. 

August 16. 

George Taylor, one of the signers to the " Declara- 
tion of Independence," born in Ireland, Aug. 16, 1716. 
Died at Easton, Pa., Feb. 23, 1781. He came to Amer- 
ica as a " redemptioner " in 1736. 

Nathan Hale, a journalist and lawyer, born at 
Westhampton, Mass., Aug. 16, 1784. Died in 1863. 
He conducted for many years the " Boston Daily Advis- 
er," the pioneer daily of New England, and was one of 
the founders of the " North American Eeview." He 
was nephew of the Revolutionary martyr patriot, Nathan 
Hale, and father of Rev. Edward Everett Hale. 

Isaac Taylor, Jr., LL.D., an eminent English 
writer, born in Suffolk, Aug. 16, 1787. Died at Stan- 
ford Rivers, June 28, 1865. He published a number of 
moral, philosophical and theological works of a high 
character. 

Jeast II. M. D'Aubigke, a Swiss divine and popular 
historian, born at Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 16, 1794. 
Died Oct. 21, 1872. In 1835 he published the first vol- 
ume of his capital work a "History of the Reformation," 
which obtained great popularity especially in England 
and the United States. 

Augu§t 17. 

Francois Maksard, a celebrated French architect, 
born at Paris, Aug. 17, 1598. Died there 1666. He 



Aug. 18,] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 197 

erected several chateaus and churches in Paris, and his 
designs were remarkable for nobleness and majesty. He 
was the inventor of the curb-roof which bears his name, 

Fredrika Bremer, a celebrated Swedish novelist, 
born at Abo, Finland, Aug. 17, 1801. Died Dec. 31, 
1866. Her works have been translated into several of 
the European languages and have enjoyed great popu- 
larity. She visited the United States in 1850, and after- 
wards wrote " The Homes of the New World." 

John F. Hurst, D.D., an American Bishop of the 
M. E. Church and a noted author, born near Salem, 
Md., Aug. 17, 1831. 

His writings consist of theological and historical works, 
the most important of which is a "History of the 
Church," covering the whole period from its earliest in- 
stitution down to the present time. 
August 1§. 

Meriwether Lewis, an enterprising American trav- 
eler and explorer, born near Charlotteville, Va., Aug. 
18, 1771. Died in Tenn., Oct. 11, 1809. He was ap- 
pointed by the United States government conjointly 
with Capt. Clarke, to explore the northwest part of the 
American continent. They gave the names of Jefferson, 
Gallatin, and Madison, to the three streams which form 
the Missouri, and the principal affluents of the Colum- 
bia were named Lewis and Clarke. 

Charles Francis Adams, an American diplomaiist 
and statesman, born in Boston, Aug. 18, 1807. Died 
1886. One of the most noted events of his life was his 
appointment as minister to England during the civil war 
in America, and though encountering the most bitter 
social hostility in England, he maintained the right of 
bis country, and "exercised the grandest qualities of 



198 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Aug. 19. 

true statesmanship just where and when they were of 
priceless value." His grandfather, John Adams, occu- 
pied an equally trying diplomatic position as minister to 
England in 1785. 

Hervey Bachus Wilbur, M.D. an American phy- 
sician and philanthropist, born at Wendell, Mass., Aug. 
18, 1820. 

He was founder of the schools for idiots in the United 
States, the first fully organized one being at Syracuse, 
N". Y., 1854, of which he was appointed superintendent. 

Franz Joseph, the present emperor of the Austro- 
Hungarian monarchy. Born Aug. 18, 1830. 

He ascended to the Austrian throne Dec. 2, 1848, 
upon the abdication of his uncle, the emperor Ferdinand. 
One of the first acts of his reign was the subjugation of 
Hungary. The famed house of Hapsburg has lost 
much territory in Europe since the beginning of offen- 
sive wars in 1859, and has been excluded from the 
German Confederation, but since the constitutional au- 
tonomy of Hungary was restored in 1867, the subjects 
of Francis Joseph have acquired an increase of civil and 
religious liberty. 

Angu§t 19. 

John - WooLMAisr, an American Quaker preacher and 
eminent philanthropist, born in Northampton, N. J., 
Aug. 19, 1720. Died at York, Eng., 1773. His influ- 
ence contributed more than that of any other individual 
towards inducing the Society of Friends to pass regula- 
tions forbidding their members to hold slaves, and his 
writings have attracted the admiration of those not en- 
dorsing his Quaker views. Charles Lamb says : " Get the 
writings of John Woolman by heart, and love the early 
Quakers." 



Aug. 20.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 199 

Samuel Griswold Goodrich, the famous " Peter 
Parley," born at Kidgefield, Conn., Aug. 19, 1793. 
Died in New York, May 9, 1860. His popularity as a 
writer for children consisted in writing history, geogra- 
phy, travels and stories, in a way to instruct as well as 
amuse, and which supplanted the idle tales of fiction 
which previously had been the only reading for children. 
Among his numerous works are "Kecollections of a Life- 
time/' and " Illustrated Natural History of the Animal 
Kingdom." 

Elisha Mitchel, D.D., an American chemist and 
divine, born in Washington county, Conn., August 19, 
1793. Being appointed State surveyor of North Caro- 
lina, he was the first to discover that the mountains of 
that State were the highest east of the "Kockies." He 
lost his life upon the "Black Dome," June 27, 1857, 
which has since been called Mount Mitchel. 

William H. Vakderbilt, son of Cornelius Van- 
derbilt, born in New Jersey, Aug. 19, 1821. Died Dec. 
7, 1885. He inherited a large part of his father's im- 
mense fortune, and was a successful manager of his 
father's stupendous enterprises. 

August 20 

Eobert Herrick, an English poet and clergyman, 
born in London, Aug. 20, 1591. Died at Devon, Oct., 
1674. He was one of the best of English lyric and song- 
writers. 

Louis Bourdaloue, an eminent French pulpit ora- 
tor, born at Bourges, Aug. 20, 1632. Died 1704. He 
was a man of spotless fame, yet he had so fearless a tact 
in the pulpit, that he retained his position as chosen 
preacher to the vilest yet most powerful court in the 



200 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Aug. 20. 

world, that of Louis XIV. longer than any other pulpit 
orator was ever tolerated. He was styled by his country- 
men, "The king of preachers and the preacher of 
kings. " 

JoHANtf Jakob Berzelius, M.D., F.R.S., a distin- 
guished Swedish chemist, born at East Gothland, Swe- 
den, Aug. 20, 1779. Died Aug. 7, 1848. He was the 
author of the symbols used as abridgements of the chem- 
ical nomenclature, also the discoverer of several chemi- 
cal elements. 

Valejstiste Mott, a famous American surgeon, born 
at Glen Cove, L. I., Aug. 20, 1785. Died in New York, 
April 26, 1865. He was a brilliant and able lecturer 
and acquired a celebrity by his skill in the original ope- 
rations which he performed. Sir Ashley Cooper said 
that Dr. Mott had performed more of the great opera- 
tions than any man living. He was one of the founders 
of Kutgers Medical College. 

Johst Miltok Niles, an American journalist and 
statesman, born at Windsor, Conn., Aug. 20, 1787. 
Died at Hartford, May 31, 1856. He was founder of 
the " Hartford Times," for which he wrote thirty years, 
also author of many works. 

James Jarvis, an American writer and traveler, born 
in Boston, Mass., Aug. 20, 1818. 

He resided for some time in the Sandwich Islands, 
and published the "Polynesian," the first newspaper 
published there. 

Benjamin Harrisojst, the successful Republican nom- 
inee forPresident in the campaign of 1888, born at North 
Bend, Ohio, Aug. 20, 1833. 

He is great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison, one of the 
signers of the Declaration, and grandson of Gen, William 






Aug. 21.] EVERY DAY BIOGRAPHY. 201 

H. Harrison, of Tippecanoe fame, afterward President 
of the United States, but for one month, being the first 
President who died in office. Mr. Harrison has been for 
many years an able lawyer of Indiana, leaving his pro- 
fession in 1862 to take a position in the army, and 
again in 1881, when elected to the Senate. Said a noted 
lecturer, " whether he wins the Presidential chair or not, 
Mr. Harrison's campaign will be a clean one." 

August 21. 

James Oeichto2s t , "The admirable Crichton," a Scot- 
tish prodigy, born in Perthshire, Aug. 21, 1560. When 
he was twenty he had run through the circle of the 
sciences, and could speak ten languages, after which he 
traveled over Europe and challenged all the learned doc- 
tors in a disputation in any of the tongues. Died at the 
hands of his pupil Vincentio, a dissolute youth, in 1583. 

Sir Banastre Tarleto^", an English officer of the 
American Revolution, born in Liverpool, Aug. 21, 1794. 
Died Jan. 23, 1833. He served under Cornwallis, and 
was the notorious antagonist of Marion and Sumpter, in 
the skirmishes of the Carolinas, and to this day " Tarle- 
ton's quarter " is a synonym for cruelty. 

Johk Tyjsdall, LL. D., F.R.S., a distinguished 
British physicist and author, born near Carlow, Ireland, 
Aug. 21, 1820. 

Prof. Tyndall has probably done more than any other 
writer to make known the great scientific truth of the 
mutual convertibility of heat and motion. 

Kichard S. Storrs, an American Congregational 

divine, born at Braintree, Mass., Aug. 21, 1821. Died, 

1873. He was for several years one of the editors of the 

"Independent," contributing largely to other literature* 



202 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY, [Aug. 22. 

August 22. 

James K. Paulding, a popular American novelist 
and miscellaneous writer, born in Pleasant Valley, Dutch- 
ess county, N. Y., Aug. 22, 1779. Died at Hyde Park, 
N*. Y., April 6, 1860. He was associated with Washing- 
ton Irving in the authorship of "Salmagundi." " The 
Diverting History of John Bull and Brother Jonathan/' 
" The Dutchman's Fireside," and "Merry Tales of the 
Three Wise Men of Gotham," are among his many works. 
He was appointed Secretary of the Navy in 1837, by 
President Van Buren. 

John B. Gough, a reformed inebriate and celebrated 
lecturer on temperance, born at Sandgate, Kent, Eng., 
Aug. 22, 1817. Died 1886. For more than forty years 
he devoted himself to the temperance reform, combin- 
ing in a remarkable degree the qualities of actor with 
those of an orator. It is said he spoke one hundred 
times on temperance in Exeter Hall, London. 

Emily Judsok, " Fanny Forester," an American 
authoress, born at Eaton, N". Y., Aug. 22, 1817. Died at 
Hamilton, N. Y., 1854. She was the third wife of the 
missionary Judson, and accompanied him to Burmah, 
where she wrote some of her best poems. 

Laura C. Holloway, a distinguished American 
authoress, born at Nashville, Tenn., Aug, 22, 1848. 

She began, to contribute to Southern periodicals at the 
age of eleven, and in 1870, when but twenty-two, while 
a guest at the White House, wrote her famous work* 
" The Ladies of the White House, or the Home of the 
Presidents," of which 140,000 copies have been sold in 
America, besides 25,000 in foreign lands. Besides her 
many other popular works, she was for twelve years 
associate editor of the " Brooklyn Eagle." Her lecture, 






Aug. 23.] E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 203 

" The Perils of the Hour, or Woman's Place/' delivered in 
all the large cities of America, was declared by Henry 
Ward Beecher to be " the most eloquent lecture ever 
delivered to the women of America/' Her recent lecture 
before the Women's International Convention in Wash- 
ington, D. C, entitled " Women in Journalism," was 
telegraphed all over the country at the time. 

August 23. 

Jedediah Morse, an American geographer and 
divine, born at Woodstock, Conn., Aug. 23, 1761. 
Died in 1826. He is principally known by his geograph- 
ical works, the first of the kind published in America. 
He is the father of S. F. B. Morse. 

Sir Astley Pastok Cooper, F.R.S., LL.D., etc., an 
eminent English surgeon, born at Brooke, Norfolk, 
Eng., Aug. 23, 1768. Died Feb. 12, 1841. He 
acquired so extended a practice, that his income is 
said to have been £21,000 annually. He was appointed 
surgeon to the king in 1828. 

Barok George C. L. F. D. Cuvier, an illustrious 
philosopher, statesman and author, and one of the 
greatest naturalists of modern times, born in Wurtem- 
burg, Aug. 23, 1769. Died May 13, 1832. In 1817 
he produced his celebrated "Animal Kingdom," which 
immediately took the highest rank among the books of 
the kind, and became the guide to zoological studies 
throughout Europe. He is considered the founder of 
comparative anatomy, in which he attained such skill 
that with a small fragment of a characteristic part of 
an animal, he could determine the class, order and even 
genus to which it belonged. 



204 E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Aug. 24. 

Com. Oliver Hazard Perry, a distinguished 
American officer, born at South Kingston, B. I., 
Aug. 23, 1785. Died on his birthday, on the Island of 
Trinidad, in 1819. "Perry's victory" in the battle of 
Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813, with his laconic dispatch to 
Gen. Harrison, " We have met the enemy and they are 
ours," makes his name one to glitter on the page of 
American history. 

August 24. 

Letitia Kamolike Bonaparte, the mother of 
Napoleon I., born in Corsica, Aug. 24, 1750. Died Feb. 
2, 1836. She was celebrated for her beauty, amiable 
character and good sense. Napoleon once said : "It is 
to my mother and her good principles, that I owe my 
fortune and all the good that I have ever done." 

William Wilberforce, an illustrious English philan- 
thropist and statesman, born at Hull, Eng., Aug. 24, 
1759. Died July 29, 1833. His whole life was spent 
in philanthropic enterprises, one of which was the 
abolition of slavery in the British dominion, which he 
lived to see accomplished. 

James W. Wallace, an English actor, born in 
London, Aug. 24, 1795. Died in New York, Dec. 25, 
1864. He settled in New York, in 1851, and founded 
the theater on Broadway called by his name. 

Theodore Parker, a distinguished American 
scholar and rationalistic theologian, born at Lexington, 
Mass., Aug. 24, 1810. Died in Florence, Italy, May 10, 
1860. He gave offence to the conservative Unitarians, 
by assuming the absolute humanity of Christ. Besides 
his ministerial duties, his labors extended intellectually 
into nearly every department of human knowledge on 
which he gave numerous lectures. But the question, 



Aug. 25.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 205 

which seemed to have enlisted all his faculties, was 
Southern slavery and its attendant iniquities. 

Eliza Jake Thompson, an eminent worker in the 
temperance cause, born in Hillsboro, Highland Co., 
Ohio, Aug. 24, 1816. 

She was the leader of the first " Woman's Crusade " 
band in the temperance cause in Hillsboro, Ohio, Dec. 
24, 1873. This novel plan of inducing druggists, 
dealers and saloon-keepers to stop their deadly traffic, 
was suggested by Dr. Dio Lewis in a temperance lecture, 
Dec. 23^ 1873. 

Augn§t 25. 

Johank Gottfkied vok Hekdek, one of the most 
remarkable and gifted writers that Germany has pro- 
duced, was born at Mohrungen, East Prussia, Aug. 25, 
1744. Died at Weimar, Dec. 18, 1803. He was an 
eloquent preacher, a zealous friend of education, and an 
encourager of rising talent ; and though among his 
many writings there is hardly a complete work, yet he 
is admitted to have exercised a most important influence 
on German literature. "The Philosophy of History" 
is his greatest work. 

Samuel Chester Eied, an American naval officer, 
born at Norwich, Conn., Aug. 25, 1783. Died in New 
York, Jan. 28, 1861. He was in active service during 
the war of 1812, and regulated the pilot-boats and 
signals at the Battery and the Narrows. He was also 
designer of the present U. S. flag. 

James Lick, an American philanthropist, born at 
Fredericksburg, Lebanon Co., Pa., Aug. 25, 1796. Died 
1876. He was one of the earliest settlers in San Francis- 
co, in 1847, and invested in real estate, which made him 
exceedingly wealthy. In 1874 he placed his entire 



206 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Aug. 27. 

property in the hands of seven trustees, to be devoted 
to public and charitable purposes, one of which was to 
build an observatory, and erect a telescope more power- 
ful than any made before. Since its erection on Mount 
Hamilton, Cal., it has been called by his name. 

Francis Bret Harte, an American author born at 
Albany, K Y., Aug. 25, 1839. 

His theme for writing has been the life of California 
miners, but his popularity culminated with the publi- 
cation of " The Heathen Chinee. '■ 

Augu§t 26. 

Sir Eobert Walpole, Earl of Orford, a celebrated 
English statesman, born in Norfolk Co., Eng., Aug. 
26, 1676. Died in London, March 18, 1745, He was at 
the head of affairs in England more than twenty years, 
and resigned in 1742, after a spirited contest with the 
opposing party, composed of Tories and disaffected 
Whigs, during which contest occurred the famed ora- 
tions of Walpole and Pitt. 

Prikce Albert, or more fully, Albert Francis 
Augustus Charles Emanuel, Consort of Queen Victoria 
of Great Britain, born near Coburg, Aug. 26, 1819. Died 
Dec. 14, 1861. He married Victoria Feb., 1840, and mer- 
ited the confidence of the queen by his excellent .qualifi- 
cations, which rendered him her best adviser. His 
death was regarded as an irreparable loss not merely to 
the queen, but to the nation of which he had been king 
in all but in name. 

August 27. 

William Woollett, an eminent English engraver, 
born at Maidstone Kent, Eng., Aug. 27, 1735. Died 
in London, May 23, 1785, and a monument was erected 



Aug. 28.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 207 

to him in Westminster Abbey. His landscapes, both 
etched and engraved by a style of his own, are ranked 
among the most exquisite works of the kind. 

Bahthold Geoiige Niebuhk, a celebrated German 
historian and critic, born at Copenhagen, Aug. 27, 1776. 
Died Jan. 2, 1831. His "History of Rome" is consid- 
ered the most original and profound work on ancient 
history which any modern writer has produced. 

Augu§t S§. 

John Stakke, an American general of the Revolu- 
tion, born at Londonderry, N". H., Aug. 28, 1728. Died 
at Manchester, N. H., May 8, 1832. He is a conspicu- 
ous figure in American history, by his victory over the 
British at Bennington, Aug. 16, 1777, and by his words 
before going into battle : " There are the red coats ; we 
must beat them to-day, or Molly Starke is a widow I w 

Johaistn Wolfgang von Goethe, the most illus- 
trious name in German literature, and one of the 
great poets of the world, born at Frankfort-on-the- 
Main, Aug. 28, 1749. Died at Weimar, March 22, 1832. 
Among his many works "Faust" is considered the great 
work of Goethe's life. 

Gest. Okmsby McKkight Mitchel, LL.D., an emi- 
nent American astronomer, born in Union county, Ky., 
Aug. 28, 1810. He offered his services to his country in 
1861, and died of yellow fever at Beaufort, S. C, Oct. 
30, 1862. The direct cause of the establishment of 
the observatories at Albany, Clinton, Allegheny City, 
Cincinnati, Washington and Cambridge, is due to the 
impetus given to that study by his popular lectures. 

Count Leo Tolstoi, a celebrated Russian nobleman, 
author and poet, born Aug. 28, 1828. 



208 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Aug. 29. 

His early life found him a soldier at Sevastopol, after 
which he became famous as a novelist, but becoming 
convinced that as a man, he ought to have a nobler ob- 
ject in life than amusing people, he turned his attention 
to instructive writing, and to solve the problem of true 
happiness. This he found to consist in the pure religion 
of the gospel of Jesus, as taught in the Testament ; since 
which he has written many worthy works, one of which 
"My Religion/' is one of the most practical works on 
Christianity ever published. Count Tolstoi is at the 
present time the most generally talked of and widely 
read author in Russia. 

Ira David Sankey, an eminent American musical 
evangelist and co-laborer of D. L. Moody, born in Edin- 
burgh, Lawrence county, Pa., Aug. 28; 1840. 

He is the author of several popular hymns, and is one 
of the compilers of the revival hymn books entitled 
"Gospel Songs." 

August 29. 

Johk Locke, a celebrated English philosopher and 
philanthropist, born at Wrington, Somersetshire, Aug. 
29, 1632. Died Oct. 28, 1704. Locke's great work, an 
"Essay on the Human Understanding/' was written 
upon, during an interval of more than twenty years. He 
was private secretary to the Earl of Shaftesbury, and as- 
sisted him in drawing up the noted aristocratic Consti- 
tution of the Carolinas, which proved such a failure. 

Charles Townshend, an English statesman and 
orator, born in England, Aug. 29, 1725. Died in Sep- 
tember, 1767. He supported the Stamp Act, so obnox- 
ious to the American colonies, procured the passage of 
the bill which imposed a tax on tea, and other articles, 
and provoked the colonies into a revolt. ' ' Townshend," 




Aug. 30.1 E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 209 

says Macauley, " a man of splendid talents, lax prin- 
ciples, and of boundless vanity and presumption, would 
submit to no control, and when Pitt, of whom he stood 
in awe, resigned, he broke from all restraint." 

William G. Brownlow, "Parson Brownlow," an 
American divine and politician, born in Wythe county, 
Va., Aug. 29, 1805. Died April 28, 1877. Though 
residing in Tennessee, at the crisis of 1861, he proved 
himself a strong adherent to the Union, for which he 
was persecuted and imprisoned by the secessionists dur- 
ing the early part of the war. In 1867 he was chosen 
Senator of the United States. 

Oliver Wendell Holmes, M.D., "the Autocrat," 
a distinguished American author, wit and poet, born at 
Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 29, 1809. 

He has been professor of anatomy and physiology in 
Dartmouth and Harvard Colleges, and has written ably 
on various subjects connected with his profession, yet 
his busy life in this direction is perhaps covered by his 
fame as a poet. As a lyric poet he has few if any supe- 
riors in America. His "Autocrat of the Breakfast 
Table," published in 1857-58, has given him his name. 

Abby Hutchinson, one of the remarkable Hutchin- 
son family of singers, born at Milford, N. H., Aug. 29, 
1829. 

She, in company with her three brothers, attained a 
popularity unknown before in the Northern States, by 
the harmony and sentiment of their songs. 

August 30. 

Sir John Kennie, a distinguished British civil en- 
gineer, architect and mechanician, born in London, 
Aug. 30, 1794. Died Sept. 3, 1874. He was architect 



210 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Sept.l. 

of the London Bridge, finished in 1831, for which he 
was knighted. 

Samuel Osgood, D.D., an American Unitarian di- 
vine and author, born at Charles town, Mass., Aug. 30, 
1812. Died April, 1880. " Studies in Christian Biog- 
raphy," " Milestones on our Life-Journey," are among 
his theological works, and he was also a contributor to 
some of the prominent magazines. 

August 31. 

Prof. James Ferguson, an eminent American civil 
engineer and astronomer, born in Perthshire, Scotland, 
August 31, 1797. Died Sept. 26, 1867. He has been a 
valued contributor to discoveries in astronomy and an 
assistant in determining the boundary of the United 
States. 

Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, Jr., an American auth- 
oress, born at Andover, Mass., Aug. 31, 1844. 

Among her many works is " Gates Ajar," which at- 
tained such a popularity that it passed through more 
than twenty editions in less than a year. 

September 1. 

Lydia H. Sigourney, " the Hemans of America," 
an American poetess and miscellaneous writer, born in 
Norwich, Conn., Sept. 1, 1791. Died at Hartford, 
June 10, 1865. She published fifty-nine volumes of 
poems, essays, and letters, chiefly on moral and religious 
themes, and through a long life was one of the most 
popular of American poets. 

Chester Harding, an American portrait painter, 
born in Conway, Mass., Sept. 1, 1793. Died in Boston 
April 1, 1866. Among the eminent men who sat to 
him in England, were the Dukes of Sussex, Hamilton. 



Sept. 2.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 211 

and Norfolk, the historian Alison, and the poet Eogers. 
In America, were Presidents Madison, Monroe, and J. 
Q. Adams ; Chief Justice Marshall, Webster, Clay, and 
Calhoun. 

James Gordon Be^xett, an eminent American 
journalist, born in Banffshire, Scotland, Sept. 1, 1795. 
Died in New York, June 1, 1872. He emigrated to the 
United States in 1819, and in 1835 founded the " New 
York Herald/' the first newspaper that published a 
daily money article and stock lists. He was its editor 
and proprietor for nearly forty years. 
September 2. 

Johst Harvard, an English divine, born in England 
Sept. 2, 1608. Died Sept. 14, 1638. After being or- 
dained he emigrated to Massachusetts, and officiated a 
short time at Oharlestown. At his death he left a legacy 
of £799 to endow a school at Cambridge, and is thus 
memorable as the founder of the university which bears 
his name. 

Joh^ Howard, F.E.S., a celebrated English phi- 
lanthropist, born at Hackney, near London, Sept. 2, 
1726. Died at Kherson, Russia, Jan. 20, 1790. His in- 
terest in the much needed prison reforms was awakened 
by his being taken by a French privateer, while on his 
way to Lisbon, to relieve the misery caused by the 
earthquake of 1775, and detained in prison long 
enough to see the abuses of the prisoners. 

Willard Parker, M.D., LL.D., an eminent Ameri- 
can physician, born in Lydeborough, N. H., Sept. 2, 
1800. Died 188-4. He has made many important dis- 
coveries in practical surgery, and was for thirty years 
professor of surgery in the New York College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons. 



212 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Sept. 4. 

Habvey Newcomb, D.D., an American author and 
editor, born at Thetford, Va., Sept. 2, 1803. Died at 
Brooklyn, Aug. 30, 1863. He was at different times 
editor of five different papers, besides contributing to 
several others. 

Henry George, now recognized as one of the fore- 
most thinkers of the age, born in Philadelphia, Sept. 2, 
1839. 

September 3. 

Heikrich Christian Schumacher, an able Danish 
astronomer, born at Branstedt, Holstein, Sept. 3, 1780. 
Died Dec. 28, 1850. He was long the professor of as- 
tronomy at the University of Copenhagen, and by his 
observations, formed the basis of the Danish scale of 
measure. 

Joh^ Humphrey Noyes, founder of the sect called 
Perfectionists, which finally culminated in the Oneida 
Community, of which he was the leader, born at Brat- 
tleboro, Vt., Sept. 3, 1811. Died April 13, 1886. 

Carolina A. Soule, an eminent American lecturer, 
writer and journalist, born in Albany, N. Y., Sept. 3, 
1821. 

Sarah Orke Jewett, an American author, born in 
South Berwick, Me., Sep. 3, 1849. 

She has traveled extensively in Europe, Canada and 
the United States, and in addition to valuable contribu- 
tions to periodicals, is author of many books. 

September 4. 

Thomas U. Walter, an eminent American architect, 
born at Philadelphia, Sept. 4, 1804. 
Among the many monuments of his skill, as designer 



Sept. 5.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 213 

and architect, are the Girard College, perhaps the finest 
specimen of classical architecture in America ; the iron • 
dome and extension of the Capitol at Washington, east 
and west wings of the Patent Office, extension of the 
General Post Office ; he also designed the new treasury 
building, and government hospital for the insane. 

Hamilton Stewart, one of the most noted men of 
Texas, born in Kentucky, Sept. 4, 1813. 

He has resided in Galveston, Texas, from the foun- 
dation of the city, has been repeatedly its mayor, also ed- 
itor of its chief paper, " The Galveston News." 

Phebe Cary, the younger sister of Alice Oary, both 
talented American poets and prose writers, born near 
Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 4, 1824. Died July 31, 1871. 
" One sweetly solemn thought " is one of her earliest 
productions, written at the age of seventeen. 

September 5. 

Armakd Jean De Richelieu, " Cardinal Richelieu," 
a celebrated and ambitious French statesman, born in 
Paris, Sept. 5, 1585. Died in his palace at Paris, Dec. 
4, 1642. His reign as prime minister to Louis XIII., 
was one of tyranny and oppression. The destruction of 
the Huguenots and their stronghold La Rochelle, is one 
of the memorable events in the history of France. He 
built the Palais Royal, and gave substantia] encourage- 
ment to literature and art. 

Christopher Martin YfiELAND, "the German 
Voltaire," a celebrated German poet, born in Wurtem- 
berg, Sept. 5, 1733. Died near Weimar, Jan., 1813. 
" Oberon," which is his most celebrated poetical produc- 
tion, was considered by Goethe to be a master-piece. 
Wieland, Goethe, Schiller and Herder, were intimate and 



214 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Sept. 5. 

by their association benefited one another, and made 
Weimar the literary center of Germany. 

John Dalton, F.K.S., a noted English chemical 
philosopher, born at Eaglesfieid, in Cockermouth, Eng., 
Sept 5, 1766. Died July 27, 1844. In 1803 he began 
to develop the most important and fundamental princi- 
ples of chemistry, which resulted in the "atomic theory," 
of which he is the author. He had a singular defect of 
vision, in consequence of which, red, blue, and green all 
looked alike to him, and this peculiar vision has since 
been called "Daltonism." He was a member of the 
Society of Friends and maintained an excellent moral 
character. 

Jean Pierre Abel Eemusat, an eminent French Ori- 
entalist, born at Paris, Sept. 5, 1788. Died there June 
4, 1832. His interest in the Tartar language, caused 
him to leave the medical profession, and it is said that 
he learned the Chinese language without a teacher. Pie 
founded the Asiatic Society of Paris, in 1822, and his 
important works on the eastern languages, leave monu- 
ments to his reputation. 

Giacomo Meyerbeer, an eminent German musicial 
composer of Jewish extraction, born in Berlin, Sept. 5, 
1794. Died in Paris, May 2, 1864. At nine years old, 
he was regarded as the best pianist in Berlin. Among 
his many compositions was * "The Huguenots," which was 
the first of the " historical lyric drama," and added new 
laurels to Meyerbeer's fame and made an epoch in 
operatic art. 

Hon. John Carlisle, Speaker of the House of Kep- 
resentatives for the Forty-eighth, Forty-ninth and Fifti- 
eth Congress, born in Campbell Co., Ky., Sept. 5, 1835, 



Sept. 6.1 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 215 

September 6. 

Marie Paul Jean Eoche Yver Gilbert Motier 
La Fayette, a French statesman and patriot, born in 
Auvergne, Sept. 6, 1757. Died in Paris, May 20, 1834. 
His valuable service, so unselfishly given to the American 
cause during the Revolution, and his triumphant visit 
to the United States in 1824-25, are events in his history 
which seemingly overshadow even a busier political life 
in his own country. 

Frances D'Arusmont, better known as " Fanny 
Wright," a distinguished reformer and writer, born in 
Dundee, Scotland, Sept. 6, 1795. Died at Cincinnati, 
Ohio, Dec. 14, 1852. She was really the leader of the 
u Woman's Eights" movement, which cause she awak- 
ened as early as 1820 by her lectures in the United 
States. She was associated with Eobert Owen, and his 
son, Eobert Dale Owen, in their reform ideas. 

Catherine Esther Beecher, an American writer, 
sister of Henry Ward Beecher, born at East Hampton, 
Long Island, Sept. 6, 1800. Died May 12, 1878. She 
was principal of a female seminary in Hartford, Conn., 
and author of works among which are those pertaining 
to domestic economy. 

Horatio Greenough, an eminent American sculp- 
tor, born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 6, 1805. Died inSom- 
erville, near Boston, Dec. 18, 1852. His " Chanting 
Cherubs" was the first group in marble executed 
by an American sculptor. He executed the co- 
lossal statue of Washington in front of the National 
Capitol, for which Congress paid $20,000, and a group 
entitled " The Rescue," on the steps leading to the ro- 
tunda of the same building. 



216 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Sept.?. 

William L. Rosecrans, an American general of the 
civil war, born in Kingston, Ohio, Sept. 6, 1819. 

He was the victorious general at the battles of Kich 
Mountain, Corinth and Murfreesboro, but was defeated 
at Chickamauga. 

September 7. 

Queen Elizabeth, of England, daughter of Henry 
VIII. and Anne Boleyn, born at Greenwich, Sept. 7, 
1533. Died 1603. She became queen on the death of 
her sister Mary, Nov. 17, 1558, and her reign was con- 
sidered eminently beneficial and glorious to the nation. 
The great events of her reign were her rivalry with her 
cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, who was executed in 1587, 
and the attempt of Philip of Spain to subjugate Eng- 
land by means of the " Invincible Armada," which 
proved a failure. The "Elizabethan Age" of literature, 
was created by such men as Spenser, Shakespeare, Sid- 
ney, Bacon and Ealeigh. Her faults as a woman have 
been covered by her ability as a ruler. 

George Louis Buefox, a celebrated French natural- 
ist and philosopher, born in Burgundy, Sept. 7, 1707. 
Died in Paris, April 16, 1788. He achieved his fame by 
his great work " Epochs of Nature," and was the writer 
of thirty-six volumes of Natural History. Besides these, 
he left an unfinished " Dissertation on Style," in which 
occurs the celebrated phrase, " Le style est de Thomme." 

Samuel Wilberforce, "Slippery Sam," a brother 
of the noted philanthropist, William Wilberforce, born 
at Clapham, England, Sept. 7, 1805. Died near Dork- 
ing, Surrey, Eng., July 19, 1873. He was a leader of 
the High Church party, and was skilled as a debater in 
the House of Lords, and for his versatility of opinion 
received his well known sobriquet. 



Sept. 8.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 217 

Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks, an American lawyer 
and statesman, born at Zanesville, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1819. 
Died 1885. He was an able and experienced leader of 
the Democratic party, but was a defeated candidate for 
the Vice-Presidency on the ticket with Tilden. Was 
again nominated in 1884, with Cleveland, but died in 
office. 

September 8. 

Lodovico Ariosto, a celebrated Italian poet, born at 
Reggio, near Modena, Sept. 8, 1474. Died June 6, 
1533. He has been considered, after Homer, the favorite 
poet of Europe, and yields to only three of his pre- 
decessors, Homer, Virgil and Dante. 

Pietro Martire Vermigle, " Peter Martyr," an 
eminent Protestant theologian, born at Florence, Italy, 
September 8, 1500. Died Nov. 12, 1562. He was 
considered one of the most learned theologians of his 
age, and as a Protestant writer, was second only to Cal- 
vin. 

Joseph Story, LL.D., an eminent American jurist, 
born at Marblehead, Mass., Sept. 8, 1779. Died at 
Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 10, 1845. He was appointed 
a justice of the supreme court of the United States by 
President Madison, when only thirty-two years of age. 
So young a man had never, in the history of England or 
America, been appointed to so high a judicial position. 
He occupied that place for thirty-four years, and his 
judgments in the supreme court form an important 
part of thirty-four volumes. 

William Cranch Bond, an American astronomer, 
born at Portland, Me., Sept. 8, 1789. Died Jan. 29, 
1859. He distinguished himself by his observations op. 



218 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Sept. 9. 

Saturn and celestial photography. He, with his son, dis- 
covered a satellite of Neptune and the eighth satellite 
of Saturn. 

Francis Bowen, an American scholar and author, 
born at Oharlestown, Mass., Sept. 8, 1811. 

He was for eleven years editor of the " North Ameri- 
can Beview," was also professor in Harvard University, 
and author of many works. 

Clarence 0. Cook, an American journalist and art 
critic, born in Dorchester, Mass., Sept. 8, 1828. 

Emilio Oastelar, an eminent Spanish orator and Re- 
publican statesman, born in Spain, Sept. 8, 3832. 

He is a brilliant writer, and is considered the most 
eloquent political orator in Spain; and from Sept., 1873, 
to Jan. 3, 1874, was President of the Spanish Republic. 

Richard Morris, LL.D., an eminent English author 
and poet, born in South wark, England, Sept. 8, 1833. 

§eptemb©r 0. 

Edmund Pendleton, an eminent American states- 
man and judge, born in Carolina Co., Va., Sept. 9, 1712. 
Died in Richmond, Va., Oct. 23, 1803. He was president 
of the Virginia Convention in 1776, and again in 1788, 
when the Convention met to consider the new Con- 
stitution of the United States. 

Alvisio Galvani, an eminent Italian physician and 
physiologist, born at Bologna, Sept. 9, 1737. Died 
there Dec. 4, 1798. His durable reputation is founded 
on the accidental discovery of the phenomena since 
called by his name " Galvanism/' 

Thomas Coke, D.D., LL.D., the first bishop of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, born in Brecon, Wales, 
Sept, 9, 1747. Died May 2, 1814, on a voyage to India, 






Sept. 11.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 219 

and was buried at sea. He founded the Wesley an mis- 
sion in the East and West Indies, at the expense of near- 
ly his eatire fortune. 

Richard C. Trench, D.D., an eminent English 
ecclesiastic and philologist, born Sept. 9, 1807. Died 1886. 

He was appointed Archbishop of Dublin in 1863, and 
his many valuable works are standards among ecclesias- 
tical scholars. 

September 10. 

Mujstgo Pake, an eminent and enterprising explorer 
of Africa, born near Selkirk, Scotland, Sept. 10, 1771. 
He perished in the Niger River, in 1805, while attempt- 
ing to escape, by swimming, from an attack by the 
natives. 

Robert Turjstbull, D.D., a Baptist divine and au- 
thor, born in Scotland, Sept. 10, 1809. Died Nov. 20, 
1877. Author of " Christ in History, or the Central 
Power," and other works. 

September II. 

James Thomson, a celebrated Scottish poet, born in 
Roxburghshire, Scotland, Sept. 11, 1700. Died at Kew 
Lane, near Richmond, Aug. 27, 1748. " The Castle of 
Indolence," considered his best work, is far less known 
than " The Seasons/' which is still one of the most popu- 
lar poems in the language. 

Daniel S. Dickenson, an American lawyer and 
statesman, born in Goshen, Conn., Sept. 11, 1800. 
Died Apr. 12, 1866. He was remarkable for his mem- 
ory and literary attainments, and became so distinguish- 
ed for his Biblical knowledge and apt quotations from 
the Scripture in his speeches in senate and court, that 
his friends familiarly applied to him the sobriquet of 
" Scripture Dick." 



220 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Sept. 12. 

September IS. 

Francis I., King of France, from 1515-1547, born 
at Cognac, Sept. 12, 1494. Died at Rambouillet, March 
31, 1547. Some of the noted events of his reign are the 
great battle of Marignano, called " the Battle of the 
Giants," Sept. 14-15, 1515 ; the meeting with Henry 
VIII. of England, on "the field of the cloth of gold," in 
June, 1520, and his great defeat in 1524, when the fa- 
mous Chevalier Bayard fell, and his own defeat and cap- 
ture at the battle of Pavia, 1525, at which time he is said 
to have written to his mother these noted words : 
" Madame, all is lost except our honor." 

Alexander Campbell, D.D., founder of the religi- 
ous sect known as the " Disciples of Christ," born in 
the county of Antrim, Ireland, Sept. 12, 1788. Died 
in 1866. Not finding among the Christian sects any 
whose system he could sincerely adopt, he declared 
against all human creeds, and formed religious associa- 
tions with the Bible as the only rule of faith. In 1841 
Dr. Campbell founded Bethany College in Virginia, and 
was long its president. 

Richard March Hoe, an eminent American inven- 
tor, born in New York, Sept. 12, 1812. Died at 
Florence, Italy, 1886. He was one of three sons of 
the original founder of the house of Robert Hoe. These 
three sons, with Richard as head of the firm, in 1847 
gave to the world the first rotary printing press, and 
later the web perfecting printing machines which have 
made the cheap newspaper a possibility, and complete- 
ly revolutionized the world of printing. 

Richard Jordan Gatling, an American inventor, 
born in Hertford Co., N. C, Sept. 12, 1818. 

Among his many inventions, is a machine for sowing 






Sept. 13] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 221 

wheat in drills, which is yery popular in the large wheat 
farms of the west. But his greatest invention is the 
repeating machine-gun, known as the Gatling gun, 
which can be made to fire four hundred shots per min- 
ute. It has been adopted by Kussia, Great Britain 
and other nations. 

Charles Dudley Warmer, a popular American au- 
thor and humorist, born at PJainfield, Mass., Sept. 12, 
1829. 

He is contributor and correspondent to several maga- 
zines, besides his many other works. Also joint author 
with Samuel L. Clemens, of "The Gilded Age. " 

Charles Valentine Eiley, an eminent entomolo- 
gist, born in London, Sept. 12, 1843. 

In 1860 he came to the United States, and has ren- 
dered valuable service to science and to agriculture by 
his study of insects injurious to vegetation, such as the 
Colorado potato beetle (as a destroyer of which he intro- 
duced using Paris green), the cotton worm, "the seven- 
teen-year locust/' the yucca moth, and the insects injur- 
ing grape culture. For his services rendered to the 
French, in this last named industry, he received from 
their government a gold medal. 

September 13, 

Richard I., "the lion-hearted " king of England, 
1189-1199, born at Oxford, Sept. 13, 1157, and was 
killed in battle, April 6, 1199. He was one of the sove- 
reigns of Europe who enlisted in the Crusades. 

Andrew Pickens, a distinguished American general 
of the Revolution, born at Paxton, Bucks Co., Pa., 
Sept. 13, 1739. Died at Hopewell, Aug. 17, 1817. He 
shared with Marion and Sumter the honor of the heroic 



222 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Sept. 14. 

defence of South Carolina, when it was overrun by the 
British and Tory forces. 

Casper Wistar, M.D., a distinguished American 
physician, born at Philadelphia, Sept. 13, 1761. Died 
Jan. 22, 1818. He was highly distinguished in his pro- 
fession and conferred great luster upon the Philadelphia 
Medical School. The wistaria, one of our beautiful 
spring flowering climbers, was named in his honor. 

Alice Have>t, an American author, born at Hudson, 
N. Y., Sept. 13, 1825. Died Aug. 23, 1863. She pro- 
duced many excellent juvenile stories over the signature 
of " Cousin Alice." 

September 14. 

Fraxcois Auguste Chateaubriand, the most cele- 
brated of French authors, who wrote during the first 
empire, born at St. Malo, Sept. 14, 1768. Died July 4, 
1848. In 1791, he made a visit to America, and gathered 
the gems of his romance " Atala," a picture of aboriginal 
American life, which won from Europe a general excla- 
mation of surprise and admiration. " The Martyrs; or, 
the Triumph of the Christian Keligion," appeared in 
1809, after his tour through Greece, Asia Minor, 
Palestine, and Spain. These brilliant works made a 
revolution in French literature, and caused him to be 
recognized as the literary glory of his age. 

Frederick H. Alexander, von Humboldt, an illus- 
trious German savant and traveler, born at Berlin, 
Sept. 14, 1769. Died May 6, 1859. He was fitted out 
in 1799, by the Spanish government, for an extended 
tour through the Spanish colonies of Central and South 
America, and returned in 1804 with an immense store 
of scientific knowledge, which he afterward printed in 



Sept. 15. J EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 223 

twenty-nine volumes. In 1829 lie was fitted out by the 
Russian government for a tour through Asia. The 
greatest literary work of his life was the publication of 
his "Kosmos" in four volumes. 

Seba Smith, "Jack Downing" an American writer, 
born at Buckfield, Me., Sept. 14, 1792. Died at Patch- 
ogue, L. L, July 29, 1868. He won a wide reputation 
as a humorist by his series of political letters by 
" Major Jack Downing." 

September 15. 

Gotthold Ephhaim Lessing, an eminent German 
author, born at Kamentz, in Upper Lusatia, Sept. 15, 
1729. Died at Brunswick, 1781. The efforts of Lessing 
to build up a national literature caused him to be re- 
garded as the "father of the new era of German litera- 
ture." His "Emilia Galotti" has been styled "the 
masterpiece of German tragedy," the " Laocoon," "the 
masterpiece of German criticism," and "Minna von Barn- 
helm " is regarded as the most perfect of his comedies. 
The noble and prominent character in " Nathan the 
Wise," his last important work, was in imitation of his 
intimate friend, Moses Mendelssohn, grandfather of 
the noted composer, Felix Mendelssohn. 

Jea*t Sylvain Bailly, an eminent French astron- 
omer, philosopher and eloquent writer, born in Paris, 
Sept. 15, 1736. He, with Lafayette, endeavored to main- 
tain order and moderate the violence of the "Keign of 
Terror," but was unsuccessful. He was executed Nov. 
12, 1793. " The name of Bailly," says Lamartine, " was 
an inscription on the frontispiece of the Kevolution." 

James Fenimore Cooper, a popular American nov- 
elist, born at Burlington, N. J., Sept. 15, 1789. Died 



224 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Sept. 16. 

at Cooperstown, Sept. 14, 1851. In his second novel, 
" The Spy," a tale of the Revolution, he laid the foun- 
dations of the American romance. Says W. H. Prescott : 
"No one has succeeded like Cooper in the portraiture 
of American character, or has given such truthful and 
glowing pictures of American scenery ; yet, whatever 
opinion may be entertained of his success in these respects, 
all will agree that his most triumphant march is on the 
ocean wave;" and "the empire of the sea," has been 
accorded to him by acclamation. His father founded 
Oooperstown on Otsego lake in New York. 

James G. Percival, an eminent American poet and 
scholar, born at Berlin, Conn., Sept. 15, 1795. Died 
at Hazel Green, Wis., May 2, 1857. In 1827 he was 
appointed by Dr. Webster to revise the manuscript of 
his large dictionary. In 1835 he was appointed to make 
a geological survey of Connecticut, and at his death, 
was state geologist of Wisconsin. 

Adeline D. T. Whitney, a popular American 
writer, born in Boston, Sept. 15, 1824. 

Among her many works are "Faith Gartney's Girl- 
hood," "We Girls, " "Sights and Insights," "Eeal 
Polks," etc., which reviewers have decided " will carry 
her name to latest American journalists." 

September 16. 

Louis XIV., " the Great," king of France, 1643-1715, 
born Sept. 16, 1638. Died Sept. 1, 1715. The great 
but unpopular Mazarin was prime minister during the 
early part of his reign, after whose death his ambition 
was to make the monarchy absolute, and he became his 
own prime minister. In 1685 he revoked the edict of 
Nantes which had secured the religious liberty of the 



Sept. 16.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 225 

Protestants. His attempt to restore James II. to the 
throne of England, created a general war in which 
Spain, Austria and England were leagued against him. 
This was extended to the American colonies, known as 
King William's war, 1789-97, and was suspended by the 
treaty of Kyswick. The war of the Spanish succession, 
in which occurred the noted battle of Blenheim, won by 
the English and Austrians under Marlborough and Eu- 
gene, and which was ended by the treaty of Utrecht, 
1713, was an event of his reign. The age of Louis was 
considered the most brilliant in the literary history of 
France, and France itself was then without doubt the 
greatest and most compact power of Europe ; and al- 
though his internal administration was bad , and the mili- 
tary triumphs not achieved by himself, while his later 
years were crowned with defeats, still he was so consum- 
mate a master of " king-craft," that he succeeded in 
passing himself off on his people as a being above 
humanity. 

William Augustus Muhlenberg, D.D., an Ameri- 
can philanthropist and poet, born in Philadelphia, Sept. 
16, 1796. Died 1877. St. Paul's College in Flushing, 
L. I., and St. Luke's Hospital, New York, owe their 
existence to him. But he will best be remembered by his 
hymns, one of which is " I would not live alway." 

Francis Parkman, Jr., an American author, born 
in Boston, Sept. 16, 1823. 

He is author of several historical works of great 
value. 

Henry S. Drayton, LL.B., M.D., present editor of 
the "Phrenological Journal and Science of Health" born 
in New Jersey, Sept. 16, 1840. 

After graduating from the University of the city of 



226 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Sept. 17 

New York, he studied law and was connected with an 
office. But literature and science being more to his 
taste, he entered the office of Fowler & Wells, in 1865, 
and by rapid steps passed from reporter and assistant 
editor to his present position. Besides his editorial work 
.that would fill volumes, he is author of several books, 
among them," Light in Dark Places," " Brain and Mind," 
etc., the latter of which he is joint author with Mr. 
James McNeill, has obtained a wide circulation in Amer- 
ica and Europe, and is considered one of the best text- 
books for the student in mental science. After several 
years of study and research in physiology, he received 
the degree of M.D., from a New York medical college, 
and has since been interested in the study and treatment 
of brain and nerve diseases. 

September 17. 

John" Foster, an English essayist and moralist of 
great merit, born at Halifax, Sept. 17, 1770. Died Oct 
15, 1843. His reputation is founded on his essays, 
which are the productions of a profound and liberal 
thinker, and class him as one of the most eloquent writ- 
ers that England has produced. 

Samuel Hopkins, D.D., an American divine, born 
at Waterbury, Conn., Sept. 17, 1721. Died at Newport, 
Dec. 20, 1803. It was in consequence of his labors that 
Ehode Island freed all her slaves born after March, 1784. 
He is one of the prominent characters in Mrs. Stowe's 
novel, "The Minister's Wooing." 

Dr. Mercy B. Jackson, an eminent physician of 
Boston, born in Hardwick, Mass., Sept. 17, 1802. Died 
in Boston, Dec. 13, 1877. She was one of the pioneers 
in all the reforms of female education, proving by ex- 



Sept. 18.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 227 

ample that woman's sphere can be complete, and yet 
rounded out beyond the limits of housekeeping. 

Alphonso Wood, an American scholar and botanist^ 
born at Chesterfield, N. H., Sept. 17, 1810. Died in 
1880. His popular " Class Book of Botany" has gone 
through more than fifty editions. He has also several 
other valuable works on this study. 

September 1§. 

Samuel Johnson", one of the most eminent writers 
of the eighteenth century, called by Smollett, the "Great 
Cham of Literature," born at Litchfield, Eng., Sept. 18, 
1709. Died at London, Dec. 13, 1784. His " Kasselas" 
was written in a single week to pay the funeral expenses 
of his mother. His " Dictionary of the English Lan- 
guage" is considered the most remarkable work of the 
kind ever produced by a single person. "Lives of the 
British Poets" was his last work. 

George Read, an American patriot, born in Cecil 
county, Maryland, Sept. 18, 1733. Died Sept. 21, 1798. 
He was a member of the Continental Congress, and a 
signer of the " Declaration of Independence." 

Oliver Holden, one of the earliest American com- 
posers, born at Shirley, Mass., Sept. 18, 1763. Died at 
Charlestown, Mass., 1831. He will always be remem- 
bered by his world-wide regal hymn, " Coronation." 

John Townsend Trowbridge, an eminent Ameri- 
can writer and editor, born at Ogden, N. Y., Sept. 18, 
1827. 

Besides being the author of many novels, he is a writer 
for some of the leading magazines of the day. Many of 
his popular tales are written over the signature of "Paul 
Creyton." 



228 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Sept. 19. 

September 19. 

Jean Baptist Joseph Delambre, an eminent French 
astronomer and author, born at Amiens, Sept. 19, 1749. 
Died August 19, 1822. Between 1792-99, he published 
his " Basis of the Decimal System of Measure," and on 
presenting this to Napoleon, the latter said, " Conquests 
pass away, but these operations remain." After the im- 
mense labors of thirty years devoted to observations and 
calculations, he wrote his five volumes of the " History 
of Astronomy from the Earliest Times." 

Lord Henry Brougham, an eminent and learned 
British orator, lawyer and writer, born in Edinburgh, 
Sept, 19, 1779. Died at Cannes, France, May 9, 1868. 
As a parliamentary debater he occupied the first rank, 
and for many years found no equal in the House of Com- 
mons, except Canning, who was his political adversary. 
As chancellor and legislator he manifested prodigious 
activity in the performance of his duties, promoting the 
abolition of slavery in the colonies, and other reforms. 
He, with Francis Jeffrey and Sydney Smith, founded 
the "Edinburgh Keview." 

Absalom Peters, D.D., an American editor and 
author, born at Wentworth, N". H., Sept. 19, 1793. Died 
in New York, May 18, 1869. He originated the 
" American Eclectic Keview," and " American Journal 
of Education." 

Christian Henry Frederick Peters, Ph.D., an 
eminent astronomer, born in Germany, Sept. 19, 1813. 

He has discovered more than twenty asteroids, cata- 
logued 16,000 zodiacal stars, and recorded 20,000 solar 
spots. He was sent by the United States government to 
New Zealand to observe the transit of Venus, Dec. 9, 



Sept. 21.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 229 

1874, and was the only observer on the island who had 
complete success. 

September 20. 

Kobekt Emmet, an Irish patriot and author, born in 
Cork, Sept. 20, 1780. In his efforts with the " United 
Irishmen" to free his country from British domina- 
tion, he was arrested and tried for treason. His speech, 
in which he defended himself, is preserved as a model of 
eloquence. He was executed Sept. 20, 1803. 

David Ross Locke, " Petroleum V. Nasby " born at 
Vestal, Broome Co., N. Y., Sept. 20, 1833. Died Feb. 15, 
1888. He was successful as an editor, publisher and 
writer. In 1860, he began to publish his "Nasby " let- 
ters, a series of political satires, which were widely pop- 
ular, and have appeared in book form. 

September 21. 

Francis Hopkinson, an American author, wit, pa- 
triot and judge, born in Philadelphia, Sept. 21, 1737. 
Died May 9, 1791. His humorous writings, the best 
known of which is " The Battle of Kegs," did much to 
foment the spirit of freedom. He represented New Jersey 
in the Continental Congress, and was a signer of the 
*' Declaration of Independence." 

Johk Loudon Macadam, a Scottish engineer, born 
at Ayre, Scotland, Sept. 21, 1756. Died at Moffat, Dum- 
frieshire, Nov. 26, 1836. During the American Kevolu- 
tion he was agent for the sale of prizes in the port of New 
York, but at the peace of 1783, he, with other loyalists, 
were obliged to return to England. He was engaged for 
several years traveling at his own expense through Great 
Britain to examine the condition of the roads. In 1816 
he commenced the system of road making called by his 



230 EVERY-BAY BIOGRAPHY. [Sept. 23. 

name ; and within a few years personally supervised the 
road making of twenty-eight counties of England. He 
solicited no patent for his system, and asked no remun- 
eration, beyond the payment of the expenses of his per- 
sonal supervision. 

September 22. 

Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of " Chesterfield," 
English author and courtier, born in London, Sept. 22, 
1694. Died March 24, 1773. He was distinguished for 
his wit and politeness, and was the oracle of taste. His 
reputation as an author is chiefly founded on his " Let- 
ters to his Son." 

Philip Milledoler, D.D., an American divine, born 
at Farmington, Conn., Sept. 22, 1775. Died on Staten 
Island, Sept. 22, 1852. He was for several years presi- 
den of Rutgers College, N. J., and was one of the 
founders of the American Bible Society. 

Michael Faraday, E.R.S., an English chemist 
and natural philosopher of great eminrnce, born near 
London, Sept. 22, 1791. Died in August, 1867. The 
celebrity of Faraday is chiefly founded on his discoveries 
in electricity and electro-magnetism. He was one of the 
eight foreign members of the Academy of Science in 
Paris, an honor reserved exclusively for savants of the 
highest rank and merit. 

September 23. 

Jane Taylor, a meritorious and popular English 
writer, born in London, Sept. 23, 1763. Died at On gar, 
Essexshire, April 12, 1824. She was a popular writer 
for children, and her works generally ran through several 
editions. " The Discontented Pendulum" and " The 
Philosopher's Scales" are among her moral teaching pro- 
ductions. 



Sept. 23] E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 231 

Johann Franz Eistcke, a German astronomer, born 
at Hamburg, Sept. 23, 1791. Died May 26, 1865. He 
gained distinction by his determination of the orbit of 
1680, and of the distance of the earth from the sun. 
He afterwards made important and successful investi- 
gations concerning the comet since known as Encke's 
comet. 

Augustus CLesar, first Emperor of Eome, and 
second of the noted rulers of that name, born near Rome, 
Sept. 23, 63 B.C. Died in August a.d. 14. He was 
adopted as son and heir by his uncle Julius CaBsar, and 
at the assassination of the latter, claimed his inheritance. 
Finding in Mark Antony a dangerous rival, he won him 
over by political intrigue and with him and Lepidus 
formed the second triumvirate. But Augustus and An- 
tony soon quarreled, and a civil war ensued which ter- 
minated in the naval battle of Actium, 31 B.C., and 
rendered Augustus sole master of the Eoman empire. 
He was elected consul several times, and in 27 B.C. re- 
ceived the name of Augustus. He had previously 
borne the name of Octavius. In the year 23 B.C., he 
accepted the power of absolute ruler of the empire for 
life. His reign was \ery beneficial to Eome, and he 
boasted that he found the city brick and left it mar- 
ble. 

Elihu Benjamin Washburne, an eminent Ameri- 
can statesman, born at Livermore, Me., Sept. 23, 1816. 
Died Oct. 22, 1887. He was a member of Congress from 
1852-69, and when he retired was, in Congressional par- 
lance, "father of the House. " He was sent by Grant 
as minister to France, and remained at his post during 
the siege of Paris and the terrible reign of the Com- 
mune, when all other foreign ministers left ; and will 



232 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Sept. 24. 

long be remembered by his protection to those foreign- 
ers in Paris who were unprotected by their own govern- 
ments. 

September 24. 

Aulus Vitellius, the ninth Caesar, Emperor of 
Kome, born in Kome, Sept. 24, 15 a.d. He is noted 
only for his notorious gluttony, for which he spent 
fabulous sums. He met the fate of most crowned 
heads of those days; was killed by the partisans of 
his successor, Dec. 21, 69 a.d., after reigning only a 
few months. 

John Marshall, LL.D., an eminent American jur- 
ist and statesman, born at Germantown, Va., Sept. 24, 
1755. Died at Philadelphia, July 6, 1835. He was ap- 
pointed Chief Justice of the United States by President 
Adams in 1801, which office he filled for thirty-four 
years, and his fame as a solid reasoner, a just judge, and 
a profound jurist is world-wide. 

Zachary Taylor, "Old Kough and Beady," twelfth 
President of the United States, born in Orange Co., Va., 
Sept. 24, 1784. His successes in the Mexican War won 
for him the Presidency. He was inaugurated March 4, 
1849, and died July 9, 1850. 

Eichard Henry Wilde, an author and lawyer, 
born in Dublin, Ireland, Sept. 24, 1789. Died of yel- 
low fever in New Orleans, Sept. 10, 1847. He was an 
able lawyer and member of Congress, taking rank with 
the most accomplished orators of the day ; but will 
longest be remembered by his famous lyric, " My life is 
like a summer rose," and his "Life of Tasso." 

James Augustus St. John, a distinguished editor, 
writer and traveler^ born in Wales, Sept, #4, 1801. 



Sept. 25] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 233 

Died Sept., 22, 1875. He founded the " London Week- 
ly Keview," in 1827, and added much to the knowledge 
of the physical geography of upper Africa by his exten- 
sive travels and elaborately written works. 

September 25. 

Ole Romer, a Danish astronomer, born at Aarhuus, 
Jutland, Sept. 25, 1644. Died, 1710. He invented the 
transit instrument, and determined the velocity of light 
by observations of the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites. He 
also regulated the weights and measures of Denmark. 

Abraham Gottlob Werker, an eminent German 
geologist and mineralogist, born in Upper Lusatia, Sept. 
25, 1750. Died at Dresden, June, 1817. He rendered 
a service to mineralogy analogous to that rendered to 
botany by Linnaeus, in proposing a methodical and pre- 
cise language to express all the sensible qualities of min- 
erals. " He was the first/' says Ouvier, " that raised the 
theory of the earth to the rank of a positive science by 
divesting it of the fantastic systems, of which it was for 
a long time composed." 

Felicia Dorothea Hemans, an amiable and excel- 
lent English poet, born in Liverpool, Eng., Sept. 25, 
1794. Died near Dublin, May 12, 1835. She is said to 
be the most touching and accomplished writer of occa- 
sional verses that our literature has yet to boast of. 

William H. Einehart, an eminent American sculp- 
tor, born in Frederick Co., Md., Sept. 25, 1825. Died 
at Eome, Oct. 28, 1874. He was commissioned to finish 
the modeling of the bronze doors of the Capitol at Wash- 
ington, which Crawford had left unfinished at his death. 
Copies of several of his noted pieces, are in the Qorcoran 
Gallery of Art, in Washington, D, 0, 



234 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Sept. 27. 

James Montgomery Baily, the "Danbury News 
Man/' born in Albany, N. Y., Sept. 25, 1841. 

He is a well known American humorous journalist, 
editor of the " Danbury News." 

September 26. 

Lord Outhbert H. Collingwood, an eminent Eng- 
lish admiral, born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Sept. 26, 
1750. Died at sea, near Minorca, March 7, 1810. He 
was an intimate friend of Lord Nelson, and was second 
in command, at the battle of Trafalgar, Oct., 1805, and 
when Nelson fell, succeeded to the chief command. 
For his part in this victory he was raised to the peer- 
age. 

Charles Bradlaugh, an English atheist and repub- 
lican, born in Hoxton, London, Sept. 26, 1833. 

September 27. 

Jacques Be^igne Bossuet, a celebrated French di- 
vine, one of the great pulpit orators of France, born at 
Dijon, Sept. 27, 1627. Died in Paris April 12, 1704. 
He has been styled by different commentators, a 
"Father of the Church," "The Corneille of the pul- 
pit" and "the eagle of Meaux." Bossuet's individual dis- 
tinction is, that he was a great man. as well as a great 
orator. His funeral orations are generally esteemed the 
masterpieces of his eloquence. He had great occasions, 
and he was great to match them. 

Samuel Adams, a celebrated American patriot and 
orator, born in Boston, Sept. 27, 1722. Died in Oct., 
1803. He was a member of the first Continental Con- 
gress, and "signer" to the "Declaration of Independ- 
ence." So ardent was his patriotism, that he was one 



Sept. 28.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 235 

of the three leaders who were to be exempt from the 
pardon offered in 1775. 

Joseph Green" Cogswell, LL.D. an American 
scholar and author, born at Ipswich, Mass., Sept. 27, 
1786. Died Nov. 26, 1871. He, with the historian 
Bancroft, founded the celebrated "Round Hill School" 
at Northampton, Mass. 

Raphael Semmes, an American naval officer and 
author, born in Charles Co., Md., Sept, 27, 1809. 

At the beginning of the civil war he entered the Con- 
federate navy and obtained notoriety as the commander 
of the Alabama, which was so ruinous to the commerce 
of the Federal States. Sixty-five ships and $6,000,000 
were destroyed by this one vessel, which was at last sunk 
in the battle with the Kearsarge off the coast of France. 

Epes Sargent, an American journalist and miscel- 
laneous writer, born at Gloucester, Mass., Sept. 27, 1812. 
Died Dec. 30, 1880. He was an author of excellent edu- 
cational works, and editor of the New York "Mirror," 
and the Boston "Evening Transcript." Several of his 
poems have been set to music and are favorites. 

Thomas Nast, an American caricaturist, born in 
Bavaria, Sept. 27, 1840. 

When fifteen years old he began to furnish illustra- 
tions for the papers, and during the war began his long 
series of effective political caricatures in "Harper's 
Weekly." It is said that Thomas Nast did more by his 
caricatures to deprive Horace Greeley of the Presidency 
than any other man or party. 

§eptember 28. 

George Cruikshank, an English caricaturist and 
painter, born iu London, Sept. 28, 1792. Died Feb, 1, 



236 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Sept. 29. 

1878. His series of plates called "The Bottle," in 
which he illustrated the miseries of intemperance, had 
great success. 

Arkold Henry Guyot, LL.D., a meritorious writer 
on physical geography, born in Switzerland, Sept. 28, 
1807. Died 1884. His glacial studies and discoveries 
have added greatly to the knowledge of those erratic 
wanderers. He came to the United States in 1848, and 
was employed for six years by the Massachusetts Board 
of Education to lecture on physical geography, which 
inaugurated a reform in geographical teaching. 

Sara Clarke Lippincott, " Grace Greenwood/' a 
popular American writer, born at Pompey, Onondaga 
Co., N. Y., Sept. 28, 1823. 

She is a great grand-daughter of Jonathan Edwards; 
author of many volumes, and a frequent contributor to 
the leading New York papers. She is also noted as a 
lecturer in the various reform movements. 

Frances E. Willard, president of the Women's 
Christian Temperance Union, born near Eochester, 
1ST. Y., Sept. 28, 1839. 

In 1871 she was elected president of Evanston 
College, the first institution of high grade in which 
every department was successfully administered by 
women. She is endowed with a most varied talent; 
educator, writer and speaker. "Nature meant her for 
a journalist, but thwarted her own designs by giving her 
the heart of a philanthropist." 

September 29. 

Eobert Olive, founder of the British empire in 
India 5 bora in Shropshire, Sept 29, 1725. His 



Sept. 30.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 237 

success at the battle of Plassey, 1757, raised hiin to 
the office of governor of Bengal. Like Warren Has- 
tings, his successor, he was arraigned by Parliament for 
riches obtained by tyrannical use of power, but was 
acquitted. He became a slave of opium, and com- 
mitted suicide in London, Nov. 22, 1794. 

Horatio Nelson, a British naval hero and admiral 
of the first rank, born at Burnham Thorp, Norfolk, 
Eng., Sept. 29, 1758. Died Oct. 21, 1805, at the battle 
of Trafalgar, at the moment of victory. It was just 
before this battle that he gave the famous signal, 
" England expects every man to do his duty/' 

§eptemt>er 30. 

Pompey the Great, a famous Eoman general and 
triumvir, born Sept. 30, 106 B.C. He, with Caesar and 
Orassus, formed the first triumvirate ; but the jealousy 
of Caesar caused a rival war, and Pompey being de- 
feated in the battle of Pharsalia, August, 48 B.C., fled 
into Africa, where he was treacherously stabbed by his 
own soldiers. 

Sargent Smith Prentiss, an American orator, born 
in Portland, Me., Sept. 30, 1808. Died near Natchez, 
Miss., July 1, 1850. He was one of the most gifted men 
this country has produced. 

Edward Shepherd Creasy, an English historian 
and lawyer, born at Bixley in Kent, Sept. 30, 1812. 
Died Jan. 27, 1878. His "Fifteen Decisive Battles of 
the World " has passed through nine editions. In 
1860 he was appointed Chief- Justice of Ceylon. 

Hon. S. S. Cox, an American statesman and author, 
born in Zanesville, Ohio, Sept. 30, 1824. 

He has been an extensive traveler, each trip having its 



238 EVERY-BAY BIOGRAPHY. [Oct. 2. 

book as a grand finale. Thus, " The Buckeye 

Abroad/' "A Search for Winter Sunbeams/' "Arctic 

Sunbeams/' are all accounts of his travels. "Eight 

years in Congress/' and " Three Decades of Federal 

Legislation" are his reminiscences and observations as 

a statesman. 

October 1. 

Henry St. John Bolingbkoke, an eminent Eng- 
lish author, orator and politician, born at Battersea, 
Surrey, Oct. 1, 1678. Died Dec. 15, 1751. He was 
for a time Prime Minister to Queen Anna, and the 
principal English negotiator of the treaty of Utrecht, 
April, 1713, which ended the long war of the Spanish 
succession. 

Captain James Lawrence, an American naval offi- 
cer of distinguished bravery, born at Burlington, N. 
J., Oct. 1, 1781. He was mortally wounded in the 
memorable battle between the English frigate Shannon 
and the American frigate Chesapeake, and died July 
5, 1813. It was, as he was carried below after he fell, 
that he utterred those memorable words, "Don't give 
up the ship." 

Eufus Choate, LL.D., one of the most eminent ad- 
vocates and orators America ever produced, born in 
Ipswich, now Essex, Mass., Oct. 1, 1799. Died in Hali- 
fax while on his way to Europe for his health, July 13, 
1859. When Webster accepted the office of Secretary of 
State under Harrison in 1841, Mr. Choate was chosen 
Senator in his place, and after the death of Webster, 
he was the acknowledged leader of the Massachusetts bar. 

October 2. 

Richard III., the last king of England of the Plan- 
taganet line, born at Fotheringay Castle, Oct. 2, 1452. 



Oct. 3.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 239 

He was killed in the battle of Bosworth, Aug. 21, 1485, 
after reigning only two years. On the death of Henry 
VI. he became regent for Edward V., who was a minor, 
but his unrestrained ambition coyeted the throne, 
which he usurped by causing the death of the young 
king and his brother in the Tower. 

Elizabeth R. Montague, a celebrated English lady, 
born in Yorkshire, England, Oct. 2, 1720. Died in 
London, Aug. 25, 1800. Her "Essay on the Genius 
and writings of Shakespeare," won her a wide reputa- 
tion. She is said to have been the founder of the liter- 
ary society called the sl Blue Stocking Club." 

Theodore Tilto^", an American journalist, publish- 
er, lecturer and author, born in New York, Oct. 2, 
1835. 

He was for a time connected with the " Indepen- 
dent," w r as editor of the " Brooklyn Union," and es- 
tablished " The Golden Age." 

October 3. 

Eichard Boyle, founder of the house of Cork and 
Orrery, and styled " the Great Earl of Cork," born at 
Canterbury, Oct 3, 1566. Died Sept. 15, 1644. 

George Bancroft, Ph.D., LL.D., etc., an eminent 
American historian and statesman, born at Worcester, 
Mass., Oct. 3, 1800. 

He was Secretary of the Navy under President Polk, 
and has been minister to England and Germany. He 
established the naval school at Annapolis, and improved 
the Observatory at Washington. But the great monu- 
ment of his life is his voluminous work on " American 
History," the first volume of which appeared in 1834. 



240 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Oct. 4. 

George Kipley, LL.D., an American editor and 
scholar, born at Greenfield, Mass., Oct. 3, 1802. Died 
July 4, 1880. He was associated with Emerson and 
Margaret Fuller in conducting the "Dial," was the 
chief promoter of the socialistic experiment at Brook 
Farm, Eoxbury, Mass., has been literary editor of the 
New York "Tribune," and edited with Charles A. 
Dana, Appleton's "New American Cyclopedia." 

Harriet Hosmer, an eminent American sculptor, 
born at Watertown, Mass., Oct. 3, 1831. 

To prepare herself for her chosen career, she studied 
anatomy with her father, also at the medical college in 
St. Louis. She modeled her first work in 1851, after 
which she was sent to Eome and became the pupil of 
Gibson. Her much admired statute of Beatrice Cenci 
was made for the mercantile library of St. Louis. Her 
most ambitious work is a colossal statute of "Zenobia in 
Chains." The "Sleeping Faun" is one of her best 
works. 

October 4. 

Francois Pierre Guillaume Guizot, a distin- 
guished French statesman and historian, born at Nemes, 
Oct. 4, 1787. Died near Paris, Sept. 13, 1874. As a 
statesman Guizot is ranked among the great and good 
men of France, but is generally considered to be even 
more successful as a historian, and has shown himself to 
be an effective and imposing parliamentary orator. 

Eutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth President of the 
United States, born at Delaware, Ohio, Oct. 4, 1822. 

He was in active service during the entire civil war, 
and was afterward governor of Ohio for three terms, an 
honor never before conferred on a citizen of that State. 



Oct. 5.] E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 24l 

He was nominated as candidate for President, June 16, 
1876, and inaugurated March 4, 1877, after one of the 
most bitter and exciting elections known in our national 
history. His administration should ever be held as a 
model of excellence, in consequence of the banishment 
of wine from the State dinners. 

October 5. 

Jonathan" Edwards, a celebrated American divine 
and metaphysician, born at East Windsor, Conn., Oct. 
5, 1703. Died March 22, 1758. He began his duties 
as minister before he had completed his nineteenth year, 
and spent many years of conscientious and faithful labor 
in his chosen field. But his faith and virtue were de- 
stined to undergo the great trial of being driven from 
his church, because he sought to reform the lax custom 
of admitting members into the church without regard 
to the consistency of their life and character. He was 
author of many works, but his most celebrated produc- 
tion was " The Freedom of the Will," in which he ex- 
hibits a power of close and subtle reasoning which has 
never been equaled by any other writer. 

Ebenezer Porter, D.D., an American divine and 
scholar, born at Cornwall, Conn., Oct. 5, 1772. Died 
at Andover, April 8, 1834. He was compiler of the 
noted " Ehetorical Reader," of which more than three 
hundred editions were issued. 

William Scoresby, D.D., F.R.S., an * Arctic navi- 
gator, minister and author, born at Cropton, England, 
Oct. 5, 1790. Died at Torquay, March 21, 1857. In 
May, 1806, while chief mate of his father's ship, they 
reached the highest northern latitude that had then 
been attained, 81° 12'. Scoresby's Sound, near Green- 
land, was named in his honor. 



24:2 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Oct. 7. 

Chester A. Arthur, twenty-first President of the 
United States, born in Franklin Co., Vt. Oct. 5, 1830. 
Died Nov. 18, 1886. He was elected Vice-President in 
1880, and at the death of Garfield, Sept. 19, 1881, he 
succeeded to the Presidency. 

October 6. 

Ferdinand Hassler, a Swiss mathematician, born 
in Switzerland, Oct. 6, 1770. Died at Philadelphia 
Nov. 20, 1843. He was the first superintendent of the 
United States Coast Survey; and the Hassler Expedition 
of 1871-72, fitted out for scientific purposes under the 
direction of eminent scholars, one of whom was Prof. 
Agassiz, was named in his honor. 

Jenny Lind Goldschmidt, a celebrated Swedish 
vocalist, the " Swedish Nightingale," born in Stock- 
holm, Oct. 6, 1821. Died Nov. 2, 1887. She was the 
first great public singer that visited America, where she 
arrived September, 1850, and under the direction of 
P. T. Barnum, gave one hundred and fifty concerts. 
When she returned to Europe in 1852, she had won all 
hearts by the sweetness of her voice, the versatility of 
her dramatic power, and the excellence of her character, 
in which simplicity and benevolence were the guiding 
powers. 

October 7. 

William Laud, a celebrated archbishop of Canter- 
bury, born at Beading, Berkshire, Oct. 7, 1573. He 
became the chief minister and favorite of Charles I. in 
1628, and disgraced himself by his persecutions of the 
Puritans. He made several attempts to compel both 
Scotland and England to conform to the Established 
Church, which resulted in rebellion. The Long Par- 



Oct 8] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 243 

liainent accused him of treason, and he was executed 
after three years' imprisonment, June 10, 1644. - 

Kasper Hauser, the celebrated Nuremberg found- 
ling, born at some unknown place, Oct. 7, 1812. In 
May, 1828, he was first seen in the streets of Nuremberg, 
with every evidence that he had been confined from 
infancy in a dark subterranean prison, provided only 
with bread and water, and kept in childish ignorance of 
the most common things of life. He was placed under 
good care, and his education rapidly progressing when 
he was stabbed by an unknown person, Dec. 17, 1833. 
Although full accounts of the above foundling may now 
be seen in old English magazines, printed at the time of 
its occurrence, late investigations declare the whole 
thing a farce. 

William Billinqs, an early American musical com- 
poser, born in Boston, Oct. 7, 1746. Died there Sept. 
26, 1800. He was the first one in America to evince 
any real musical talent; he was self taught, and compiled 
several collections of hymns. 

October 8. 

John Walter, an English journalist, born in London, 
1739. Died 1812. He was founder of " The London 
Times/' the first number of which appeared in 1788 
He was also inventor of logography or the art of 
printing with entire words or syllables. His son, of the 
same name, born in 1784, became in 1803 exclusive 
manager of "The Times," which, under his direction, 
became the most able and influential journal of Europe. 
Dying in 1847, his son, John, born Oct. 8, 1818, suc- 
ceeded to the proprietorship. Thus for one hundred 



244: EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Oct. 9. 

years one of the leading journals of the world has been 
under the management of a John Walter. 

Charles A. Joy, Ph.D., an American editor, scholar 
and chemist, born at Ludlowville, Tompkins Co., N. Y., 
Oct. 8, 1823. 

He has made many contributions to chemistry by his 
scientific researches ; was for two years editor of the 
" Scientific American," also editor of all chemical articles 
in Appleton's "New American Cyclopedia/' besides 
being president of various scientific associations. 

Edmund Clarence Stedman, an American author 
and poet, born at Hartford, Conn., Oct. 8, 1833. 

He has been editor of and contributor to prominent 
papers, but is best known by his poems, one of which, 

"Gettysburg," he delivered at the meeting of the 
Army of the Potomac in 1872. 

October 9. 

Saayedra Cervantes, a celebrated Spanish author 
born in Alcala de Henares, Oct. 9, 1547. Died on the 
same day as Shakespeare, April 23, 1616. He is author 
of " Don Quixote," almost the only book in the Spanish 
language said to possess much of a European reputation. 
Numerous translations and countless editions in every 
language bespeak its adaptation to mankind. "By the 
streets of By and By, one arrives at the house of Never," 
a quotation from Don Quixote, is the one warning which 
should be emblazoned on every moral guide-board. 

Lewis Cass, LL.D., an American general and states- 
man, born at Exeter, N. H., Oct. 9, 1782. Died June 
17, 1866. He was Secretary of War in Jackson's adminis- 
tration, and afterwards ambassador to France. He is 
said to be the first clear enunciator of the doctrine called 



Oct. 9.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 245 

u squatter sovereignty;" and was a defeated candidate 
for the Presidency when Taylor was elected. 

JoHisr Todd, D.D., an American divine and author, 
born at Rutland, Vt, Oct. 9, 1800. Died in Pittsfield, 
Mass., Aug. 24, 1873. He was pastor of the First Con- 
gregational church in Philadelphia, 1836-42, and of the 
First Church in Pittsfield Mass , 1842-72, and was one of 
the founders of Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary. His 
" Lectures to Children " are among the best works of their 
kind, and his "Students' Manual" has had an immense 
circulation and exerted great influence both in the 
United States and Europe. 

Giuseppe Verdi, one of the most eminent Italian 
composers, born in Parma, Oct, 9, 1814. 

Verdi's genius and character are highly appreciated 
all oyer the world, but in his own country are cherished 
with a peculiar affection by all classes. 

Elizabeth Akers Allek, " Florence Percy," a sweet 
poet of America, born in Strong, Franklin Co., Me., Oct. 
9, 1832. 

Elaine Goodale, one of the " sweet children poets," 
born at " Sky Farm," Mt Washington, Berkshire Co., 
Mass., Oct. 9, 1863. 

She and her sister, Dora Eead Goodale, three years 
younger, by their precocity as poets have won the above 
endearing name in literature. Elaine, at the age of eight, 
began the publication of a little paper, " Sky Farm Life," 
in which their poems appeared from month to month. 
In 1877 their productions appeared in the St. Nicholas, 
since which they have been frequent contributors to the 
leading magazines of the day. Their poems have been 
published in three volumes ; "Apple Blossoms" in 1878., 



246 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Oct. 10. 

and since that time, "In Berkshire with the Wild 
Flowers/' and "All Bound the Year." 

October 10. 

Henry Cavendish, an eminent English chemist and 
natural philosopher, born at Nice, Oct. 10, 1731. Died 
Feb. 24, 1810. He was a profound mathematician, and 
ranks among the first of chemical philosophers. He 
discovered the distinctive properties of hydrogen gas, 
and demonstrated the proportion of oxygen and nitrogen 
in common air (1733). 

Benjamin West, the eminent American Quaker artist 
and painter, born in Springfield, Delaware Co., Pa., Oct. 
10, 1738. Died in London, March 11, 1820. Early in 
life he took up his residence in London, and was patron- 
ized as an artist by George III. Some of his finest 
pictures are in the Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia. 
He succeeded Sir Joshua Keynolds as president of the 
Royal Academy in 1792. 

Daniel Treadway, an American mechanician, born 
at Ipswich, Mass., Oct, 10, 1791. Died Feb. 27, 1872. 
He invented a machine for spinning hemp for cordage, 
and a cannon which bears his name. 

Harriet A. Newel, one of the first female mission- 
aries from the United States, born in Haverhill, Mass., 
Oct. 10, 1793. Died on the Isle of France, Nov. 30, 1812. 

David Scott, a celebrated Scottish artist, engraver 
and painter, born in Edinburgh, Oct. 10, 1806. Died 
there March 5, 1849. His works were mostly imagina- 
tive, among which is " The Genius of Discord." 

George P. Morris, an American journalist and poet, 
born in Philadelphia, Oct. 10, 1802. Died in New 



Oct. 11.] E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 247 

York, July 6, 1864. He as isted in founding the "New 
York Mirror/' and "Home Journal/' and was author 
of a number of beautiful and popular poems, among 
which are " My Mother's Bible " and " Woodman, Spare 
that Tree." 

Hugh Miller, the eminent Scottish mason, geologist 
and author, born at Cromarty, on the east coast of Scot- 
land, Oct. 10, 1802. Died by his own hand at Porto- 
bello, near Edinburgh, Dec. 26, 1856. Besides the 
labor spent as a geologist, he was editor of the "Wit- 
ness " for sixteen years, which he rendered popular and 
influential. As an author his " Old Ked Sandstone," 
"Footprints of the Creator/"' and "My School and 
Schoolmasters," secure for him the lasting admira- 
tion of his countrymen, and mark an important epoch 
in the progress of geology. 

Michael Munkacsy, an eminent artist, born in a 
small town in Austro-Hungary, at the foot of the 
Carpathian Mountains, Oct. 10, 1844. 

Among his many pictures are " Milton dictating his 
Paradise Lost," now in the Lenox Library, New York 
city, " The Last Day of a Condemned Man," owned by 
a lady of Philadelphia, and "Christ before Pilate," 
which has been the object of much interest in New York. 

October 11. 

Orson Squire Fowler, one of the founders of the firm 
of "Fowler & Wells," born in Cohocton, Steuben Co., 
N. Y., Oct. 11, 1809. Died Aug. 18, 1887. He grad- 
uated at Amherst College, and after a course of study 
on Phrenology, engaged at once in lecturing and writ- 
ing on that subject. In connection with his brother, L. 
N, Fowler, he conducted the " Phrenological Journal." 



248 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Oct. 12. 

Thomas Osmond Summers, an American divine, 
scholar and editor, born near Dorsetshire, Eng., Oct. 
11, 1812. 

He was one of the nine members to constitute the 
first conference of Texas, also assisted in organizing the 
Methodist Episcopal Church in the South. 

October 12. 

Lyman" Beecher, D.D., father of the noted Beecher 
family, born in New Haven, Conn., Oct. 12, 1775. 
Died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1863. He was dis- 
tinguished for the boldness and energy of his character. 
His sermons on temperance have had an immense cir- 
culation and have been translated into several different 
languages. 

Jesse Ol^ey, A.M. an eminent American educator, 
born at Union, Tolland Co., Conn., Oct, 12, 1798. 
Died at Stratford, July 30, 1872. He was the first 
American teacher to separate geography from astrono- 
my, and to begin the former study through the local- 
ities of home. His Geography and Atlas, issued in 1828, 
sold by the million, and his " National Preceptor," a 
reading manual, was far superior to any of its predeces- 
sors. 

George Washijtotok Cable, an American author, 
born in New Orleans, La., Oct. 12, 1844. 

He began his literary career writing for the New Or- 
leans " Picayune," under the pen-name of "Drop 
Shot;" and his subsequent sketches of Creole life, writ- 
ten for Scribner's Monthly (now the Century), were so 
successful that he determined to devote all his time to 
literature. His rendering of the Creole dialect, with its 
Frencb and Spanish v^rients, is full of originality. He 



Oct. 14] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 249 

has also successfully entered the lecture field, reading 
selections from his own writings, and singing to northern 
audiences the strange wild melodies, current among 
the French-speaking negroes of the southern Mississippi. 

October S3* 

Joseph Reddeford Walker, a noted American trav- 
eler, born at Knoxville, Tenn., Oct. 13, 1798. Died 
Oct. 27, 1876. He was guide to Bonnevill's expedition 
to the Eocky Mountains in 1832, and conducted the 
party from Great Salt Lake to California, which dis- 
covered the beautiful Yosemite valley. Walker's river, 
lake and pass, discovered by this expedition, were 
named for him. 

William Motheewell, a Scottish poet and editor, 
born in Glasgow, Scotland, Oct. 13, 1798. Died there 
Nov. 1, 1835. He edited successfully three different peri- 
odicals, and his " Poems, Narrative and Lyrical," pub- 
lished in 1833, are remarkable for their pathos and 
earnestness of feeling. 

October 14. 

William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, born 
in London, Oct. 14, 1644. Died at Euscombe, Berk- 
shire, Eng., July 30, 1718. Penn is considered one of 
the most illustrious of Christian philanthropists, and 
spent his entire life for the service of others. As a 
courtier he exerted his utmost ability for civil and reli- 
gious liberty in England; but as he lost hope in this, he 
turned his attention to establish a more liberal com- 
monwealth in America. Accordingly he obtained from 
the king, Charles II., a tract of land west of the Dela- 
ware, and north of Maryland, in payment for a claim 



250 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Oct. 16. 

against the government which he inherited from his 
father. He sailed from England, Sept., 1682, and in 
November of the same year, held the famous treaty with 
the Indians which was the only league between the ab- 
origines and the Christians which w T as never sworn to, 
and the only one never broken. 

Samuel Johstsok, D.D., an American clergyman 
and author, born in Guilford, Conn., Oct. 14, 1696. 
Died in Stratford, Conn., Jan. 6, 1772. He was first 
president of King's, now Columbia, College in New 
York, and author of "System of Morality" and other 
works. 

Francis Lightfoot Lee, an American statesman 
and patriot, born at Stratford, Westmoreland Co., Va., 
Oct. 14, 1734. Died inKichmond, 1797. He was elect- 
ed to the General Congress in 1775, and signed the 
a Declaration of Independence." 

October 15. 

Vikgil, the most illustrious of Latin poets, born at 
Andes near Mantua, Oct. 15, 70 B.C. Died at Brun- 
dusium, Sept. 22, 19 B.C. He was author of the 
".iEneid/' the great national Latin epic poem; also of 
several other noted works. The most popular English 
translation of Virgil is that of Dryden. 

James II., of Great Britain, 1685-88, born at the 
palace of St. James, London, Oct. 15, 1633. Died at St. 
Germain, France, Sept. 16, 1701. He was the Duke of 
York and Albany when the English took possession of 
the Dutch settlements on the Hudson, and New York 
and Albany were named in his honor. He was deposed 
from the throne of England by stratagem, and the en- 
deavor by Louis XIV. of France to restore him, 
caused the war between England and France, which 



Oct. 17.1 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 251 

exteudiog to the American colonies, is known as King 
William's war. 

Ida Pfeifeer, the eminent German traveler, born in 
Vienna, Oct. 15, 1797. Died there Oct. 27, 1858. In 
1842 she traveled through Asia Minor. In 1845 she 
made the tour of Sweden, Norway and Iceland, after 
which she accomplished two journeys around the world 
and wrote accounts of both. 

Irwin McDowell, an American general, born at 
Franklin Co., Ohio, Oct. 15, 1818. Died May 4, 1885. 
In May, 1861, he was appointed brigadier-general of the 
army of the Potomac, and commanded the Union forces 
at the battle of Bull Run. 

October 16. 

Noah Webster, an eminent American philologist 
and lexicographer, born in West Hartford, Conn., Oct. 
16, 1758. Died in New Haven, May 28, 1843. He ex- 
pended the labor of many years on a "Dictionary of the 
English Language," published in 1828, w r hich has run 
through several editions, and is considered the standard 
authority of the English language. His world renow T ned 
"Speller," up to 1876, had reached a sale of 70,000,000 
copies. 

Lorenzo Dow, an eccentric American Methodist 
preacher, born in Coventry, Conn., Oct. 16, 1777. 
Died at Washington, D. C, Feb. 2, 1834. He was no- 
ted for his earnestness and courage, as w r ell as for some 
singularity in dress and expression. He left a journal of 
his life and travels. 

October 17. 

Jean Baptiste Kegnault, a French painter of his- 
tory, born in Paris, Oct 17, 1754. Died there Nov., 



252 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Oct 18. 

1829. Among his best works are a "Descent from the 
Cross," and the "Education of Achilles." 

Sir Johh Bowjlung, LL.D., an English statesman, 
linguist and author, born at Exeter, Eng., Oct. 17, 1792, 
Died Nov. 23, 1872. As a linguist he is noted for his 
attainments in the Sclavonic languages, and as an au- 
thor he published specimens of the poetry of these lan- 
guages. In 1825 he was editor of the "Westminster 
Eeview," and in 1835 was elected to Parliament, where 
he remained until 1849, when he was appointed British 
Consul at Hong-Kong and superintendent of trade in 
China, and was afterward governor of Hong Kong. In 
addition to all this we find him author of such priceless 
hymns as " God is love, His mercy brightens," "In the 
Cross of Christ I glory," " Watchman, tell us of the 
Night." 

John" Wilkes, an eminent English politician, born 
in London, Oct. 17, 1727. Died there, Dec. 27, 1797. 
Although of an erratic character, he was a strenuous 
opponent of the American taxation. The town of 
Wilkesbarre in Pennsylvania, was named in honor of 
him and Col, Isaac Barre, another firm friend of the 
Colonies. 

October 1$. 

Giovanni Battista Marini, an Italian poet, born 
at Naples, Oct. 18, 1569. Died there, March 25, 1625. 
Many of his sonnets are among the most beautiful in 
the Italian literature, and the Marinists, a literary school 
of which he was the head, enjoyed a great reputation in 
the seventeenth century. 

Richard Nash, "Beau Nash," born at Swansea, 
Wales, Oct. 18, 1674. Died Feb. 3, 1761. He distin- 



Oct. 18. J EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 253 

guished himself as a man of fashion, and though coarse 
and ungainly in his person, was master of the science of 
gentility. He converted the city of Bath from a vulgar 
and mismanaged watering-place into an elegant place of 
resort, for which he w T as also styled, "king of Bath." 

Emanuel Geibel, a celebrated German poet, born 
at Lubeck, Oct. 18, 1815. 

He ranks among the most popular German poets of 
the age. 

Frederick William, who succeeded to the throne of 
his venerable and illustrious father, March 9, 1888, under 
the title of Frederick III., Emperor of Germany and King 
of Prussia, was born Oct. 18, 1831. Died April, 1888, 
after a reign of only fifty days. " Unser Fritz/' as he 
was familiarly known in Prussia, distinguished himself 
both in the Austrian and French wars and the two de- 
cisive battles of each were directly due to him. He was 
a great favorite with the German people and his death 
was mourned among all civilized nations. 

Helen Hunt Jackson, " H. H.,"an eminent Amer- 
ican author, born at Amherst, Mass., Oct. 18, 1831. 
Died in San Francisco, Aug. 12, 1885. Her public 
literary career began in 1866, after a sorrowful retire- 
ment from the world, occasioned by the death of her 
first husband and cherished son. She was a valued con- 
tributor to the "Independent," "Hearth and Home," 
"Atlantic Monthly" and "The Century," besides being 
author of several volumes. It was at one time proposed 
by the editors of the " Century" to let her varied con- 
tributions accumulate sufficiently to fill one number of 
that periodical; and though the plan was dismissed, 
not from a doubt of its practicability, it was probably 



254 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. tOct.20. 

the greatest compliment ever paid by editors to the re- 
sources of a single contributor. 

October 19. 

Elisha Whittlesey, an American politician and 
statesman, born at Washington, Conn., Oct. 19, 1783. 
Died at Washington, D. 0., Jan. 7, 1863. He was one 
of the founders of the Whig party, and was a con- 
spicuous example of integrity, in a long and arduous 
public service. 

James Henry Leigh Hunt, an English author and 
poet, born in Southgate, Middlesex, Eng., Oct. 19, 
1784. Died at Putney, Aug. 28, 1859. He was con- 
temporary with Byron, Moore, Lamb, Shelley and Keats, 
and resided for a time in Italy with Byron and Shelley. 

Benjamin H. Wright, an American engineer, born 
in New York, Oct. 19, 1801. 

By his personal efforts, railroads were introduced into 
the island of Cuba, and the first road was made under 
his superintendence. 

Cassius M. Clay, an American politician and states- 
man, born in Madison Co., Ky., Oct. 19, 1810. 

He was an ardent advocate of anti-slavery principles, 
and when editor of "The True American," an anti- 
slavery paper, published at Lexington, Ky., met with 
a violent and abusive opposition. Iq 1862 he was aj> 
pointed minister to Eussia, which place he occupied 
until 1869. 

October 20. 

Christopher Wren, an eminent English architect, 
born in Wiltshire, Eng., Oct. 20, 1632. Died at Hamp- 
ton Court, Feb. 25, 1723. He was designer of many 



Oct. 21.1 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 255 

of the public buildings of London, after the great fire of 
1666, prominent among which were St. Paul's Cathe- 
dral and Westminster Abbey. 

Thomas Hughes, an English author, social econo- 
mist and barrister, born in Newbury, near Berkshire, 
Eng., Oct, 20, 1823. 

He acquired celebrity by his " Tom Brown at Kugby," 
1857, which quickly passed through several editions, 
and was soon followed by " Tom Brown at Oxford." In 
1881 he came to America wdth a colony of farmers to 
settle a tract of country in the mountains of Tennessee, 
which place they named Kugby. 

October 21. 

Samuel Taylok Coleridge, an eminent English 
poet and critic, born at Ottery, in Devonshire, Oct. 21, 
1772. Died at Highgate, London, July 25, 1834. He 
formed with Southey the idea of founding a pantiso- 
cracy on the Susquehanna river in Pennsylvania, but 
like other Utopian plans it failed. He with Southey 
and Wordsworth, were the " Lake Poets " of the Lake 
district in the north of England. The "Ancient Mari- 
ner " is one of his well known works. 

George Combe, an eminent Scottish phrenologist 
and lecturer, born in Edinburgh, Oct. 21, 1788. Died 
at Moor Park, Eng., Aug. 14, 1858. He became a 
believer in Phrenology on hearing Spurzheim lecture 
in 1816, after which he wrote many works on Phren- 
ology, the most prominent of which is the " Constitu- 
tion of Man/' which passed through several editions. 
He visited the United States in 1838, and was con- 
sidered the ablest writer and lecturer who had advocated 
this science. 



256 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Oct. 23. 

Alphonso de Lamartine, a French poet, orator and 
historian of great celebrity, born at Macon, France, 
Oct. 21, 1792. Died in February, 1869. He was a 
master spirit and moderator of the French Kevolution 
of 1848. His harangue to the infuriated mobs, Feb. 25, 
1847, was one of the most remarkable triumphs of elo- 
quence recorded in history. 

John J. Gr. 0. Brainard, an American poet, born at 
New London, Conn., Oct. 21, 1796. Died there Sept. 
26, 1828. He was for a time editor of " The Connecti- 
cut Mirror," and produced a volume of poems. His 
" Falls of Niagara,"' written while the printer's boy was 
waiting for his regular contribution to the paper, is gen- 
erally considered the best short poem written on that 
subject, and is one of the " gems " of American litera- 
ture. 

October 22. 

James Northcote, an English artist, celebrated as a 
portrait painter, born at Plymouth, Eng., Oct. 22, 
1746. Died July 13, 1831. He was also author of 
" Northcote's Fables" and other works. 

Franz Liszt, a Hungarian musician and one of the 
most celebrated pianists of modern times, born at Raid- 
ing, Oct. 22, 1811. Died July 30, 1886. Hearing Pa- 
ganini, the great violinist, perform in Paris, he resolved 
to obtain the same mastery over the piano which that 
great musician had gained over the violin, and it is al- 
lowed that he succeeded. In 1848 he was appointed 
leader of the imperial orchestra at Weimar. 

October 23. 

Emmanuel de Grouchy, a celebrated French gen- 
eral, born in Paris, Oct. 23, 1766. Died in St. Etienne, 



Oct. 24.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 257 

May 29, 1847. He assisted in gaining the battle of Ho- 
henlinden, Dec. 3, 1800, and was conspicuous for his 
skill and courage. Napoleon gave signal proof of his 
confidence in Grouchy by placing him at the head of 
his " Sacred Battalion." Some historians attribute him 
to be the indirect cause of the defeat of the French at 
Waterloo, by his failing to appear at the appointed time; 
others say he had no order from the emperor to do so. 

Francis Jeffrey, a distinguished Scottish critic and 
essayist, born in Edinburgh, Oct. 23, 1773. Died at 
Oraigerook, Jan. 26, 1850. He was for twenty-six 
years editor of the " Edinburgh Keview," of which he 
was one of the projectors, and which is said to have 
formed a new era in English literature, and completely 
changed the style of the popular magazines. His con- 
tributions to the a Keview " extended over a period of 
nearly fifty years. As a lawyer his fluency and elo- 
quence had no equal at the Scottish bar. So rapid was 
his enunciation that it was once declared by an oppos- 
ing counsel " that by calculation with his watch, that 
man had actually spoken the English language twice 
over in three hours." In 1830 he was elected to the 
Parliament of William IV. and afterward received an 
appointment to a Scottish judgeship with the honorary 
title of Lord. 

October 24. 

Edmund Quikct, an American statesman in the col- 
onial times, born at Braintree, now Quincy, Mass., Oct. 
24, 1681. Died in London, Feb. 23, 1738. He was the 
ancestor of a very distinguished line of Massachusetts 
statesmen. 

Sir James Mackintosh, an illustrious British author, 
orator and statesman, born near Inverness, Oct. 24, 1765. 



258 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Oct. 24. 

Died May 1832. "It would be difficult/' says Mr. 
Whipple, " to mention any writer in the literary journals 
of the nineteenth century who has carried into the task 
of criticism so much fairness and moderation as Mack- 
intosh; and the beauty of his character will long con- 
tinue to exert an influence in moulding the minds of 
scholars and statesmen. 

Thaddeus Osgood, an American minister and mis- 
sionary, born at Methuen, Mass., Oct. 24, 1775. Died 
at Glasgow, Scotland, Jan. 19, 1852. He organized the 
first church at Buffalo, N. Y., and established Sunday 
and day schools and Bible societies at many places in 
Canada. 

Sir Moses Moxtefiore, an English Jew noted for 
his philanthropy, born in London, Oct. 24, 1784. Died 
July 28, 1885. His ancestors for several generations 
were successful bankers, in which business this distin- 
guished Jew made an honest fortune, which he devoted 
to philanthropic measures in behalf of his people in all 
parts of Europe. His last act of business, although a 
centenarian, was to draw a check for the Princess Beatrice 
of England, and to dictate a tasteful letter of presentation. 

Belva A. Lockwood, the woman lawyer of Washing- 
ton, D. C, born at Royalton, K Y., Oct. 24, 1830. 

She early signalized herself by her executive abilities, 
and during the civil war was efficient in organizing hun- 
dreds of young women into committees for clothing the 
soldiers. She prepared herself, and applied in vain to be 
appointed as consul to Ghent, also to enter Columbia Col- 
lege as a student. But when the National University 
Law Class was opened, she was one of the fifteen ladies who 
entered their names. She afterward graduated and was 
admitted to the bar. 



Oct. 26,] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 259 

October 25. 

James Beattie, a Scottish poet and philosophical 
writer, born in Kincardine, Oct. 25, 1735. Died in 1803. 
His greatest works were his " Essay on Truth/' written to 
refute the doctrine of Hume, and "The Minstrel." Cow- 
per pronounced Beattie " the most agreeable and ami- 
able writer he ever met with." 

Joel Jon"es, LL.D., an American lawyer and judge, 
born at Coventry, Conn., Oct. 25, 1795. Died in Phila- 
delphia, Feb. 1860. He was the first president of Girard 
College, and was perfectly familiar with several modern 
and dead languages. 

Thomas Babikgto^ Macaulay, an eminent English 
scholar, critic and historian, born at Eothley Temple, 
in Leicestershire, Oct. 25, 1800. Died at Kensington, 
London, Dec, 28, 1859, and was buried in Westminster. 
Although a member of Parliament and of the supreme 
council of India, yet his fame rests not upon his ability 
as a statesman, but upon his merits as an essayist and 
historian. He had the remarkable faculty of assirnu- 
lating printed matter at first sight, and at one period of 
his life was known to say that if every copy of " Para- 
dise Lost" and " Pilgrim's Progress " were destroyed, he 
would undertake to reproduce them both from recollec- 
tion. In 1842 he published his " Lays of Ancient 
Rome." His "History of England/' though unfinished, 
met with almost unparalleled popularity, and was soon 
translated into twelve languages. His works will be 
read and admired as long as the English language is tho 
dominant tongue. 

October 26. 

Edmund Halley, an eminent English astronomer 
and mathematician, born in a suburb of London, Oct. 2 6, 



260 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Oct. 27. 

1656. Died Jan., 1742. He was the first who success- 
fully predicted the return of a comet, and his ob- 
servations on a remarkable comet caused it to be named 
in his honor. He appears to have been the first 
to discover the proper motion of the fixed stars, also to 
catalogue the southern stars. He was intimate with 
Newton, and persuaded him to publish his " Principia. " 

Chakles Sprague, an American poet, born in Bos- 
ton, Oct. 26, 1791. Died there Jan. 14, 1875. His 
"Ode" in honor of Shakespeare is considered one of the 
most beautiful lyrics in the English language. His most 
extensive work is " Curiosity, " a satirical poem. 
"The "Winged Worshipers," "Art" and "The Family 
Meeting/' are among his short poems. 

Helmuth Kael Bernard von Moltke, a Prussian 
general, or the great general of Germany, born at Par- 
chim, Mecklenburg, Oct. 26, 1800. 

He became major-general in 1856, and lieutenant- 
general in 1859. He planned the campaign which re- 
sulted in the great and decisive victory of Sadowa, July 
3, 1866, and directed in person the armies which gained 
in Prance, in 1870, a series of great and memorable vic- 
tories. 

Elizabeth P. Prektiss, an American author, born in 
Maine, Oct. 2G, 1818. Died in 1788. She has written 
several interesting books for youth and children, among 
which is "Stepping Heavenward.'' 

October 27. 

James Cook, a celebrated English navigator and dis- 
coverer, born at Marston, Yorkshire, Eng., Oct. 27, 
1728. He was killed by the natives at the Sandwich Is- 
lands, Peb. 14, 1779. He twice circumnavigated the 
globe, discovering New Caledonia, and started on the 



Oct. 28.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 261 

third, in which he discovered the Sandwich Islands, 
where he lost his life. 

Joanna Baillie, one of the most eminent British 
female poets, born at Bothwell, near Glasgow, Scotland, 
Oct. 27, 1762. Died at Hempstead, near London, Feb. 
23, 1851. Her great work "Plays on the Passions," 
was considered a noble monument to the powerful mind 
and the pure and elevated imagination of its author. 

Be]s t jama^ Frastklist Wade, an eminent American 
statesman, born in Springfield, Mass., Oct. 27, 1800. 
Died March 2, 1878. He was distinguished as a zealous 
advocate of the anti-slavery question, and for his resolute 
character and inflexible fidelity to the cause of liberty, 
was chosen president of the Senate after the assassination 
of Lincoln. 

Alexander T. Stewart, a merchant prince of New 
York, and considered the greatest merchant in the world, 
born near Belfast, Ireland, Oct. 27, 1802. Died April 
13, 1876. He is said to have made his immense fortune 
by attending to details, and following closely the " one 
priced " system of merchandizing of which he was the 
father. He built some magnificent houses in New York 
and in Garden City, L. I. 

Whitelaw Reid ; an American journalist, born at 
Xenia, Ohio, Oct. 27, 1837. 

He early began to edit papers with great success, and 
his abilities as a war correspondent, during the civil war, 
gave him great distinction. In 1869 he became managing 
editor of the New York " Tribune/' and upon the death 
of Horace Greeley, became proprietor as well as editor. 

October 2§. 

Eeastus Fairbanks, LL.D., an American manufac- 
turer, born at Brimfield, Mass., Oct, 28, 1793, Died 



202 EVERY- DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Oct. 29. 

at St. Johnsbury, Vt., Nov. 30, 18G4. In 1825, he with 
his brother, formed a partnership for the manufacturing 
of his scales which have a world-wide reputation. He 
was twice elected governor of the State of Vermont. 

Henrietta Shuck, the first American woman 
missionary to China, born in Kilmarnock, Va., Oct. 28, 
1817. Died in China, Nov. 27, 1847. 

Anna Elizabeth Dickenson, an American lecturer 
and author, born in Philadelphia, Oct. 28, 1842. 

She gained great distinction during the civil war by 
her public speeches against slavery, and has been con- 
sidered one of the most popular lecturers of the United 
States. 

October 29. 

James Boswell, the biographer of Samuel Johnson, 
born in Edinburgh, Oct. 29, 1740. Died in London, June 
19, 1795. His " Life of Johnson" is considered to be 
the best biography in universal literature. 

John Keats, a celebrated English poet, born in 
London, Oct. 29, 1795. Died in Rome, Feb. 27, 1821. 
His celebrity is perhaps to be attributed as much to the 
circumstances of his early death, as to his poetical 
ability. His "Endymion" being severely criticised by 
the "Edinburgh Review," is thought to have aggravated 
the disease under which he was suffering, and contribut- 
ed to his early death. 

Thomas Francis Bayard, an American statesman, 
born at Wilmington, Del., Oct. 29, 1828. 

He was appointed Secretary of State in President 
Cleveland's Cabinet, and was for many years previous 
IT. S. Senator, 






Oct. 30.1 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 263 

October 30. 

John Adams, an American statesman and patriot, 
second President of the United States, born in Brain- 
tree, Mass., Oct. 30, 1735. Died there (though by that 
time it had changed to Quincy), July 4, 1826. He 
was an ardent advocate of American Independence from 
his college days, and when the real "Declaration of In- 
dependence " was laid upon the table, he as much as 
any one man secured its adoption, by his eloquent 
debates during the four days' session of the General 
Congress, previous to its being signed. He, of course, 
was one of the "signers," and after the war was the first 
American minister to England, and first Vice-President. 
It was during his administration that the capital was 
removed to Washington. His support of the "Alien 
and Sedition Laws " lost for him a second term. 

Andrew Jackson Downing, an American land- 
scape gardener and author, born in Newburg, 1ST. Y., 
Oct. 30, 1815. He was lost on the Henry Clay, a North 
River steamboat, July 28, 1852. He was editor of 
"The Horticulturist" for six years previous to his 
death; and his "Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America" 
has passed through several editions. He probably had 
few superiors as a landscape-gardener, even in Europe. 

Adelaide Anne Proctor, an English poetess, born 
in London, Oct. 30, 1825. Died there Feb. 2, 1864. 
Her short poems are among the choicest in English 
literature. 

Eoscoe Conkling, an American senator and lawyer, 
born at Albany, N. Y., Oct. 30, 1828. Died April 17, 
1888. He was elected to Congress in 1858, and from 
that time wa,s a recognized leader of the Republican 



264 E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY, [Oct. 31. 

party, which place he won by his remarkable gift of 
oratory. 

John Rogers, an American sculptor, born in Salem, 
Mass., Oct. 30, 1829. 

He is modeler of the famed "Sogers' groups/' which 
he began as illustrations of the civil war. 

October 31. 

Richard Briksley B. Sheridak, a celebrated Irish 
orator and dramatist, born at Dublin, Oct. 31, 1751. 
Died in London, July 7 P 1816. As an orator his 
celebrated Begum speech on the trial of Warren 
Hastings, in 1787, is still regarded as one of the most 
splendid displays of eloquence in ancient or modern 
times. His "School for Scandal/' published in 1777, 
established his reputation as a dramatic genius of the 
highest order, and is considered "if not the most 
original, perhaps the most finished and faultless comedy 
of the language." He has been called a dramatic star of 
the first magnitude. 

Theodoke Dwight Woolsey, D.D., LL.D., an emi- 
nent American scholar, born in New York, Oct. 31, 
1801. 

He was president of Yale College for twenty-five years, 
1846-71, and as an author is celebrated for his series of 
text-books of Greek classics. 

William Cowper Prime, an American journalist and 
author, born at Cambridge, N. Y., Oct. 31, 1825. 

In 1861 he took the editorship of "The Journal of 
Commerce/' and has traveled extensively and written 
many works. 

Gek, Joseph R. Hawley, m American editor^ 



Nov. 1.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 265 

lawyer, general and legislator, born in Stewartsville, 
N. C., Oct. 31, 1826. 

He was president of the Centennial Exposition in 
1876, and is said to be the first volunteer that offered his 
services in the civil war. 

Bekjamik W. Bichakdson, an English physician, 
born at Leicestershire, Eng., Oct. 31, 1828. 
He was the first to employ ether spray for local pain. 

November 1. 

Sir Mathew Hale, an eminent English judge, born 
at Alderley, Gloucestershire, Eng., Nov. 1, 1609. Died 
there Dec. 25, 1676. He was appointed by Cromwell, in 
1653, judge of the common bench, and twice elected to 
Parliament. Charles II. appointed him chief baron of 
the exchequer, and afterward lord chief justice of 
England. He is regarded as one of the greatest, wisest 
and best judges that ever attained this dignity. 

Nicholas Boileau, an eminent French poet and 
satirist, born in Paris, Nov. 1, 1636. Died there March 
1711. "Boileau," says Hallam, "is the analogue of 
Pope in French literature ; ' The Art of Poetry y has 
been the model of the ' Essay on Criticism/" He has 
the honor of having effected a revolution in the poetical 
taste of the French; his poems containing no line that 
would offend the strictest moralist. 

Antokio Cakova, a celebrated Italian sculptor, born 
at Possagno, in Venitia, Nov. 1, 1757. Died in Venice, 
Oct. 13, 1822. When twelve years old, he made a lion of 
butter for a grand dinner, which started him on the 
road to fame. His admirable statue of Napoleon after- 
ward came into the possession of the Duke of Welling- 
ton, and his statue of Washington is not unworthy of his 



266 EVERV-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Nov. a. 

fame. He produced fifty statues, as many busts, 
cenotaphs and groups, and lias the reputation of the 
greatest sculptor of his age. 

Stephen Vak Eex sselaer, LL.D., known as 
••the Patroon," a distinguished American statesman and 
soldier, born in New York, Not. 1. 1764. Died in 
Albany, Jan. 86, 1S39. He was for six years Lieutenant- 
Governor of New York State, and commanded the 
New York militia in the war of 1812, He founded the 
Rensselaer Polytechnic School at Troy, in 1824. 

November 2. 

MAMA Antoinette, fifth daughter of Maria 
and Francis I. of Austria, born at Vienna, Nov. 2, 1 

She was the ill-fated Queen of France, wife of Louis XVL, 
during the French Kevolution and after the fall of the 
Girondists, they were condemned to death by the 
Jacobins, and were excuted Oct. 16, IT 93. 

James Knox Poek, eleventh Pre of the 

United States, born in Mecklenberg Co.. X. C. Nov. 2, 
1795. Died in Nashville, Term., June 15, 1849, about 
three months after his retirement from office. The 
Mexican war, the agitation caused by the " Wilinot 
Proviso," and the discovery of gold in California, were 
events of his administration. 

Xoveniber 3. 

Marcus Axxjeus Lecax, a Roman epic poet, born 
at Cordova, Spain, Nov. 3. 3S a. p., was a nephew of the 
philosopher Seneca. He was for a time a favorite of 
Xero, who invested him with office in the governor 

But the notorious tyrant, fearing him as his literary- 
rival, forbade Lucan any more public audiences, which 
resulted in a plot to take Xero's life. This being de- 



Nov. 3.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 267 

tected, the poet was put to death 65 a.d. Lucan's 
fame rests on a poem entitled " Pharsalia," which treats 
of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey. 

William Cullen Bryaxt, the great American 
" poet of Nature/' born at Cummington, Mass., Nov. 3, 
1794. Died in New York, June 12, 1878. His earliest 
poems, "The Embargo" and "The Spanish Kevolu- 
tion," were printed in 1808, and " Thanatopsis," by 
many regarded as his finest poem, was published in 
1816. In 1826 he became editor of the "Evening 
Post," which position he filled for more than forty 
years. " No poet/' says Griswold, u has described with 
more fidelity the beauties of the creation, nor sung with 
nobler song the greatness of the Creator. He is the 
translator of the silent language of the universe to the 
world." 

James Murray Mason, an American lawyer and 
politician, born in Fairfax Co., Va., Nov. 3, 1798. Died 
near Alexandria, Va., April 28, 1871. He was the 
author of the "Fugitive Slave Law," and as a member 
of the Confederate Congress, was sent as commissioner 
with John Slidell to England and France, in the 
Autumn of 1861. He, with Slidell, was taken from the 
British steamer Nov. 8, 1861, and confined in Fort 
"Warren near Boston, but they were released on the 
demand of the British government. 

Daxiel G-. Croly, an American journalist and 
author, born in New York, Nov. 3, 1829. 

He has been employed on the " Evening Post," "New 
York Herald," editor of the "Eockford Daily News," 
city editor of the " New York World," and manag- 
ing editor of " The Graphic." He is husband of 
"Jennie June/' also an eminent journalist, 



268 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Nov. 5. 

Isabella Alden, " Pansy/' an American author, 
born in New York, Nov. 3, 1841. 

She is author of a popular juvenile series called 
" Pansy Books/' embracing nearly sixty titles, most of 
which are adapted to the use of Sunday school libraries. 
Mrs. Alden has from the beginning been identified with 
the Chautauqua system of instruction, and also edits 
" Pansy/' a juvenile publication. 

November 4. 

Edward V., of England, of the York branch of the 
Plantagenets, born at Westminster Abbey, Nov. 4, 
1470. He was the elder of the two princes who were 
put to death in the tower of London, by order of their 
uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, the young king's regent, 
who then usurped the throne under the title of 
Eichard III. 

James Montgomery, a distinguished British poet, 
born in Ayrshire, Scotland, Nov. 4, 1771. Died near 
Sheffield, April 30, 1854. His poems are distinguished 
for depth and tenderness of feeling, elevated moral sen- 
timent, and graceful description. 

Samuel Ireneus Prime, an American divine, editor 
and author, born at Ballston, N. Y., Nov. 4, 1812. 
Died 1885. He was for a time editor of the "New 
York Observer/' and published several works; was also 
an interested worker in the temperance cause. 

November 5. 

Hans Sachs, a popular German poet, born in Nurem- 
berg, Nov. 5, 1494. Died Jan., 1576. He produced, 
it is said, 6,000 poems of all kinds^ but only one-fourth 
#re in print, 



Nov. 5.] E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 269 

Washington Allston, one of the most eminent of 
American artists, born at Waccamaw, S. C, Nov. 5, 
1779. Died in Cambridge, Mass., July 9, 1843. He 
was the foremost of American painters in his delineations 
of sacred history. " Jacob's Dream/' " Elijah in the 
Desert/' and " Belshazzar's Feast," the latter on which 
he was at work when he died, are among his sacred histo- 
rical paintings. He also possessed poetic talent of a high 
order. Said Washington Irving : "The memory of 
Allston I hold in reverence and affection, as one of the 
purest, noblest, and most intellectual beings that ever 
honored me with his friendship." 

Sir John Kichardson, a British naturalist, Arctic 
explorer and author, born in Dumfries, Scotland, Nov. 
5, 1787. Died near Grasmere, June 5, 1865. He as- 
sisted Sir John Franklin in two of his Arctic expeditions, 
1819, 1825, and in 1848 conducted an expedition to 
search for the lost explorers. Was author of " Zoology 
of the Northern Parts of British America," and a 
" Boat-Voyage to the Arctic Sea." 

Benjamin F. Butler, an American politician and 
general, born at Deerfield, 1ST. H., Nov. 5, 1818. 

He was an efficient general during the civil war, and 
his decisive measures in New Orleans, in the summer of 
1862, restored the city to order, and preserved it from 
its annual pest, the yellow fever. While in charge of 
Fortress Monroe, three slaves coming there for protec- 
tion, Butler applied to them the famous phrase, " con- 
traband of war," " an epigram," said Theodore Win- 
throp, " which abolished slavery in the United States." 
Since the war he has been U. S. Senator and Governor 
of Massachusetts. 



270 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Nov. 7. 

November 6. 

James Gregory, a celebrated Scottish geometer, as- 
tronomer and mathematician, born in Aberdeen, Nov. 
6, 1638. Died in Edinburgh, Oct., 1675. He was the 
most eminent of a family which, during several succes- 
sive generations, has been distinguished for profound 
attainments in the sciences. Sixteen of the family have 
held professorships in British colleges and schools. 
One of the most important of his inventions is the con- 
cave burning mirror. 

Sarah Moore Grimke, a noted lecturer on anti- 
slavery and the equality of the sexes, born in Charles- 
ton, S. C, Nov. 6, 1792. Died at Hyde Park, Mass., 
Dec. 23, 1873. 

Cornelius C. Felton, a distinguished American 
scholar and author, born at West Newbury, Mass., Nov. 
6, 1807. Died in 1862. Being a professor of Greek 
literature in Harvard College, he is mostly noted for 
his translations of the classics, many of which have 
passed through several editions and have been reprinted 
in England. 

November 7* 

PLATr K. Spekcer, the originator of the Spencerian 
method of penmanship, born in East Fishkill, N. Y., 
Nov. 7, 1800. Died May 16, 1864. Mr. Spencer, who 
had given penmanship much attention from early youth, 
was led to perfect his semi-angular system, by seeing 
the necessity of a more rapid execution than the old 
round Eoman method, and a more legible hand than 
the angular or German system. 

Egbert Dale Owe*t, a distinguished political and 
miscellaneous writer, born at New Lanark, Scotland, 



Nov. 9] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 271 

Nov. 7, 1801. Died June 24, 1877. Among his many 
works are "Footfalls on the Boundaries of another 
World "and "Beyond the Breakers." He introduced 
the bill into Congress organizing the Smithsonian In- 
stitute, and was chairman of its building committee. 

November 8. 

Edward Pocock, an eminent English divine and 
Orientalist, born at Oxford, Nov. 8, 1604. Died there 
Sept. 10, 1691. He is said to have been the best Arabic 
scholar of his time, and in 1636 became the first pro- 
fessor of Arabic in Oxford. 

William Wirt, an eloquent American lawyer and 
author, born at Bladensburg, Md., Nov. 8, 1772. Died 
in Washington, D. C, Feb. 18, 1834. He distinguished 
himself at the trial of Aaron Burr, as one of the counsel 
for the prosecution. He was attorney-general of the 
United States from 1817 to March, 1829. As an author, 
his " Letters of a British Spy" and "Life of Patrick 
Henry " attained great popularity. 

November 9. 

Make Akenside, an English physician and poet, born 
at Newcastle on-Tyne, Nov. 9, 1721. Died in London* 
June 23, 1770. His principal poem, "The Pleasures of 
the Imagination," written in blank verse, appeared in 
1744, and had great success. Addison's essays on the 
" Pleasures of the Imagination " formed the ground- 
work of this poem. 

Dr. Harriet K. Hunt, the first woman physician in 
America, born in Boston, Nov. 9, 1805. Died there 
Jan. 2, 1875. She acquired quite a fortune in her pro- 
fession, and every year, when she paid her taxes, she filed 



272 ETERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Nov. 10 

her protest against "taxation without representation." 
This she followed for twenty-five years. 

John A. Wijstslow, an American naval officer, born 
in Wilmington, M". 0., Nov. 9, 1811. Died in Boston, 
Sept. 29, 1873. He was commander of the "Kearsarge," 
which on June 19, 1864, encountered and sunk the con- 
federate cruiser "Alabama/' off the coast of France. 

Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, eldest son of Queen 
Victoria, and heir-apparent to the British throne, born 
in Buckingham Palace, London, Nov. 9, 1841. 

November 10. 

Martin Luther, the great leader of the Keformation 
in Germany, born at Eisleben, now in Prussian Saxony, 
Nov. 10, 1483. Died there Feb. 18, 1546. He entered 
an Augustine convent in 1505, but in 1517, began to 
protest by his celebrated ninety-five propositions, against 
the pernicious doctrine of the sale of indulgences, which 
terminated, as all the world knows, in the separation of 
Luther from the Catholic church, and the inauguration 
of the Keformation. His noted trial at the "Diet of 
Worms," through which he came out unscathed, com- 
menced April 17, 1521 . Beside his renowned work as 
reformer, he stands in the front rank as German author. 
His translation of the Bible into German is his greatest 
work, "but his "Table Talk," a collection of anecdotes, 
letters and conversations, published by his friends after 
his death, is the most interesting of his works. 

Eobert Deyereux, second Earl of Essex, born at 
Netherwood, Nov. 10, 1567. Was convicted of treason 
and executed in 1601. He was at one time a special 
favorite of Queen Elizabeth, to whom she gave a ring, 
with injunctions to send it to her should his life ever be 



Nov. 10.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 273 

in danger ; and when finding that her displeasure was 
proving fatal, he sent the ring, but the treacherous mes- 
senger failed to present it, and she signed the death 
warrant. But learning too late the state of affairs, she 
became inconsolable at his loss, and never recovered 
from the shock. 

Olivek Goldsmith, an eminent British author and 
poet, born at Pallas, Longford Co., Ireland, ISTov. 10, 
1728. Died in London, April 4, 1774. Of his many 
works, " She Stoops to Conquer," a comedy, " The De- 
serted Village," a poem, and the " Vicar of Wakefield," 
are perhaps the best known. The last named work was 
written while under arrest for debt, from which he was 
released by Dr. Johnson, who obtained from a bookseller 
£60 for the work. Dr. Primrose is said to portray " the 
most amiable, humane and pious soul in English 
literature." 

Granville Sharp, an English philanthropist, distin- 
guished by his earnest opposition to negro slavery, born 
in Durham, Eng., Nov. 10, 1734. Died in London, July 
6, 1813. He was one of the originators of the "Associ- 
ation for the Abolition of Negro Slavery," and took a 
prominent part in founding the colony of Sierra Leone, 
in Africa. 

Johann Ohristoph Friedrich von Schiller, the 
great national poet of Germany, born at Marbach, Nov. 
10, 1759. Died in Weimar, May 9, 1805. Among his 
minor poems, " The Song of the Bell " may claim the 
first place. Nothing more admirable in its way has 
ever been written, and had the author composed but 
this single poem, it would have secured him a lasting 
fame. His " History of the Thirty Years' War " was 
pronounced by Carlyle to be the best historical perform- 



274 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Nov. 11. 

ance of which Germany could boast. " Wallenstein," 
his greatest work, is regarded by many as the finest 
tragedy in the German language. 

Dr. Samuel G. Howe, an eminent American philan- 
thropist, born in Boston, Nov. 10, 1801. Died Jan. 9, 
1876. He visited Europe, in 1831, to obtain information 
in regard to educating the blind, and on his return to 
Boston opened the "Perkins Institute for the Blind." 
His success in the case of Laura Bridgeman, a deaf, 
blind mute, whom he taught to read, write and instruct 
in religion, has immortalized his name. His noted wife, 
Julia Ward Howe, was his assistant in his philanthropic 
labor. 

James Brooks, an American journalist and politician, 
born in Portland, Me., Nov. 10, 1810. Died in Wash- 
ington, D. C, April 30, 1873. He, with his brother 
Erastus, founded "The New York Express " in 1836. 

Cincinnatus Heine Miller, "Joaquin Miller," an 
American author, born in the Wabash district, Ind., 
Nov. 10, 1841. 

He was one of the main newspaper correspondents of 
the New Orleans Exposition, and is author of several 
successful volumes. 

TVovemtoer 11. 

Bernardo Tasso, an Italian poet, born at Bergamo, 
Nov. 11, 1493. Died in Ostiglia, Sept., 1569. He com- 
posed numerous sonnets, hymns, eclogues and lyrics, 
but was eclipsed by his son, the celebrated Torquato 
Tasso. 

William Edwards, an American inventor, born 
Nov. 11, 1770. Died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1851. 
To Edwards belongs the honor of the success in the 



Nov. 12.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 275 

United States of the manufacture of leather, both by 
his method and the improved machinery. His first tan- 
nery was built at Northampton, Mass. He was grand- 
son of the Eev. Jonathan Edwards. 

Marie Francois Xayier Bicbat, a French physi- 
ologist and anatomist of great eminence, born at Thoi- 
retta, in Jura, Nov. 11, 1771. Died prematurely of over- 
work, July, 1802. He was the first who reduced the 
organs of the body to their elementary tissues, and ex- 
plained the chemical, physical and vital properties of 
each primitive tissue. He also ascertained so many 
other important facts in physiology, that it was said of 
him, that u No one has done so much and so well in so 
short a time." 

Thomas Bailey Aldrich, an American poet, novel- 
ist and journalist, born in Portsmouth, N. H., Nov. 11, 
1836. 

He entered the literary world through his connection 
as assistant editor with Willis and Morris, of the " Home 
Journal." Although he composed one of his best poems 
when only eighteen, " Baby Bell/' at once marked its 
author as one of rare skill. " Peck's Bad Boy " is largely 
autobiographical, and, though extremely popular, it car- 
ries the anathema of many an anxious parent. 

November 12. 

Richard Baxter, an English non-conformist divine 
and theological writer, born at Eowdon, Shropshire, 
Eng.,Nov. 12, 1615. Died Dec. 8, 1691. "Saints' 
Everlasting Kest" and " Call to the Unconverted/' his 
best known works, are generally and justly admired. 
Of the latter, about twenty thousand copies were sold in 
one year. He was the founder of a new school of theol- 



276 EVEKY-D AY BIOGRAPHY. [Nov. 12 

ogy which bears his name. "Baxter's life of himself/' 
says Coleridge, "is an inestimable work; there is no 
substitute for it, in a course of study for a clergyman or 
a public man." Doddridge styles Baxter the " English 
Demosthenes." 

Jacques Alexandre Cesar, Charles, a French 
physicist and chemist, born at Beaugency, Nov. 12, 1746 
Died at Paris, April 7, 1823. He is noted for his exper- 
iments in electricity and ballooning, and made great 
i improvements in the balloon which Montgolfier invented, 
by substituting hydrogen gas for heated air. He and 
M. Kobert were the first persons who ventured to ascend 
in a balloon, Aug. 2, 1783. 

Amelia Opie, a popular English writer, born at 
Norwich, Eng., Nov. 12, 1769. Died in 1853. Among 
her many works is "Illustrations of Lying," by which 
she will long be remembered, and which should be placed 
in the library of every young person in the formative 
period of their character. 

Eev. Dr. Eay Palmer, an American author and 
poet, born at Little Compton, K. I., Nov. 12, 1808. 
Died March 29, 1887. He was a poet from early youth 
and author of many sacred lyrics. His best known 
hymn, "My faith looks up to Thee," was written when 
he was but twenty-two. Dr. Lowell Mason, who ar- 
ranged the music, foretold its popularity at the time in 
these prophetic words : " Mr. Palmer," said he earnest- 
ly* " y° u many live many years, and do many things, 
but you will always be best known as the writer of this 
hymn." 

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, an eminent American 



Nov. 13] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 277 

lecturer and advocate of woman's rights, born at Johns- 
town, N. Y., Nov. 12, 1815. 

The first woman's rights convention met at her place 
of residence, July 19-20, 1848. 

November 13. 

St. Augustine, the greatest of the Latin fathers, 
born at Tagaste, Numidia, Nov. 13, 354. Died Aug. 28, 
430. He was baptized into the Christian faith, April 
25, 387. His " Confessions/' written in 397, consisted 
of thirteen books, and is a deep, earnest and sacred au- 
tobiography of one of the greatest intellects the world 
has ever known. 

Valentine Harvy, a French philanthropist, born 
at St. Just, Nov. 13, 1745. Died at Paris, June 3, 1822. 
He invented the art of printing with raised letters for 
the blind, and is universally recognized as " the apostle 
of the blind." 

Sir John" Moore, a British general, born in Glasgow, 
Nov. 13, 1761. Fell in battle at Corunna, in Spain, 
Jan. 16, 1809. The memory of his death is well pre- 
served in " The Burial of Sir John Moore," written by 
Charles Wolfe, which Byron pronounced " the most per- 
fect ode in the English language." 

Joseph Hooker, an American soldier and Union 
general in the civil war, born at Hadley, Mass., Nov. 13, 
1815. Died 1879. He succeeded Burnside as command- 
er of the army of the Potomac, in Jan., 1863, and for 
his bravery was called " Fighting Joe Hooker," an epi- 
thet he was never well pleased with. 

Kobert Louis Stevenson, a popular British author, 
born at Edinburgh, Scotland, Nov. 13, 1850. 

He is the son of the distinguished engineer, Thomas 



278 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Nov. 14. 

Stevenson, who has been called "the Nestor of light- 
house illumination." His grandfather, Kobert Steven- 
son, constructed the famous Bell Rock light-house, and 
invented the " intermittent " and (i flashing " lights. 
Robert's father intended that he should follow the fam- 
ily calling, but he took no interest in engineering and 
cared only for literature. Though an author of but few 
years' publicity, he has produced twenty volumes. 

November 14. 

Alexel Petrovitch Sumarokoff, a Russian drama- 
tist, born at Moscow, Nov. 14, 1727. Died there Oct. 
1777. He was founder of the first national theater at 
St. Petersburg. 

Johk Caspar Lavater, a celebrated Protestant 
minister and writer on physiognomy, born at Zurich, 
Switzerland, Nov. 14, 1741. He was author of many 
noted theological works, but signalized himself by his 
celebrated "Physiognomic Fragments," the result of 
multiplied and curious observations. He was shot by a 
soldier, Sept., 1799, in the streets of Zurich, at the cap- 
ture of that city by the French, and died of the 
wound in 1801, more than a year afterward. 

Sir Charles Lyell, F.R.S., an eminent British 
geologist, born at Kinnordy, in Forfarshire, Scotland, 
Nov. 14, 1797. Died in London, Feb. 22, 1875. His 
" Principles of Geology" has become a standard work on 
the subject. 

Rev. Jacob Abbott, a popular American author, 
born at Hallowell, Maine, Nov. 14,1803. Died Dec, 
1879. Few writers have given to the public a greater 
number of volumes. He has addressed himself 
principally to the young, with whom his works have been 



Nov. 15] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 279 

exceedingly popular. Nearly all of his books have been 
republished in England, and many have been translated 
into the various European and Asiatic languages. The 
twenty-eight volumes of "Kollo Books " are perhaps his 
best known. 

Aksok Buklikgame, an American statesman and 
diplomatist, born in New Berlin, Chenango Co., N. Y., 
Nov. 14, 1822. Died at St. Petersburg, Eussia, Feb. 
23, 1870. In 1861 he was sent as minister to China, and 
in 1867 was appointed ambassador from China to the 
United States and the great powers of Europe. 

William A. Wheeler, M.A., American editor and 
author, born at Leicester, Mass., Nov. 14,1833. Died 
Oct. 28, 1875. He assisted Dr. Worcester in the prep- 
aration of his quarto Dictionary, and in 1861 was em- 
ployed by Messrs. Gr. & C. Merriam as one of the 
editors of the new edition of Webster's quarto Diction- 
ary. He is author of valuable books of reference, such 
as " Dictionary of the noted names of Fiction," " Who 
Wrote It," etc., which idea was original with him. 

November 15. 

William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham, " the great 
commoner," an illustrious English statesman and 
orator, born at Boconnoe, in Cornwall, Nov. 15, 1708. 
He was seized with an apoplectic fit, as he rose to speak 
in the House of Lords, and died May, 1778. He com- 
menced his public life as an opponent of the Walpole 
ministry, and addressed the House for the first time in 
April, 1736, and from this time until his death, his life 
was interwoven with his country's history, and he was 
almost idolized by the people, who regarded him as the 
foremost Englishman of his time. He was a great 



280 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Nov. 15. 

friend of the American colonies, and condemned with 
all his eloquence, every measure of the British ministry 
which oppressed them. 

Frederic William Augustus Steuben, a distin- 
guished Prussian general, born in Magdeburg, Prussia, 
Nov. 15, 1730. Died near Utica, N. T., Nov. 28, 1794. 
He volunteered to assist the Americans in the war of the 
Kevolution, and received the township of Steuben, near 
Utica, N. Y., in acknowledgment of his services. 

Sir William Herschel, the eminent English astron- 
omer and astronomical discoverer, born in Hanover, Nov. 
15, 1738. Died at Slough, near Windsor, Aug. 23, 1822. 
He commenced his life as a musician, and when about 
thirty years of age directed his talents to the study 
which has given him his renown. The price of tele- 
scopes at that time exceeding his resources, after many 
attempts he constructed one of his own, and encouraged 
by this success, continued his exertions until he ob- 
tained one of twenty feet focal length, through which 
he discovered a new primary planet, March, 1781, 
which in honor of the king he named Georgium Sidus. 
It has sometimes been called by his name, but late as- 
tronomers have named it Uranus. Continuing his ob- 
servations, and increasing the size of his telescopes until 
he produced his gigantic instrument of forty feet, he 
discovered two new satellites of Saturn and six of Ura- 
nus. In 1803 he ascertained the motion of the double 
stars around each other, thus attesting the universal in- 
fluence of that attractive force which binds the members 
of the solar system. His discoveries had so little resem- 
blance to those of his predecessors, that he may be said to 
have ushered in a new era in astronomy. 

Kichard Henry Dana, an American poet and eg- 



Nov. 16.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 281 

sayist, born in Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 15, 1787'. Died 
Feb. 2, 1879. He was associate editor of the "North 
American Keview," also author of many poems, chief 
among which is " The Dying Kaven " and " The Buc- 
caneer," the last of which was considered at the time by 
far the most powerful and original of American poetical 
compositions. 

Eliza Leslie, an American authoress, born in Phila- 
delphia, Nov. 15, 1787. Died in Gloucester, N. J., Jan. 
2, 1857. She produced numerous tales and sketches re- 
ferring to home life and manners, which acquired exten- 
sive popularity. 

Thurlow Weed, an eminent American journalist 
and politician, born at Cairo, Greene Co., N. Y., Nov. 
15, 1797. Died Nov. 22, 1882. His first effort in 
journalism, the great work of his life, was to establish a 
paper called the " Agriculturist," after which he edited 
various newspapers, until in 1830 he became editor of the 
"Albany Evening Journal," which position he occupied 
until 1865, and acquired great distinction and influence 
as a party manager for the Whigs and Eepublicans. 
Being the father of so many newspapers he is some- 
times called " The Priam of the Press." 

November 16. 

Tiberius, the third Caesar, Emperor of Eome, born 
42 B.C. Died 37 a.d. He became Emperor in 14 
a.d., and was the Caesar to whom the Jews paid tribute 
during Jesus' ministration as related in the Gospels. 

Jeast D'Alembert, an eminent French geometei and 
philosopher, born in Paris, Nov. 16, 1717. Died there 
Oct. 29, 1783. His celebrated "Treatise on Dynamics'' 



282 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Nov. 18. 

initiated a revolution in physico-mathematical sciences,, 
and made him one of the most popular men of Europe. 
He was offered positions by "Frederic the Great " of 
Prussia, and Catherine II. of Bussia, both of which he 
declined. He associated with Diderot, as joint editor of 
the famous "Encyclopedia." 

Eobert B. Mintubn, an American shipping merchant 
and philanthropist, born in New York, Nov. 16, 1805. 
Died Jan. 9, 1866. By his energy and ability, the ship- 
ping house of "Grinnell, Minturn & Co., " in which he 
achieved fortune and reputation, became one of the 
great shipping houses of the world. 

John Bright, a celebrated English orator and radical 
statesman, born at Greenbank, near Eochdale, Lanca- 
shire, Nov. 16, 1811. 

He is a member of the Society of Friends, which with 
his intimacy with Bichard Cobden, made him a strong 
advocate of the "Anti-Corn-Law League." As a con- 
sistent friend of liberty and equal rights, he testified his 
sympathy with the American Bepublicans during the 
civil war by several eloquent speeches. He is not identi- 
fied with either of the great political parties, but is an 
advocate of reform in the elections, and non-interven- 
tion in.foreign wars. In 1868 he became President of 
the Board of Trade, being the first Quaker who had ever 
had a seat in the British Cabinet, and his eloquent speech 
on Ireland, in March of that year, did more to draw the 
noblest men of all parties together than long years of 
discussion had effected before. 

Makton Marble, an American editor and journalist, 
born at Worcester, Mass., Nov. 16, 1835. 

He was one of the founders of the "New York World." 






Nov. 18.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 283 

November 17. 

Julian", "the Apostate/' Koman Emperor,, 361-363, 
born at Constantinople, Nov. 17, 331 a.d., was mor- 
tally wounded in battle, and died June 26, 363. He 
was educated as a Christian, yet after being crowned 
emperor, avowed himself a pagan, hence his name. He 
did not persecute the Christians but tolerated all sects ; 
at the same time he favored paganism by his edicts, and 
closed the Christian schools. 

Feiedeich Chkistoph Schlossee, a celebrated Ger- 
man historian, born at Jever, Nov. 17, 1776. Died in 
Heidelberg, Sept. 23, 1861. He occupied a high rank 
as historian, and has acquired extensive popularity. 

Sik Samuel Cunaed, head of the extensive firm of 
steamship owners, Cunard & Co., born in Halifax, 
Nova Scotia, Nov. 17, 1787. Died April 28, 1865. 

Geoege Geote, an English politician and historian, 
born at Clay Hill, Beckenham, Kent, Nov. 17, 1794. 
Died in London, June 18, 1871. His great work, "The 
History of Greece " in twelve volumes, is pronounced 
"the most important contribution to historical literature 
in modern times," and is considered the best history of 
that country ever written. 

Eliza Faekham, an American authoress and philan- 
thropist, born in Kensselaerville, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1815. 
Died Dec. 15, 1864. She was for four years matron of 
the female department of the State prison at Sing Sing, 
and was highly successful in her efforts to govern by 
kindness. She was also author of many popular volumes. 

November 18. 

William Tully, an American physician, born at 
Say brook, Conn., Nov. 18, 1785. Died in Springfield, 



286 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Nov. 21. 

was promoted to Major-General during the civil war, and 
being elected to Congress, proved himself a wise and 
prudent legislator, and was soon recognized as the leader 
of his party in the House. In 1880 he was chosen 
Senator from Ohio, but before he could take his place, 
w r as nominated for the presidency. He was inaugurated 
March 4, 1881, but his anticipated administration was 
cut short by the assassin's hand. 

IVovemtoer 20. 

Philip Schuylee, an able American general and 
senator, born in Albany, N. Y., Nov. 20, 1733. Died 
there Nov. 18, 1804. He served in the French and 
Indian war, in 1756, and in the Eevolution took com- 
mand of an army in New York, but was superseded by 
Gates, in 1777, in consequence of unreasonable jealousy ; 
yet he still rendered important service in military 
affairs. He was a member of the General Congress from 
1778-1781, and in 1789 was elected a Senator of the 
United States from New York. 

Thomas Chatterton, an English poet, celebrated 
for his genius, precocity and literature impostures, born 
in Bristol, Nov. 20, 1752. Died by poison, Aug. 24, 
1770. He was very fond of antiquarian literature, and 
wrote poems which he professed to derive from ancient 
manuscripts, and which deceived even the most learned 
men. No English poet ever equaled him at the same 
age. 

November 21. 

Bryan Waller Proctor, " Barry Cornwall," an 
English poet, born in London, Nov. 21, 1790. Died 
there Oct. 5, 1874. He acquired distinction by a vol- 
ume entitled "Dramatic Scenes and other Poems." 






Nov. 22.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 287 

Among his other works are " The Flood of Thessaly," 
" Essays and Tales in Prose." His songs have obtained 
much popularity. He is the father of Adelaide A. 
Proctor. 

Walter William Skeat, an eminent English philol- 
ogist and author, born in London, Nov. 21, 1835. 

He is a member of the " Early English Text Soci- 
eties," and editor of corrected editions of English classics. 

November 22. 

Oth o, " the Great," a German emperor, born Nov. 
22, 912. Died at Memleben, Thuringia, May 7, 973. 
He was crowned emperor at Eome by Pope John XII. 
in 962, and assumed the title of Caesar. Some histo- 
rians think he deserves more than Charlemagne, the 
name of " Great," because his reign had a much more 
salutary influence on the nations whom he subjected. 

Dugald Stewart, an eminent Scottish professor 
of moral philosophy, born in Edinburgh, Nov. 22, 1753. 
Died there June, 1828. He was the author of many 
works, among which is his noted "Elements of the Phi- 
losophy of the Human Mind," which enjoyed a great 
popularity. As a professor of moral philosophy in the 
University of Edinburgh, he promoted the opinions of 
liberality in politics, by his influence over such men as 
Lord Brougham, Lord Jeffrey and Lord John Eussell, 
who were his pupils. 

Andreas Hofer, a celebrated Tyrolese patriot, born 
at St. Leonard, in the Passeyr valley, Tyrol, Nov. 22, 
1767. The Tyrolese, assisted by the Austrians, rose 
against the French and Bavarian government to whom 
Tyrol was subject ; and after many triumphs, was at 
last defeated. He took refuge in the mountains, but 



288 EVERY-BAY BIOGRAPHY. [Nov.2l 

was betrayed by a former friend, and shot by order of 
Napoleon, Feb. 20, 1810. 

Lionel Nathan Kothschild, grandson of the 
founder of that celebrated family of bankers, born Nov. 
22, 1808. 

He was repeatedly elected to Parliament, but could not 
take his seat until 1858, when the " act for removing the 
disabilities of the Jews w was passed, he being the first 
Jew admitted to Parliament. 

Marian Evans Lewes Crosse, "George Eliot/' a 
celebrated English novelist, born in Warwickshire, Nov. 
22, 1820. Died Dec. 22, 1880. She had acquired a 
reputation in the literary circles of London, before she 
became known as the author of the remarkable series of 
fiction with which her name is popularly associated. 
" Adam Bede," the first of this series, appeared in 1858 ; 
the next year followed "The Mill on the Floss/' "Ko- 
mola"in 1863, " Middlemarch " in 1872, and "Daniel 
Deronda " later. It is said that she read one thousand 
books in preparing to write the last named volume, and 
the work of preparing "Bomola" was equally immense. 

November 23. 

St. Clement, a bishop of Eome, born Nov. 23, 67 
A.D. He is the patron saint of hatmakers, from the 
supposition that he discovered the art of making felt 
by putting wool between his feet and sandals, when on a 
pilgrimage, and it matted into felt. The 23d of Nov- 
ember is observed as his day. 

Edward Rutledge, an American jurist and patriot, 
born at Charleston, S. C, Nov. 23, 1749. Died there 
Jan. 23, 1800. He was a member of the first Continen- 
tal Congress, a "signer" of the Declaration of Indepen- 



Nov. 24.1 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 280 

dence, and one of the committee to draft General Wash- 
ington's commission. He was a IT. S. Senator, and Gov- 
ernor of South Carolina. 

Franklin Pierce, fourteenth President of the United 
States, born in Hillsborough, N. H., Nov. 23, 1804. 
Died in Concord, N. H., Oct. 8, 1869. Among the im- 
portant events of his administration were the repeal of 
the "Missouri Compromise " and "Kansas-Nebraska" 
Bill. Every measure of his administration favored 
slavery. 

November 24. 

Benedict Spinoza, a celebrated Dutch pantheistical 
philosopher, born in Amsterdam, Nov. 24, 1632. Died 
at the Hague, Feb. 21, 1677. His parents were Portu- 
guese Jews, but he early announced heretical opinions, 
for which he was excommunicated from the Jewish 
church, and narrowly escaped with his life. The anathe- 
mas under which he lived, rested upon him for more 
than a century after his death. But when biographers, 
studying into hii quiet, sequestered, frugal life, found 
that he was a calm, reflective, diligent scholar, a good 
citizen, a sympathizing neighbor, and a peaceable domes- 
tic man, a reaction followed and he became a favorite 
with the leading minds of Germany. " They seemed to 
have forgotten," said Goethe, in speaking of his accusers, 
"the words of the gospel 'By their fruits ye shall know 
them. ' " His main writings were on ethics and geometry. 

Laurekce Sterne, a celebrated English author and 
humorist, born in Clonmel, Ireland, Nov. 24, 1713. 
Died in London, March 18, 1768. His noted works, 
"Tristram Shandy" and a "Sentimental Journey," 
made him popular as an author ; but we forget that 
his levity and dissipation as a preacher often stigma- 



290 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Nov. 25. 

tize him, when we remember him as the author of " God 
tempers the wind to the shorn lamb." 

Grace Darlikg, an English heroine, born at Bam- 
borough, on the coast of Northumberland, Nov. 24, 1815. 
Died Oct. 20, 1842. She was the daughter of the light- 
house keeper of Longstone, on one of the Fame Islands, 
and won her fame by rescuing, at the imminent peril of 
her life, nine persons who w 7 ere clinging to a rock, Sept. 
6, 1838. 

November 25. 

Felix Lope de Vega, a celebrated Spanish poet and 
dramatist, born in Madrid, Nov. 25, 1562. Died there 
Aug. 26, 1635. He possessed in a remarkable degree 
such a fertile and rapid invention, that it required only 
a single day to compose a versified drama ; and this as- 
tonishing faculty enabled him to produce nearly two 
thousand original plays, which were performed with 
such immense applause that his name became a syno- 
nym for the superlative degree. He was called the 
"Center of Fame," the "Darling of Fortune/' the 
" Phoenix of Ages/' 

Hebtry Sargekt, an eminent American artist, born 
at Gloucester, Mass., Nov. 25, 1770. Died Feb. 21, 
1845. He is widely known through his engraving, 
" The Landing of the Pilgrims." 

Henry Mayhew, a distinguished English scholar, 
author and journalist, born in London, Nov. 25, 1812. 
Died 1876. He was one of the founders of the period- 
ical entitled "Figaro in London, " and the first editor of 
"Punch." Among his many works are "What to 
Teach, and How to Teach it," "London Labor," 
" London Poor," and "The Wonders of Science." 



Nov. 27.1 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 291 

November 26. 

Oliyek Wolcott, an American patriot and statesman 
born in Windsor, Conn., Nov. 26, 1726. Died in Litch- 
field, Dec. 1, 1797. He was a member of Congress in 
1776, signed the " Declaration of Independence," and in 
1796 became Governor of Connecticut. 

William Cowpee, one of the most eminent and 
popular of English poets, born in Hertfordshire, Eng., 
Nov. 26, 1731. Died April 25, 1800. Though, as ex- 
pressed by himself, "he was encompassed by the mid- 
night of absolute despair, when he commenced as an 
author," his are some of the most brilliant pages in the 
great tome of English literature, and no English poet> 
except Shakespeare, is more frequently quoted. "His 
familiar letters sparkling with playful humor, the most 
genial ever written, are the finest specimen of the episto- 
lary style in our language." Of his short poems, "John 
Gilpin " and " Lines on his Mother's Portrait " are world- 
renowned. His " Task " was the most popular poem of 
its length in the language, and his version of Homer, 
considered with respect to fidelity to the original, is per- 
haps the best in the language. 

Octavius Bkooks Erothingham, a Unitarian divine 
and eloquent rationalistic theologian, born in Boston, 
Mass., Nov. 26, 1822. 

November 27. 

Eobert E. Livingston, an American statesman and 
jurist, born in the city of New York, Nov. 27, 1746. 
Died Feb. 26, 1813. As a member of the Congress of 
1776, he was appointed one of the committee to draw up 
the "Declaration of Independence." He was chancellor 
of the State of New York, secretary of foreign affairs, 



292 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Nov. 20. 

and in 1801 was sent as minister to France, where he 
assisted in the negotiation for the purchase of Louisiana ; 
he afterward aided Fulton in the introduction of steam 
navigation. He was a descendant of Kobert Livingston, 
the first possessor of the Livingstone Manor, New York. 

Hekky Wheaton, an American jurist, civilian and 
diplomatist, born in Providence, E. L, Nov. 27, 1785. 
Died in Dorchester, Mass., March 11, 1848. He was 
editor of the " National Advocate," and as an author, 
his " Elements of International Law" is his most im- 
portant work, and is esteemed as a standard authority. 

Feakces Anna Kemble, Mrs. Butler, best known as 
Fanny Kemble, a popular English actress and writer, 
born in London, Nov. 27, 1811. 

She has performed both tragedy and comedy with equal 
success, and is author of several works. 

November 28. 

William Blake, a singular gifted English artist and 
poet, born in London, Nov. 28, 1757. Died there Aug. 
12,1827. His " Songs of Innocence and Experience," 
published in 1789, contained etched illustrations of great 
beauty. Subsequently he illustrated Young's " Night 
Thoughts," Hayley's "Life of Oowper," and Blair's 
"Grave." His entire devotion to his art compensated 
him for the privations to which his poverty subjected 
him. 

Alphokso Feancisco, known as Alphonso XII. of 
Spain, born Nov. 28, 1857. He was crowned in 1875, 
and died Nov. 25, 1885. 

November £9. 

Sie Philip Sidney, an English statesman, soldier 
and author, born at Penshurst, in Kent, Nov. 29, 1554. 



Nov. 29] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 293 

In the literary world he was called " the father of poetic 
prose," and as a statesman was considered "one of 
the ripest and greatest councillors of State in that day." 
He was mortally wounded on the field of Zutphen, and 
died Oct. 7, 1586. His self-forgetful expression, "Thy 
necessity is greater than mine," as he passed the water 
proffered him to a dying soldier, as they both lay on the 
field at Zutphen, has more than anything else immortal- 
ized his name. 

Chakles Thomsok, LL.D., an American patriot, born 
in Ireland, Nov. 29, 1729. Died near Philadelphia, 
Aug. 16, 1824. He was secretary of the first Continen- 
tal Congress, from 1774-1789, and was the one chosen 
to inform Washington of his election. 

Amos Bronson Alcott, an American philosopher and 
educator, born at Wolcott, Conn., Nov. 29, 1799. Died 
March 4, 1888. In early life he gave his attention to 
reforms in theology, education, diet and social institu- 
tions, and came to be known as one of the leading tran- 
scendentalists. He, with two English friends, endeavored 
to found a new community at Harvard, Mass., which 
scheme failed. He was noted as a brilliant conversation- 
alist, by which method he usually lectured, and his per- 
sonal worth and originality of thought always secured 
him a respectful hearing. He was the father of Louisa 
May Alcott. 

Wekdell Phillips, an American reformer and emi- 
nent anti-slavery orator, born in Boston, Nov. 29, 1811. 
Died 1884. In 1836 he joined the abolitionists, and in 
1837 addressed a vast assembly at Faneuil Hall, many of 
whom were strong for slavery, with an indignation and elo- 
quence which Dr„ Channing often alluded to as " mor- 
ally sublime." Believing that the constitution of the 



294 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Nov. 30. 

United States was a compact between freedom and slav- 
ery, lie relinquished the practice of law, because he was 
unwilling to act under an oath to it, and for the same 
reason refused to recognize its authority by voting. He 
succeeded Mr. Garrison as President of the American 
Anti slavery Society until it was dissolved, April 9, 1870. 
Louisa May Alcott, sometimes styled "the most 
successful woman author of America," born in German- 
town, Pa., Nov. 29, 1833. Died March 6, 1888. She 
lent her assistance as a nurse during the civil war, which 
was the origin of her "Hospital Sketches." "Little 
Women," her most popular book, was written by an earn- 
est request for a " book for girls." In it is woven many 
an instance of her own life. " Little Men," " Under the 
Lilacs," "The Eight Cousins," "Eose in Bloom," and 
numerous others, will long live a delight to the young, 
as well as to those whose interest it is to watch the pro- 
gress of life's unfoldment. 

November $0. 

Jokatelo" Swift, known as " Dean Swift," a cele- 
brated humorist and satirist, born in Dublin, Ireland, 
Nov. 30, 1667. Died there Oct. 19, 1745. In 1704 he 
produced his "Tale of a Tub," in which he exposed re- 
ligious abuses, especially those of the Eomish church ; 
and shortly after the "Battle of the Books" appeared, a 
satire in allusion to a controversy of that day, regarding 
the respective merits of ancient and modern learning. 
" His " Gulliver's Travels," a series of satires on human 
nature and society, is the most original and extraordinary 
of all his productions, and by which he will be known 
while language lasts. 

Theodoke Mommsek, a German jurist and historian, 
born at Garding, in Schleswig-Holstein, Nov, 30, 1817, 



Nov. 30.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 295 

His "Eoman History" is regarded as one of the 
authorities on that subject. He is an associate of the 
French Institute, and a member of other foreign acade- 
mies. 

Cyeus West Field, an American merchant and 
capitalist, distinguished as the projector of the Atlantic 
cable, born at Stockbridge, Mass., Nov. 30, 1819. 

He organized his first "Atlantic Telegraph Company" 
in 1856, and in 1857 and 1858, after repeated trials and 
failures, was successful, and a message was sent from the 
Queen and a reply transmitted from the President. The 
event was celebrated Sept. 1, 1858, but on that day it 
ceased to work. Undismayed, he revived the company, 
and in 1865, the Great Eastern started with another cable, 
to again meet failure ; it parted in mid-ocean. A new 
company was now formed, a third cable made, and 
again the Great Eastern sailed, in June, 1866, with its 
1,866 miles of wire cable, and this time was successful. 
It is said that if the single wire of which the cable is 
made, was in one extended line, it would reach from the 
earth to the moon. 

Akton Eubejststeik, a noted Eussian musician, born 
in a village of Bessarabia, Kussia, Nov. 30, 1830. 

He founded the conservatory of music in St. Peters- 
#rg, and as a pianist, is said to have no superior now in 
public. The " Ocean Symphony " is one of his master- 
pieces. 

Samuel Lakghorke Clemeks, " Mark Twain," an 
American humorous author, born at Florida, Monroe 
Co., Mo., Nov. 30, 1830. 

" Innocents Abroad," " Eoughing It," " The Gilded 
Age," " Life on the Mississippi," are among his numer- 
ous and popular books. He took his " nom de plume " 



296 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Dec. 1 

from the leadsmen's call, while pilot on a Mississippi 
steamer. 

December 1. 

Maetik Heinrich, an eminent German analytical 
chemist and mineralogist, born at Wernigerode, in 
Prussian Saxony, Dec. 1, 1743. Died in Berlin, Jan. 1, 
1817. He was the discoverer of five mineral elements, 
and of other facts of this science; was a professor of chem- 
istry in Berlin, and an associate of the French Institute, 
which latter honor is a synonym for a chemist of the 
first rank. 

Clark Mills, a distinguished American sculptor, born 
in Onondaga Co., K Y., Dec. 1, 1815. Died Jan. 12, 
1883. He was the designer of the equestrian statue of 
Gen. Jackson, in Lafayette Square, Washington, D. C. 
It was cast from the brass guns and mortars captured by 
Jackson. The horse is poised upon his hind feet, and 
balanced by the laws of gravity. It is probably the only 
instance of the kind in the world. The equestrian statue 
of Washington, in Washington Circle of the same city, is 
also his work. It was cast from guns donated by Con- 
gress, and represents Washington at the crisis of the 
battle of Princeton. The colossal statue of Freedom, 
eighteen feet high and weighing fifteen tons, crowning 
the dome of the national Capitol, though designed by 
Crawford, was cast in bronze by Mr. Mills, at Bladens- 
burg. 

Alexandra, Princess of Wales at the present time^ 
born in Denmark, Dec. 1, 1844. 

She was married March 10, 1863, and is the eldest 
daughter of Christian IX. of Denmark, sister of the 
empress Dagmar of Russia,* and of George I v king of 
Greece* 






Dec. 2.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 297 

December 2. 

Kichard Montgomery, a distinguished general, born 
near Kaphoe, Ireland, Dec. 2, 1736. He fell while fight- 
ing in the colonial cause at the attack of Quebec, Dec. 
31, 1775. 

Sir James Edward Smith, an English physician and 
botanist, born at Norwich, Eng., Dec. 2, 1759. Died 
there ''March 17, 1828. He was founder and first presi- 
dent of the Linnaean Society in 1788, and author of 
several noted works on botany. 

Pedro II., de Alcantara, the present emperor of Brazil, 
born at Kio Janeiro, Dec. 2, 1825. 

He began to act as emperor July 23, 1840, although 
his father had abdicated in his favor nine years before. 
His reign has been marked by the exercise of wisdom 
and good judgment. In 1871 he issued a decree author- 
izing the gradual abolition of slavery. In 1876 he 
visited the United States and on May 10, assisted 
President Grant in the formal opening of the Centen- 
nial Exhibition at Philadelphia. 

Laura Bridgeman, the celebrated blind deaf-mute, 
6orn at Hanover, K H., Dec. 2, 1829. 

She was born with the enjoyment of all her faculties, 
but at two years old lost her sight, hearing, smell, and 
partially her taste by a severe fit of sickness. At eight 
years old she was placed under the care of Dr. S. G. 
Howe, in the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston, 
with what results every one knows. Can read from 
raised letters, write, and skillfully play the piano, make 
fine crochet- work, and select colors all by the sense of 
touch ; being the first person so afflicted who was edu- 
cated. 



298 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY [Dec. 3. 

December 3. 

Samuel Crompton, an English inventor and artisan, 
born near Bolton, Lancashire, Eng., Dec. 3, 1753. Died 
June 26, 1827. He was the inventor of the spinning 
jenny or mule, which came into use about 1778. 

Isaac T. Hopper, a benevolent Hicksite Quaker and 
philanthropist, born near Woodbury, N. J., Dec. 3, 
1771. Died in New Jersey, May 7, 1852. He was a 
successful merchant of New York, a prominent abolition- 
ist, and devoted a large part of his lifetime to works of 
benevolence. 

Henry A. Wise, a distinguished American politi- 
cian, born in Accomac Co., Va., Dec. 3, 1806. Died 
Sept. 12, 1876. He represented Virginia in Congress 
for several years, and was also minister to Brazil under 
Tyler. When governor of Virginia in 1856, he declared 
that if Fremont was elected President, he would march 
with 20,000 men and take Washington. He was the 
governor who sanctioned the execution of John Brown. 

Mary Lowell Putnam, an American authoress and 
linguist, born in Boston, Dec. 3, 1810. 

She is a sister of James Kussell Lowell, and was early 
distinguished for her extraordinary attainments in 
languages, ancient and modern. She has contributed 
largely to periodical literature. 

General George B. McClellan, an American en- 
gineer, soldier and general, born in Philadelphia, Dec. 
3, 1826. Died February, 1886. In July, 1861, at the 
resignation of General Scott, he was appointed General- 
in-Chief of all the armies of the United States, and after 
McDowell's disaster at Bull Run, was appointed to the 
command of the army of the Potomac, but not being 
considered successful was removed, Nov. 5, 1862. 



Dec. 4 ] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 299 

He was in 1864 a defeated candidate for the Presi- 
dency. 

December 4. 

Persius, a celebrated Roman satirical poet, born at 
Etruria, Dec. 4, 34 a. d. Died Nov., 62 a.d. Being 
a stoic, the object of his satires was to inculcate the 
morality of that sect ; and the moral beauty of his satires 
have made them popular in ancient, mediaeval and 
modern times. 

John Cotton, a learned English Puritan minister, 
born at Derby, England, Dec. 4, 1585. Died 1652. He 
emigrated to Massachusetts in 1633, and preached in 
Boston, where he acquired great influence, and was the 
antagonist of Roger Williams. 

Jeanne F. J. A. Recamier, a beautiful and accom- 
plished French lady, born in Lyons, Dec. 4, 1777. 
Died in Paris, May 11, 1849. She was an intimate 
friend of Madame De Stael, for which cause she was 
banished from Paris by Napoleon in 1811, as an enemy 
to the Empire. After her return to Paris she was an 
intimate friend of Chateaubriand, the great French au- 
thor, and her salon was the most celebrated in France. 
Every art, trade and profession found in her a friend. 

Thomas Carlyle, an eminent British essayist, his- 
torian and speculative philosopher, born at Ecclefechan, 
Scotland, Dec. 4, 1795. Died Feb. 5, 1881. His most 
noted work, " Sartor Resartus," was published anony- 
mously in 1834. He was noted for his critical essays, 
and biographical scketches, and for his German transla- 
tions. Though much criticised as a man and as an au- 
thor, it is said that no author of this century has exerted 
a greater influence upon the mind and literature of Eng- 
land than Carlyle. 



300 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Dec. 6. 

Charles F. Deems, D.D., an American divine and 
scholar, born in Baltimore, Md., Dec. 4, 1820. He 
was president of several different colleges in the South, 
and in 1865 came to New York, where he aided in 
founding the " Church of the Strangers" and edited 
Frank Leslie's t€ Sunday Magazine." 

December 5. 

Hugh Williamson, an American physician and 
patriot, born in West Nottingham, Pa., Dec. 5, 1735, 
Died in New York, May 22, 1819. He was a noted 
surgeon during the Eevolution, and a member of the 
convention that framed the Federal Constitution. 

Martin Van Buren, eighth President of the United 
States, born at Kinderhook, N. Y., Dec. 5, 1782. 
Died there July 24, 1862. The chief event of his reign 
was the terrible financial crisis of 1837, when, owing to 
improvident measures of President Jackson and the gov- 
ernment, not only individuals, but States and even 
the National government became insolvent. His polit- 
ical intrigues won for him the name of " The Fox," 
also of "Little Magician." After his term of office 
closed, he separated himself from the Democratic party, 
because it favored the extension of slavery. 

George A. Ouster, an American general, born in 
Harrison Co., Ohio, Dec. 5, 1839. He served in many 
battles of the civil war, after which he was appointed to 
Western frontier duty, and lost his life in a skirmish 
with the Indians, June 25, 1876. 

December 6. 

John Phillips, LL.D., an American merchant, born 
at Aadoyer, Mass., Dec, 6, 1719, Pied in Exeter, M". 



Dec. 6] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 301 

H., April 21, 1795. He founded an academy at Exeter, 
N. H., called by his name, and enriched Phillips 
Academy at Andover. 

Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of 
British India, born in Worcestershire, Eng., Dec. 6, 
1732. Died Aug. 22, 1818. In 1750 he obtained a clerk- 
ship at Calcutta in the service of the East India Com- 
pany, and rising step by step was, in 1773, invested with 
the title of Governor-General. But his extortions of 
the rich native princes to supply the demands of the 
East India Company and his own treasury, drained by 
the Carnatic wars, caused his impeachment, and seven 
years' trial, noted more on account of the orations of 
Burke, Fox and Sheridan, than the termination thereof. 
He was acquitted, and before his death stood high in 
royal favor. 

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, an eminent French 
chemist and natural philosopher, born at St. Leonard, 
France, Dec. 6, 1778. Died at Paris, May 9, 1850. In 
1801 he, with M. M. Biot, made the first balloon ascent, 
for scientific purposes, reaching a height of thirteen 
thousand feet. He discovered the law by which air 
and gases are expanded uniformly by increase of temper- 
ature, and made important contributions to nearly every 
branch of chemical and physical science. 

Caroline Anne Bowles Southey, born in Hamp- 
shire Co., England, Dec. 6, 1787. Died July 20, 1854. 
She was the second wife of Eobert Southey, and like 
him an eminent author. 

Friedrich Max Muller, an eminent German 
Orientalist and scholar, born in Dessau, Germany, Dec. 
6, 1823. 

He is considered one of the greatest living Orientalists, 



302 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Dec. 8. 

a distinguished author and lecturer. He is the son of 
William Muller, the poet, and is said to be one of the 
handsomest men seen in a hundred years. 

December 7. 

Abigail Hopper Gibbons, an American philanthro- 
pist, born in Philadelphia, Dec. 7, 1801. 

She was the daughter of Isaac T. Hopper, and like him 
has devoted her life in philanthropic services, visiting 
prisons and hospitals, and ameliorating the condition of 
the sick and unfortunate. She was one of the founders 
of the Isaac T. Hopper Home in New York. 

George Houseman Thomas, an eminent English 
painter, an illustrator of books and newspapers, born in 
London, Dec. 7, 1824. Died at Boulogne, France, July 
21, 1868. He attracted the attention of Queen Victoria 
by his sketches of the siege of Eome, and was afterwards 
employed as painter to the Queen. 

December §. 

Horace, an eminent and popular Latin poet, born at 
Venusia, Apulia, in Italy, Dec. 8, 65 B.C. Died Nov- 
27, 8 B.C. He was introduced to the literary circles of 
Eome by the benevolent Maecenas, and his life was 
eminently prosperous and serene, preferring his indepen- 
dence as author to the tempting prizes of political ambi- 
tion. His poems consist of odes, satires and epistles, the 
merits of which rendered him, next to Virgil, the most 
illustrious poet of ancient Eome. 

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, born in the palace 
of Linlithgow, Dec. 8, 1542. She was early married to 
the Dauphin, afterward Francis II. of France, and upon 
the death of Mary I. of England, they claimed the Eng- 



Dec. 8.1 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 303 

lish throne, which was the cause of the life-long enmity 
of Queen Elizabeth. Mary spent twelve happy years in 
France, but upon the death of her husband, the king, 
in 1560, she went reluctantly back to Scotland, where 
she reigned as queen amid the checkered scenes attend- 
ing royalty in those days, until 1568, when by her own 
misdemeanors she was obliged to fly for refuge to Queen 
Elizabeth, and was kept by her a prisoner, until she 
closed her eventful life upon the scaffold at Eotheringay 
Castle, Feb. 8, 1587. 

Eli Whitney, an American inventor, born in West- 
borough, Mass., Dec. 8, 1765. Died in New Haven, 
Conn., Jan. 8, 1825. The first of his inventions was 
the cotton gin, which he was stimulated to devise by the 
widow of Nathaniel Green. He afterward reaped a 
fortune by his various improvements on fire-arms, the 
manufacturing of which became the origin of the flour- 
ishing village of Whitneyville, Conn. 

Elihu Burkitt, " the learned blacksmith/' an 
American reformer and linguist, born at New Britain, 
Conn., Dec. 8, 1811. Died there March 7, 1879. He is 
noted for having learned in the intervals of labor as a 
blacksmith, several of the ancient and modern languages. 
As an author he published " Sparks from the Anvil," 
"Thoughts on Things Home and Abroad," etc. As a 
lecturer he was an advocate of temperance and other 
reforms. 

Robert Coll yek, "the blacksmith preacher," an 
English Unitarian divine and lecturer, born at Keighley, 
Yorktown, Eng., Dec. 8, 1823. 

By perseverance and study he rose from a blacksmith's 
apprentice to one of the most eloquent and distinguished 



304 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



[Dec. 9. 



men in the United States, to which country he emigrated 
in 1850. 

Joel Chakdler Harris, " Uncle Kemus," an Ameri- 
can author, born at Eatonton, Ga., Dec. 8, 1848. 

He has contributed in both prose and verse to current 
literature, but is noted for illustrating the "folk-lore" 
of the Southern negro. He was, in 1887, one of the* 
editors of the Atlanta, Ga., " Constitution." 



December 9. 

John Milton, the " Homer of Britain," an immortal 
poet, and excepting Shakespeare, the most illustrious 
name in English literature, born in Bread street, London, 
Dec. 9, 1608. Died in London, Nov. 8, 1674. The 
last twenty years of his life he was totally blind, and 
it was during this sad period that he wrote his most 
famous works "Paradise Lost," "Paradise Eegained," 
and " Samson Agonistes," selling the copy of " Paradise 
Lost " for the immediate sum of £5, and the promise of 
an equal amount after the sale of thirteen hundred copies 
of each edition. When a youth at Cambridge, his beauty 
and innocence caused him to be styled " The Lady of 
Cambridge " for twenty years afterward. 

Kobert Treat Paike, Jr., an American author, born 
in Taunton, Mass., Dec. 9, 1773. Died in Boston, Nov. 
13, 1811. For his celebrated song of " Adams and Lib- 
erty " he is said to have received $11.00 a line. 

Emma A. Abbott, an American singer, born in Chicago, 
Dec. 9, 1849. 

When very young she attracted the attention of Clara 
Louisa Kellogg, and was given a musical education in 
New York. She was afterward sent to Europe to com- 
plete her course, at the expense of the members of Dr, 



Dec. 10.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 305 

Ghapin's church. She has since sung in most of the 
principal cities of Europe and America. 

I>ecemt>er 10. 

John Williams, an American divine, born in Rox- 
bury, Mass., Dec. 10, 1644. Died in Deerfield, Mass., 
June 12, 1729. He is known as "the redeemed cap- 
tive " from the fact that in 1704, he with his family were 
taken captive by the Indians, and afterwards redeemed ; 
and an account of his adventures he gave the above title. 

Gen. Henky Leavenwokth, an American general 
during the war of 1812, born in Conn., Dec. 10, 1783. 
Died at Cross Timbers, Indian Territory, July 21, 1834. 
He established several military posts on the Western 
frontier, one of which formed the nucleus of the present 
flourishing city of Leavenworth, Kansas. 

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, LL.D., an American 

scholar, author and philanthropist, born in Philadelphia, 
Dec. 10, 1788. Died at Hartford, Conn., Sept. 9, 1851. 
Becoming interested in deaf-mutes, he visited Europe to 
qualify himself for their tuition, and on his return in 
1817 opened the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, at 
Hartford, the first institution of the kind in America. 

Daniel Appleton, founder of the publishing house 
of D. Appleton & Co., New York, born in Haverhill, 
Mass., Dec. 10, 1785. Died in New York, March 27, 
1849. He began life as a dry goods merchant of his 
native place, and removing to New York, in lo25, began 
the importation of books, in conjunction with his dry 
goods business, but soon abandoned the latter and gave 
entire attention to the importation and sale of books. 
His first publishing venture was a collection of religious 
tracts, from which has grown one of the most prosperous 



306 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY [Dec. 12. 

firms in America. Appleton's " American Cyclopedia " 
is the largest and most widely circulated work of its kind. 

Edward Eggleston, D.D., a distinguished American 
divine and author, born in Vevay, Ind., Dec. 10, 1837. 

He began his literary career as editor of (i The Little 
Corporal/' and in 1870 became editor of the " Indepen- 
dent/' and was for sometime editor of "Hearth, and 
Home/' also contributor to " Scribner's Monthly." His 
" Hoosier Schoolmaster/' which appeared in 1871, de- 
termined his rank as among the first of American 
novelists. 

December 11. 

Sir David Brewster, an eminent British optician, 
experimental philosopher and author, born at Jedburgh, 
Scotland, Dec. 11, 1781. Died near Melrose, Feb. 10, 
1868. He was editor of the "Edinburgh Encyclopae- 
dia" from its commencement in 1808, until its comple- 
tion in 1829. Was also one of the founders of the 
" Edinburgh Philosophical Journal," in 1819, and the 
"Edinburgh Journal of Science." In 1816 he invented 
the kaleidoscope, and received from the French Insti- 
tute one thousand five hundred francs, as an award for 
one of the two most important discoveries made in physi- 
cal science In two years. Among his chief titles to celeb- 
rity are his discovery of the law of the polarization of 
light by reflection, and his researches on double refraction. 

December 12. 

Johk Jay, an illustrious American statesman, the 
first Chief Justice of the United States, born in New 
York, Dec. 12, 1745. Died at Bedford, Westchester Co., 
N. Y., May 17, 1829. He was elected in 1774 to the 
first Continental Congress, but being called to the Pro- 



Dec. 13.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 307 

vincial Congress in New York, his name does not ap- 
pear on the " Declaration of Independence." He asso- 
ciated with Adams and Franklin in negotiating the 
treaty of peace between the United States and Great 
Britain, and signed in Paris, Sept. 3, 1783. In 1789 he 
was offered by Washington the choice of office, and he 
accepted that of Chief Justice, which position he held 
for six years, being afterward minister to England and 
governor of New York. He was a second time nominated 
as Chief Justice but declined the honor. 

William Lloyd Garrison", an American philan- 
thropist and great leader of the modern anti-slavery 
movement of the United States, born in Newburyport, 
Mass., Dec. 12, 1804. Died May 24, 1879. In 1827 
he became editor of the "National Philanthropist/' the 
first journal in America devoted to the advocacy of the 
cause of " total abstinence." On Jan. 1, 1831, he began 
in Boston, the publication of the " Liberator/' a decided 
uncompromising anti-slavery journal, taking for his 
motto, " My country is the world, my countrymen all 
mankind/' which paper he edited until its necessity 
ceased, Dec, 1865, when he made his editorial farewell, 
saying, " My work is finished, and I am satisfied." He 
suffered much in the anti-slavery cause, both by mobs 
and imprisonment, when several times his life was in 
peril, but knowing he was right he had no fear, and 
was triumphant. 

December 13. 

John Butterworth, author of " Butterworth's Con- 
cordance," born in Lancaster, England, Dec. 13, 1727- 
Died 1S03. 

Rev. Phillips Brooks, a popular American clergy- 
man, born in Boston, Dec. 13, 1835. 



308 EYE&Y-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Dec. 15. 

He is one of the most brilliant pulpit orators of the 
United States ; was ordained at Philadelphia in 1859, 
where he was for some time pastor until called to take 
charge of Trinity church in his native city. 

Egbert Hekry Newell, "Orpheus 0. Kerr," an 
American humorist, born in New York, Dec. 13, 1836. 

He has been literary editor of the New York "Mercury," 
one of the editors of the New York " World," and 
since editor of " Hearth and Home.' 

Becemfcer 14. 

Charles Wolfe, a British clergyman and poet, born 
in Dublin, Ireland, Dec. 14, 1791. Died in Cork, Feb. 
21, 1823. He was author of a collection of sermons, 
prose sketches, and lyric poems of great beauty. 
Among the last named is his " Burial of Sir John Moore," 
which is esteemed one of the finest productions of its 
kind in the language. 

Noah Porter, D.D., an eminent American author 
and scholar, born in Farmington, Conn., Dec. 14, 1811. 

He was appointed president of Yale College in 1871. 
Was the principal editor of the new edition of Web- 
ster's "Unabridged Dictionary," and the author of 
Human Intellect." 

December 15. 

Nero, the sixth emperor or Caesar of Rome, bom at 
Antium, on the coast of Latium, Dec. 15, 37 A. d. He 
was emperor from 54-68, and at last killed himself 
through fear of the praetorian guards, June 11, 68 a. p. 

Isaac Walton", sometimes called " The Father 
of Angling," a celebrated English writer, born at Staf- 
ford, Eng., Dec. 15, 1593. Died 1683. He was author 
of several good biographies, but his principal work, 






Dec. 16.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 309 

"The Complete Angler" is considered one of the best 
pastorals in the English language. 

Fkastcois La Rochefoucauld, born at Paris, Dec. 
15, 1613. Died there March 17, 1680. As an author 
he is particularly noted for his "Reflexions'' or 
"Maxims, 8 ' which made a great sensation, both on ac- 
count of its elegant style and accute observations, for 
which reasons it is still considered a classical work in 
France. These "Maxims" are about seven hundred in 
number, included in one small volume, the underlying 
tone of which is, " Self-love is the mainspring and mo- 
tive of everything we do, say, feel or think." 

Samuel B. Webb, an American patriot and soldier, 
born at Wethersfield, Conn., Dec. 15, 1753. Died at 
Claverack, K Y., 1807. He held the Bible for Wash- 
ington when he took his oath as first President of the 
United States. 

December 16. 

Geokge Whitefield. an eminent and eloquent Eng- 
lish preacher, born at Gloucester, Eng., Dec. 16, 1714. 
Died at Newburyport, Mass., Sept. 30, 1770. He was 
founder of the sect of Calvin Methodists, and beyond all 
natural endowments there was such a power of evan- 
gelical truth in his ministry, that even Hume said it 
was worth going twenty miles to hear him. 

Gerald L. vo^ Blucher, a celebrated Prussian 
field-marshal, born at Rostock, Dec. 16, 1742. Died 
Sept. 12, 1819. He was an ally of the English in their 
campaigns against the Erench, and his arrival on the field 
of Waterloo, on the evening of June 18, 1815, decided 
that memorable battle. It is said that Wellington, to- 
ward the close of that great struggle, fearing the fates 



310 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Dec. 17. 

were against him, cried out, " 0, for sundown or Blu- 
cher V 9 He got Blucher and victory first, and sundown 
afterward. 

Makt Eussell Milford, a charming English writer, 
born in Hampshire, Dec. 16, 1786. Died Jan. 10, 1855. 
She devoted herself to "authorship at an early age, and 
the graceful simplicity and freshness of feeling displayed 
in her tales won the favor of all classes. 

Abbott Law.rence, LL.D., an eminent American 
merchant and philanthropist, born at Groton, Mass., 
Dec. 16, 1792. Died at Boston, Aug. 18, 1855. He 
was one of the principal founders of the city of Law- 
rence, Mass., also founded the Lawrence Scientific 
School of Harvard University. 

Thomas Starr King, an American Unitarian 
divine, born in New York, Dec. 16, 1824. Died 
in San Francisco, Oal., March 4, 1864. To his re- 
markable powers as a writer and speaker is ascribed the 
devoted loyalty of California during the civil war. 

December 17. 

Prince Kupert, or Eobert of Bavaria, grandson of 
James I. of England, born at Prague, Dec. 17, 1619. 
Died in London, Nov. 29, 1682. He united himself to 
the cause of his uncle Charles L, and was one of the 
founders of the Royal Society. He was the first gover- 
nor of the Hudson Bay Co., in 1670, and spent much of 
his time in the interests of science, and is credited with 
the invention of mezzotint, " prince's metal/' and the 
glass bubbles called "Rupert's drops." 

Nathaniel Macon, an American statesman, born in 
Warren Co., North Carolina, Dec. 17, 1757. Died 
June 39, 1837. His services in Congress for thirty- 







Dec. 17.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 311 

seven years exceeds that of any other American states- 
man, and the cities, towns and counties in the Southern 
and Western States which bear his name, show the ex- 
tent of his popularity in his day. 

Ludwig van Beethoven, a famous musical composer 
of Dutch extraction, born at Bonn, in Prussia, Dec. 17, 
1770. Died March, 1827. It is said that his composi- 
tions constitute a musical library by themselves ; but 
his masterpieces are his celebrated symphony in honor 
of Napoleon, which was the study of two years, and the 
opera of " Leonore" or " Fidelio." He became deaf in 
the prime of life, and consequently fell into the habit of 
gloom and distrust. 

Sir Humphrey Davy, one of the most celebrated 
chemists that Great Britain has produced, born at Pe- 
nanze, in Cornwall, Dec. 17, 1778. Died in Geneva, 
May, 1829. As a chemist, lecturer and author, he gave 
to the world many grand discoveries, which are consid- 
ered second in importance only to those of Sir Isaac 
Newton ; but he is best known by his important inven- 
tion of the miner's safety lamp. He has been styled by 
Dumas " the greatest chemical genius that ever appeared." 

Joseph He^ry, LL.D., an American scholar and 
natural philosopher, born in Albany, N. Y., Dec. 17, 
1797. Died May 13, 1878. He is said to have invented 
the first machine moved by the agency of electro-magnet- 
ism. He was for many years one of the faculty of Smith- 
sonian Institute, Washington, D. C. 

Jomr Greestleaf Whittier, a distinguished Ameri- 
can poet and philanthropist, born at Haverhill, Mass., 
Dec. 17, 1808. 

He was educated in the principles of the Quakers, with 



312 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Dec. 18. 

whom he has always remained in connection. He early 
identified himself with the anti- slavery party, and was 
considered the poet of the cause, in the interest of which 
he edited the "Pennsylvania Freeman/' Whittier has 
written no extended poem, but his beautiful lyrics will 
always live, the pride of the American people. 

December I§. 

Charles Wesley, an English preacher and writer of 
poems, born at Epworth, Eng., Dec. 18, 1708. Died 
March 29, 1788. He was brother of and co-laborer with 
the celebrated John Wesley, but is chiefly known as 
"the poet of Methodism." The noted Dr. Watts said 
of Charles Wesley that his "Wrestling Jacob" was 
worth all the hymns he himself had written. 

Karl Marie Friedrich Ernst von Weber, an emi- 
nent German composer and musician, born near Lubeck, 
Dec. 18, 1786. Died at London, June 5, 1826. His 
great object in music was to drive Italian opera out 
of Germany, which he succeeded in doing by the suc- 
cess of " Der Freischutz," his master-piece. 

William Chaining Woodbridge, an American edu- 
cational writer, born at Medford, Mass., Dec. 18, 1794. 
Died at Boston, Nov. 9, 1845. He was an ardent advo- 
cate of the Pestalozzi system of education, and published 
in connection with Mrs. Emma Willard, his noted geo- 
graphical text books for schools. 

George D. Prentiss, an American poet and journal- 
ist, born at Preston, Conn., Dec. 18, 1802. Died at 
Louisville, Ky., Jan. 22, 1870. As an editor of the 
" Louisville Journal " he acquired the reputation of one 
of the ablest and most brilliant journalists in the country. 
He was also author of several poems of rare beauty. 



Dec. 19.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 313 

Alfred B. Street, an American poet and miscella- 
neous writer, born at Poughkcepsie, N. Y., Dec. 18, 1811. 
Died June 2, 1881. His writings have done much to 
familiarize the reading public with the history, woods, 
and waters of Northern New York. 

Austik Abbott, LL.D., an American lawyer and 
author, born in Boston, Mass., Dec. 18, 1831. 

Individually he is a valued contributor to current lit- 
erature, and with his brother Benjamin, has prepared 
legal compilations of great value to the profession. He 
is a son of the noted Jacob Abbott, and brother to the 
Kev. Lyman Abbott. 

Key. Lymak Abbott, third son of Eev. Jacob Abbott, 
born in Koxbury, Mass., Dec. 18, 1835. 

As lawyer, minister, editor and author, his literary 
career is a marked one. As co-editor of the " Christian 
Union," and editor of the u Illustrated Christian Week- 
ly," he is well known. The C.L.S.C. now claim him as 
counselor, and he has been called to fill Plymouth pul- 
pit, left vacant by the celebrated Eev. H. W. Beecher. 

December 19. 

Thomas Willing, an eminent American merchant 
and statesman, born at Philadelphia, Dec. 19, 1731. 
Died there Jan. 19, 1821. He was head of the great 
mercantile house of Willing & Morris, at Philadelphia, 
who were the agents of Congress during the Bevolution 
to supply naval and military stores, and besides filling 
many other important offices, was president of the first 
chartered bank in America. 

Carl Wilhelm Scheele, an eminent Swedish chem- 
ist, born at Stralsund, Dec. 19, 1742. Died at Koping 5 
May 21, 1786. He discovered tartaric acid, fluoric acid, 



oil EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Dec. 19. 

barytes, chlorine, tlio coloring matter of prussian blue, 
and the pigment called "Scheele's green," known in 
this country as Paris green. In 1788 Puymaurin pre- 
sented to the French Academy of Sciences, a glass plate 
upon which there was a beautiful fluoric etching repre- 
senting Chemistry and Genius weeping at the tomb of 
Scheele, who had contributed so much to the history of 
fluohydric acid. " This work was of interest to the 
Academy, on account of the fitness of the subject, as 
well as the elegance of its execution." 

Sir William Edward Parry, an English navigator, 
born at Bath, Eng., Dec. 19, 1790. Died at Ems, 
Germany, July S, 1856, In 1819-20, 21-23 and 26, he 

commanded expeditions which penetrated further west 
and north than any earlier navigator. Parry Isles were 
named in his honor. 

Edwin M. Staxtox, an American statesman and 
lawyer, born at Steubenville, 0., Dec. 19, 1815. Died 
in Washington, D. C, Dec. '24, 1869. He was ap- 
pointed Secretary of War by Lincoln, Jan., 1862, and 
by his indefatigable industry, courage and honesty, 
endeared his name to his country. For his support of the 
many important measures vetoed by President Johnson, 
the latter undertook to remove Stanton from office, 
without the consent of Congress, which, with other of- 
fences, brought on the great impeachment trial of the 
President : and when the one vote was lacking for his 
conviction, Mr. Stanton resigned, receiving a vote ol 
thanks from Congress, for his great ability and fidelity 
to trusts. 

Mary Ashton Liyermore. an eminent American 
author and lecturer, born at Boston, Dec. 19, 182L 

She labored with much ability in behalf of the Sani- 



Dec. 20.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 315 

tary Commission, during the civil war, and has been one 
of the most successful of lecturers on woman's suffrage, 
and other social and religious reforms. 

December 20. 

Benjamin Young Prime, M.D., an American poet 
and physician, born at Huntington, L. I., Dec. 20, 1733. 
Died at New York, Oct. 31, 1791. He wrote political 
songs and ballads, which were widely circulated during 
the Eevolution ; and in 1791 wrote "Columbia's Glory/' 
a poem on the Revolution. 

Laura Smith Haveland, an American philanthro- 
pist, born at Ketiey, Ont. , Dec. 20, 1808. 

She was instrumental in founding philanthropic insti- 
tutes and asylums, and during the civil war was a 
minister of aid and comfort to the suffering in hospitals 
and camps. 

James Hammond Trumbull, an eminent American 
philologist and scholar, born at Stonington, Conn., 
Dec. 20, 1821. 

He was one of the founders of the American Philologi- 
cal Association, established in 1869. Has devoted much 
time to the Indian languages, and prepared a glossary to 
Eliot's Indian Bible, and is said to be the only American 
scholar now able to read that work. 

December 21. 

Jean Baptiste Eacine, an eminent French drama- 
tic poet, born in France, Dec. 21, 1639. Died April 21, 
1699. By even French critics, Eacine is considered 
next to Shakespeare as a tragedian, and as a poet second 
only to Virgil. 

Bt. Hon, Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield, 



316 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Dec. 22. 

the eminent English statesman of Jewish extraction, 
born in London, Dec. 21, 1805. Died April 19, 1881. 
He was twice prime minister of England, and an author 
of note. His " Endymion " is said to be the most suc- 
cessful political novel ever written. 

Dr. Archibald Tait, an English archbishop, born 
in Edinburgh, Dec. 21, 1811. Died Dec. 3, 1882. In 
1843, he succeeded Dr. Thomas Arnold as Head Master 
of Kugby, and in 1868 was appointed Archbishop of 
Canterbury. 

December 22. 

James Edward Oglethorp, an English general, born 
in London, Dec. 22, 1696. Died in Essex, July 1, 1785. 
In 1732 he obtained from Parliament the royal charter 
for founding a colony in North America for poor debt- 
ors, which he named Georgia in honor of the king. He 
founded Savannah in 1733. 

John Strong Newberry, M.D., LL.D., an Ameri- 
can scholar and explorer, born at Windsor, Conn., Dec 
22, 1822. 

He was attached to the expedition under Lieut. J. C. 
Ives, which made the first exploration of the Colorado 
Kiver, the most important of the surveys of our Western 
Territories. He was one of the original incorporators of 
the National Academy of Sciences. 

Thomas Wentworth Higginson, an American au- 
thor of note, born in Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 22, 1823. 

He was a captain and colonel during the civil war, 
since which time he has devoted himself to literature 
and social reform, and has rendered efficient aid to the 
management of Harvard College. He is author of many 
volumes, besides various pamphlets and magazine arti- 
cles ; he is also a well known lyceum lecturer. 






Dec. 23.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 317 

I^eeemfoer 23. 

Eobert Barclay, an eminent writer and defender of 
the Society of Friends, born at Gordonstown, in Moray- 
shire, Scotland, Dec. 23, 1648. Died at Ury in October, 
1690. In 1667 lie entered into a fellowship with the 
Friends, and defended their principles by a treatise en- 
titled " Truth cleared of Calumnies." In 1677 he, in 
company with George Fox and William Penn, visited 
Germany on a religious mission. He was appointed 
governor of the province of East Jersey, but he sent a 
deputy and never himself visited America. 

Sir Richard Arkwright, a noted English inventor, 
born at Preston, Lancashire, Eng., Dec. 23, 1732. 
Died August, 1792. He invented the spinning frame, 
and by his admirable talent for management, founded a 
factory system which, it is said, has never been greatly 
improved. 

Jean- Francois Champollion, a French savant and 
linguist, born at Figeac, Dec. 23, 1791. He is celebrat- 
ed as interpreter, from the famous Bosetta stone, of the 
symbols by which ancient Egypt sought to eternize its 
annals and its institutions. He died in 1832, while pre- 
paring to publish the results of his researches in Egypt. 

Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormon sect, born in 
Sharon, Windsor Co., Vt., Dec. 23, 1805. (For facts 
concerning the '-Book of Mormon," see Feb. 19.) 
Smith after failing to start a colony of his sect in Ohio 
and Missouri, at last settled at Nauvoo, 111. But this 
failed as all others had, on account of the opposition of 
the people to the peculiar doctrines of the Mormons. 
Joseph and his brother being confined in jail, were sur- 
rounded by a mob and both killed, May 27, 1844. 



318 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Dec. 24. 

December 24. 
Galba, a Eoman Emperor, the seventh Caesar, and 
the first of the noted twelve not of the Caesar family, 
born near Terracina, Dec. 24, B.C. 3. He succeeded 
Nero in 68 A.D., but his avarice and cruelty rendered 
him unpopular, and he was murdered by the praetorians, 
Jan., 15, 69. 

Benjamin Bush, an eminent American physician 
and philanthropist, born near Philadelphia, Dec. 24, 
1745. Died in that city April, 1813. He w r as an active 
supporter of the popular cause during the Ee vo- 
lution, was a member of Congress in 1776, and signed 
the " Declaration of Independence." In 1777 he was 
appointed physician and surgeon-general of the army 
and acquired distinction by his writings, and for his 
successful treatment of yellow fever. He was treasurer 
of the Mint during the last fourteen years of his life, 
president of the society for the abolition of slavery, 
and vice-president of the Bible Society of Philadelphia, 
In 1811 the emperor of Eussia sent him a diamond 
ring, as a testimonial of respect for his medical skill. 

George Crabbe, a popular English poet, born at 
Aldborough, Suffolk, England, Dec. 24, 1754. Died 
Feb., 1832. His poem " The Village," published in 1783, 
at once confirmed his reputation as a powerful and 
original poet. 

Elizabeth M. Chandler, an American poetess and 
philanthropist, born near Wilmington, Del., Dec. 24, 
1807. Died in Michigan, 1834. When only eighteen 
years old, she received a prize from the editor of " The 
Casket " for her poem, " The Slave-ship." 

Christopher Carson, "Kit Carson," an American 
traveler, guide and trapper, born in Kentucky, Dec. 24, 



Dec. 25. J EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 319 

1809. Died May, 1868. He rendered important ser- 
vices as guide to Fremont in his noted western explora- 
tions. Serving in the civil war, he received the title of 
brigadier-general. 

Matthew Arnold, an English poet, born at Laleham, 
Middlesex, Eng., Dec. 24, 1822. Died April 16, 1888. 
He was the eldest son of Dr. Thomas Arnold, the 
famous Rugby teacher, and has himself occupied 
the chair of Professor of Poetry at Oxford for ten years, 
was also the government inspector of schools, being 
considered as authority on all educational matters. 

December 25. 

Sin Isaac Newton, an illustrious English philoso- 
pher and mathematician, born at Woolsthorpe, Lincoln- 
shire, Eng., Dec. 25, 1642. Died March 20, 1727, and 
was buried at Westminster Abbey. Newton's acquisi- 
tions to mathematical astronomy place his name higher 
than any other in the annals of science, but his crown- 
ing glory is his magnificent theory of universal gravita- 
tion, given to the world in his "Principia," published in 
1687. Near the close of his life he said : "I know not 
what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem 
to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore, 
and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother 
pebble, or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the 
great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me." 
Humility seems to be a prominent grace of most of the 
great astronomers, yet Newton's worth to the world is 
manifested by the inscription on his monument : 
"Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night, 
God said, ' Let Newton be ' and all was light." 






320 EYEKY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [kec.26. 

Pateick S. Gilmore, the world renowned band- 
master, born in Ireland, Dec. 25, 1830. 

His first great feat as leader of a jubilee was on the 
fourth of March, 1864, after the restoration of New 
Orleans to the Union, when he collected ten thousand 
children and five hundred instruments, to inaugurate 
the first Union governor of Louisiana. He next con- 
ceived the idea of the great national peace jubilee of 
1869, after which followed the great international 
jubilee of 1872, when a chorus of twenty thousand 
voices and an orchestra of two thousand instrumentalists 
occupied the great coliseum, besides the five noted bands 
from the musical centers of Europe. 

December 26. 

Thomas Gray, an eminent English poet, born in 
London, Dec. 26, 1716. Died in Cambridge, July 24^ 
1771. He was a fine scholar and lover of art ; but his 
fame rests almost entirely on his " Elegy written in a 
Country Churchyard," which has given him a high posi- 
tion in English literature. No poem, perhaps, was more 
universally admired, and it has been translated into all 
the principal languages of Europe. 

Mary Somerville, F.R.S., an eminent astronomer 
and scientific writer, born at Jedburgh, Scotland, Dec. 
26, 1780. Died at Naples, Nov. 29, 1872. She is 
considered one of the most remarkable women of the 
world. To her great gifts of intellect were added refined 
and beautiful taste, ability in music and painting, and 
the glory of womanhood — an executive ability to pro- 
perly manage her home and conduct the education of 
her children. 

Diok Boucicault, a noted dramatic author and 
actor, born in Dublin, Ireland, Dec. 26, 1822. 



Dec. 28.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 321 

He has done much as a manager and reconstructed to 
elevate the stage, and has established several theaters 
himself. Through his influence, dramatic authorship 
was made remunerative in England. 

I>eceml>er 27. 

Johanist Kepler, a celebrated German astronomer, 
born in Wurtemberg, Dec. 27, 1571. Died at Eatisbon, 
Nov. 15, 1630. Kepler's three great astronomical laws, 
were the result of seventeen years of careful study, " and 
comprise/' says Sir John Herschell, " a compendium of 
the motion of all the planets, and assign their places 
in their orbits, at any instant of time, past or to 
come." He composed his own epitaph in the following 
words : "I have measured the heavens, I now measure 
the earth. The mind was of heavenly origin, only the 
shadow of the body lies here." 

Oliver Johnson, an eminent American editor, born 
at Peacham, Vt., Dec. 27, 1809. 

He has been editor of the " Christian Soldier," 
"Weekly Tribune," and -'Christian Union;" also 
managing editor of the "Independent." 

December 28. 

Catherine M. Sedgwick, an eminent American 
writer and moralist, born at Stockbridge, Mass., Dec. 
28, 1789. Died near Eoxbury, Mass., July 31, 1867. 
"Bedwood," published in 1824, was translated into 
several of the European languages, and her tales for the 
young are among the most valuable and attractive works 
of the kind. 

Charles Hodge, D.D., an eminent American theolo- 
gian, born at Philadelphia, Dec. 28, 1797. Died June 
19, 1878. He was for fifty years, 1822-1872, professor of 



322 E VERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Dec 30. 

Oriental and Biblical literature in Princeton Theological 
Seminary, and when he celebrated his semi-centennial 
anniversary in the college, it was the first of the kind in 
America. 

December 29. 

Charles Goodyear, an eminent American inventor, 
born at New Haven, Conn., Dec. 29, 1800. Died at 
New York, July 1, 1860. After five years spent in con- 
stant experiments, suffering from extreme destitution, 
he produced the vulcanized or ebonized India rubber, 
which immortalized his name, and he lived long enough 
to see his material applied to nearly five hundred uses. 

Andrew Johnson, seventeenth President of the 
United States, born at Ealeigb, N. C, Dec. 29, 1808. 
Died July 31, 1875. He succeeded to the Presidency 
upon the assassination of Lincoln, and his administration 
is marked by his disagreement with his Cabinet and 
with Congress, on account of his too free use of the veto 
power. His subsequent impeachment failed of being 
carried into effect for the lack of one vote. 

Kt. Hon. William Ewart Gladstone, an eminent 
English statesman, financier, orator and author, born 
in Liverpool, Dec. 29, 1809. 

Although not the prime minister, he is the first man 
of England, and is called by his subjects "The Grand 
Old Man ." He is considered the greatest living states- 
man, and as premier may be said to be one of the most 
popular and influential that ever ruled England. 

December 30. 

John Philips, an English poet, born at Bampton, 
Oxfordshire, Dec. 30, 1676. Died at Hereford, Feb. 15, 



Dec. 31.] EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 323 

1708. Among his various productions is " Blenheim," 
in honor of Marlborough's victory. 

Stephen H. Long, an American engineer and ex- 
plorer, born at Hopkinton, N". H., Dec. 30, 1784. Died 
at Alton, 111., Sept. 4, 1864. His five years' exploring 
expedition between the Mississippi river and the Rocky 
mountains, leaves its memento on one of the loftiest 
peaks of that chain, which bears his name. As an en- 
gineer he is noted as being the first in this country to 
apply the rectangular trussed frame, pure and simple, 
to bridges for railroads. 

December 31. 

Jacques (James) Cartier, a French navigator, born 
at St. Malo, Dec. 31, 1491. Died in 1554. He dis- 
covered the St. Lawrence river in 1534, and explored it 
as far as the present site of Montreal. 

Herman Boerhaave, M.D., F.R.S., a Dutch phy- 
sician and philosopher, born near Leyden, Dec. 31, 1668. 
Died Sept. 23, 1738. It is said that his fame has scarce- 
ly been equaled in modern times. It extended not 
only to every part of Christendom, but to the farthest 
bounds of Asia. A Chinese mandarin once addressed 
a letter to him with this superscription : " To Boer- 
haave, Physician in Europe/' and the missive was duly 
received. 

Charles Corshvallis, the ablest of the British gen- 
erals serving in the American Revolution, born Dec. 
31, 1738. Died in India, 1805. His surrender to Wash- 
ington, at Yorktown, was the well known terminus to the 
Revolution. He was afterward appointed Governor- 
General of India. 



324 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. [Dec. 31 

John Gaspar Spurzheim, M.D., a German physician, 
the worthy coadjutor of Dr. Gall, the discoverer of Phre- 
nology, born in Longwick, Prussia, Dec. 31, 1776. Died in 
Boston, Mass., Nov. 10, 1832. He lectured in Germany, 
France, England, Scotland, and the United States, and 
organized the great original principles discovered by 
Gall, renamed most of the organs, discovered several, 
and wrought out a beautiful system of Mental Philosophy. 
He is also said to be the discoverer of the fibrous struc- 
ture of the brain. 

General George Gordon Meade, a distinguished 
American general, born in Cadiz, Spain, Dec. 31, 1815. 
Died at Philadelphia, Nov. 6, 1872. Gen. Meade took 
an active part in many of the noted battles of the civil 
war, but his name will ever be identified with the great 
battle of Gettysburg, which he commanded on the first, 
second and third days of July, 1863, the victory of which 
produced such decided results. 

James T. Fields, an American author, poet and 
publisher, born at Portsmouth, N". H., Dec. 31, 1817. 
Died April 24, 1881. He was a member of the publish- 
ing firm in which we find his name, for twenty-five 
years as third, second, and at last as first. He was 
editor of the " Atlantic Monthly/' 1862-70, and was 
noted as a lecturer. 






UNKNOWN DATES. 



The following biographical briefs are, with few ex- 
ceptions, of those the elates of whose birth we suppose 
have not been recorded, since by the most diligent search 
we have failed to ascertain the exact time. 

Should any one reading these pages find that they 
possess the knowledge here wanting, it would add to 
their interest in the book,to insert the missing dates in 
their own copy, and forward the information for future 
use. 

Many other names of those still living have been 
selected for the book, but are reluctantly omitted for 
the want of the date of birth, but these can be added 
when their place in the book is determined. 



Daniel De Foe, an English writer, born in London, 
1661. Died April 24, 1731. He produced many suc- 
cessful volumes, but his most popular work is "The 
Adventures of Robinson Crusoe," published in 1719. 

Rebecca Brewton Motte, an American patriot of the 
Revolution, born in South Carolina, 1740. Died 

1815. Her fine mansion on the Congaree was taken by the 
British, and named Fort Motte, and when this was be- 
seiged by the Americans under Marion and Lee ; she fur- 



326 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 

nislied the bow and arrows to shoot combustibles upon 
the roof, which caused the surrender of the British. 
The flames were afterward extinguished, and Mrs. Motte 
presided at a dinner to which the officers of both forces 
sat down. 

Sir Alexander Mackenzie, an enterprising Scotch- 
man, born at Inverness, 1755. Died in 1820. 
In his youth he emigrated to Canada in the service of 
the Northwest Fur Company. From 1781-89 he traded 
with the Indians at Lake Athabasca, and in the latter 
year discovered the river which bears his name, tracing 
it from its source to its entrance into the Arctic Ocean. 

William Morrison, an American traveler and ex- 
plorer, born at Montreal, Canada, 1785. Died 
on Morrison Island, Aug. 7, 1866. He made extensive 
explorations in the Northwest Territory while in charge 
of John Jacob Astor's fur trade in Canada. He ren- 
dered many important services to geography, and was 
the first white man who explored the sources of the 
Mississippi Eiver. 

William Moultrie, a distinguished general of the 
American Revolution, born in South Carolina, 
1731. Died in 1805. He is distinguished for his gallant 
defence of the fort on Sullivan's Island, which was 
named Fort Moultrie in his honor. He was appointed 
major-general in the army, and was afterwards elected 
governor of South Carolina. 

Stephek F. Austin, founder of the State of Texas, 
born 1790. Died Dec, 1836. In 1821 he 

conducted a party of emigrants from New Orleans to 
take possession of a tract of land granted to his father 
by the Mexican government, and they settled where the 
city of Austin now stands. In 1833 the Texas colonists 



UNKNOWN DATES. 327 

formed a constitution, and applied for admission to the 
Mexican confederacy, but Mexico being in a state of 
anarchy, he failed to find recognition. In 1835 he went 
as commissioner to the United States, to promote the 
liberation of Texas from Mexico, but did not live to see 
it admitted into the Union. 

Stephen Allen, a distinguished citizen of New York, 
born in that city, July , 1767. While commissioner 
for visiting prisons, he proposed the erection of the State 
prison at Sing Sing, and was one of the principal origin- 
ators of the project for supplying New York city with 
water from the Croton river. He perished in the steamer 
Henry Clay, which was burned July , 1852. 

Dr. John F. Gray, M.D.,born in Sherbourne, N.Y., 
Sept. , 1804. Died He was the first 

physician in America w r ho adopted homeopathy, or the 
medical system of Hahnemann. 

Fabio Colonna Columxa, one of the greatest botan- 
ists of his time, born in Naples, 1567. Died 
there in 1650. His first work, " Touchstone of Plants/' 
was remarkable for the accuracy of the descriptions, and 
the correctness and beauty of the figures. He was the 
first to use copper plates to delineate plants. 

Jean Althen, a native of Persia, born 
1711. Died 1774. He was made captive in his 

youth by some Arabs, and sold as a slave at Smyrna, 
whence he escaped to Marseilles. He carried some seeds 
of madder with him, which was at that time forbidden 
exportation under penalty of death. These he cultivated 
in France, which was the beginning of that flourishing 
trade there. 

Lancelot Andrews, an English divine of great learn- 
ing, born in London, 1555. Died Sept. 25, 1626. 



328 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 

He was one of the ten great divines selected to translate 
the Bible into English in the reign of James I. 

Saint Vincent de Paul, a philanthropist and re- 
former, born near Dax, in the south of France, 1576. 
Died in Paris, 1660, and was canonized by Pope Clement 
XII. in 1737. He distinguished himself by his zeal to 
improve the moral and physical condition of the sick 
and poor by establishing and organizing philanthropic 
societies, the most widely known and useful of which 
was the " Sisters of Charity/' His services during the 
civil war of his time in relieving the miseries of famine 
procured for him the title of st father of the country/' 

Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton, an eminent 
English writer, born 1808. Died June 15, 1877. Her 
novels and poems are remarkable for their fidelity to 
nature, pathos and intensity of feeling. She is de- 
scribed by Mrs. Sedgwick in her "Letters from Abroad," 
as the perfection of intellectual and physical beauty, 
uniting masculine force with feminine delicacy. 

Alexander VI., Pope of Eome, born in Valencia, 
Spain, 1430. He was elected to the Pope's chair by 
bribery and intrigue Aug. 11, 1492, and his reign con- 
stituted the blackest page in the history of modern 
times, which entitles him to the name of " worst of all 
Popes." It is said he died by taking poisonous food, by 
mistake, which he had prepared for some of his guests, 
Aug. 18, 1503. 

John Pounds, an English philanthropist, born at 
Portsmouth, Eng., 1766. Died in 1839. He was the 
originator of ragged schools, which institution he in- 
augurated by gathering poor children around him as ho 
worked at his trade as shoemaker in his humble shanty. 
Dr. Thomas Guthrie, a Scottish divine, took the idea 



UNKNOWN DATES. 329 

from this small beginning and the present model indus- 
trial schools are the result. 

Martin Harpertzook Tromp, a celebrated Dutch 
admiral, born at Briel, 1597. He is noted for his 

bravery during the nayal hostilities between the English 
and Dutch, then the greatest naval powers of the 
world. The victory oscillated from one side t6 the 
other at different encounters, and in Nov., 1652, when 
the Dutch were decidedly victorious, he immortalized 
his name by sailing up the channel with a broom at his 
masthead to denote that he had swept his foes from the 
seas. But his victory was of short duration, for in two 
more obstinate battles the following year the Dutch were 
entirely defeated and Admiral Tromp was killed off the 
coast of Holland, July 31, 1653. 

Joseph Gillott, the celebrated manufacturer of steel 
pens, born in Sheffield, Eng., 1800. Died 

Jan. 6, 1872. His first effort in this direction was in a 
garret, and the result sold to small shopkeepers in 
Birmingham. But his machines for turning the points 
out by thousands, in the time it formerly required a 
man to make one, brought him an almost unprecedented 
success. Of late years the work of his manufactory has 
reached the enormous number of 150,000,000. 

Henry Whitfield, an English divine, born in Eng- 
land, 1597. Died at Winchester, 1650. During 
the persecution of the Puritans, which sect he favored* 
he came to America and was one of the founders of 
Guilford, Conn., 1639, where his house, one of the old- 
est in the United States, was in 1876 still standing, and 
by his liberal use of a handsome fortune, was esteemed 
one of the chief founders of the Xew Haven colony. He 
afterward returned to England. 



330 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 

Sir Thomas Gresham, a wealthy English merchant, 
born in London, 1519. Died Nov. 21, 1579 

He was sent by Queen Elizabeth on several diplomatic 
missions, and was employed as her agent at Antwerp 
In 1566 he built at his own expense the "Eoyal Ex- 
change " m London, the first edifice of the kind in Eng- 
land; and also founded, in 1575, the college called by his 



name 



< Egbert Pollock, a British poet, born at Muirhouse, 

« r^ xx- 1798 - Die d near Southampton, 

bept. , 1827. His reputation is founded on « < The Course 
of Time," which, for so young a man, was considered a 
vast achievement. His "Providential Distinctions" 
and "Lord Byron" are among the gems of English 
literature. 

Robert Eaikes, an English philanthropist, born at 
Gloucester, 1735. Died April 5, 1811. He 

was publisher and editor of the " Gloucester Journal," 
but his name is rendered immortal as being the founder 
of Sunday schools. Montgomery said of his work : 

"Once by the Severn's side 

A little fountain rose. 
Now, like the Severn's seaward tide, 

Round the whole world it flows. ' ; 

Thomas Augustihe Arne, an eminent English mu- 
sician and composer, born in London, 1710 
Died March 5, 1778. He composed the music for 
Addison's opera of " Rosamond " and Milton's "Oomus," 
which established his reputation. The two principal 
national songs of England, " God Save the King," and 
" Rule Brittania," are claimed by many to owe their 
popularity chiefly to his music, though both have other 
claimants. 



UNKNOWN DATES. 331 

Samuel Richardson, an eminent English novelist, 
born in Derbyshire, 1689. Died July 4, 

1761. His first novel, u Parmela," opened a new era in 
English romantic literature, and was burlesqued by 
Fieldings' "Joseph Andrews." Kichardson's "Clarissa 
Harlowe," his capital work, 1748, acquired for him an 
European reputation. Dr. Johnson was his friend and 
warm admirer. 

Thomas Wharton, an English politician, born 
1645. Died April 12, 1715. He was known during life 
as the " greatest rake in England," and was author of 
"Lillibullero," a famous satirical ballad, written in 
ridicule of the Papists during the reign of James II. , 
which " though slight and insignificant as it may now 
seem, had at that time a more powerful effect than 
either the philippics of Demosthenes or Cicero, and 
contributed not a little toward the revolution of 1688- 
The whole army and at last the people, both in city 
and country, were singing it continually. Never had so 
slight a thing so great an effect." 

Pierre Du Terrail Bayard, ( " Chevalier 
Bayard,") a heroic French knight, called "the knight 
without fear and without reproach," born at Castle 
Bayard, near Grenoble, 1475. He was remarka- 

ble for his modesty, piety, magnanimity, and his 
various accomplishments. He served under Charles 
VIII., Louis XII., and Francis I., and for his suc- 
cess against the invading army of Charles V. of 
Spain, was saluted as " the saviour of the country." 
He was killed in battle at the river Sesia, April 30, 1524, 
having won the reputation of being a model of nearly 
every virtue. 

Arjs old Hoogvliet, a popular Dutch poet, born at 



332 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 

Vlaardingen, 1687. Died 1763. He was author 

of a collection of poems on various subjects, but his rep- 
utation is founded on an epic poem entitled " Abraham, 
the Patriarch/' which was received with extraordinary 
and durable favor; "no other book in Dutch liter- 
ature is said to have been honored with a more decided 
national adoption." 

Jokas Hakway, an English traveler and philanthro- 
pist, born in Portsmouth, 1712. Died Sept. 5, 1786. 
His life was spent in the interest of doing good in the 
little things, which if done, seem not of much account, 
but if neglected create great wrong ; such as the care of 
parish infants, chimney sweeps, fitting poor boys and 
men for the navy, etc. But he is popularly remem- 
bered as the first Englishman to carry an umbrella in 
his native country. 

Thomas Hatfield, an English divine, born 
Died , 1381. He founded Trinity College, Oxford. 

Edwaed Young, an eminent English poet, born at 
Upham, in Hampshire, Eng., , 1684. Died 

at Wei wyn, April 12,1765. " Night Thoughts/' the 
poem on which the reputation of Young is chiefly 
founded, enjoyed great popularity, and found admirers 
and imitators in Germany and France. He constantly 
sought preferment, but often in vain, and his disap- 
pointment shows itself by a scorn of royalty and fame, 
so often manifested in his writings. 

Thomas Sully, an eminent painter, born in Lincoln- 
shire, Eng., June , 1783. Died Nov. 5, 1872. He 
emigrated to America in 1792, and studied for his pro- 
fession in Charleston, S. C. He produced many full- 
length portraits of eminent men in America, and several 



UNKNOWN DATES. 333 

historical pictures, among which is " Washington cross- 
ing the Delaware. " 

John Arbuthnot, a British author, satirist and phy- 
sician, born at Arbuthnofc, Scotland, , 1675. 
Died , 1735. He was celebrated for his wit, 
genius and learning. His "Tables of the Grecian, 
Koman, and Jewish Weights, Measures and Coins " are 
regarded as a standard. In 1712 he produced the hu- 
morous "History of John Bull" — the origin of the 
name — which Macaulay says is the most ingenious and 
humorous satire extant in our language. 

James Bradley, pronounced by Sir Issac Newton, 
" the best astronomer of Europe," born in Gloucester- 
shire, Eng. 9 , 1693. Died at Ohatford, July 

, 1762. He discovered the cause of the phenomenon 
called the " aberration of light," also the "nutation of 
the earth's axis," which had the greatest influence on all 
astronomy; accounting for many conflicting observations 
which before were considered errors. He left at his 
death thirteen volumes of valuable observations, which 
were considered "a monument of patience and fidelity." 

Joseph Lancaster, a popular English educator, 
born in London, 1778. Died in New York, 1838. 
He was the founder of the " Lancastrian System of 
Education," which was the outgrowth of that of Pes- 
talozzi, his tutor and master. He came to the United 
States in 1818. 

Dinah Maria Craik, or "Miss Mulock," a popular 
English writer, born in Staffordshire, 1826. 

Died Oct. 14, 1887c Among her many principal works 
are " The Head of the Family," " John Halifax, Gentle- 
man," u A Noble Life," etc. She has written admir- 
ably on a variety of subjects. 



334 EYERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 

Harriet Lee. an English writer of fiction, born in 
London, 1756. Died in 1851. Among her other pro- 
ductions as author are " The Canterbury Tales," in 
which she was assisted by her sister Sophia. These 
u Tales" bear no resemblance to the "Canterbury Tales" 
of Chaucer, written nearly four centuries before, except 
in being a collection of stories told by different persons. 

Hexry Wild, sometimes called "the learned tailor/' 
born in Norwich, Eng., 1684. Died 1730. 

He studied several of the Oriental languages, while 
working at his trade, and translated from the Arabic 
the legend of "Mohammed's Journey to Heaven. " 

Sir Edwin Laxdseer, the most celebrated modern 
painter of animals, born in London, 1803. 

Died there Oct. 1, 1873. "The Old Shepherd's Chief 
Mourner," is considered by Euskin one of the most 
perfect pictures which modern times lias seen. Among 
his masterpieces are a portrait of a Newfoundland dog, 
styled "A Member of the Humane Society," "A Scene 
from the Midsummer Night's Dream,'' and " The 
Children of the Mist." The majority of his composi- 
tions have become popular engravings. 

Sylvester Graham, a noted American reformer and 
writer on dietetics, born in Suffield, Conn., 1794. 

Died in Northampton, Mass., Sept. 11, 1S51. He 
early became a dyspeptic, and his great care to restore 
his health sufficiently to be of use, led him to advocate 
those principles of hygiene and diet by which others 
could escape what he had suffered. He was author of 
u Science of Human Life." The bread made of un- 
bolted wheat, which he recommended, has taken his 
name. 

Johx BonrAN, author of "Pilgrim's Progress/' 



UNKNOWN DATES. 335 

born near Bedford, Eng. . 16*28. Died Aug. 

31, 16SS. He wrote his great work while in jail, where 

he was confined twelve years for his religious teachings, 

.ulay considered Bun van "one of the two great 

creative minds of the latter half of the seventeenth cen- 
tury ; n the other being Milton, author of " Paradise 
Lost 

John Harris, the founder of Harrisburg, Pa., born in 
Pennsylvania, 1716. Died at Harrisburg. July 

29, 1791. He was chosen by the Indians at one of the 
" council fires n held with the Indians of the Six 
Nations, to keep the store on the frontier, which was 
the nucleus of the present city named for him. His 
house, built in 1766, near Harrisburg. is still standing. 

William H. Aspixwall, born in the city of New 

York, 1807. Died there Jan. 19. 1875. He 

the chief promoter • of the construetion of the 

Panama Bailroad, the eastern terminus of which is 

named for him. 

Bernard Palissy, a celebrated French potter and 
enameler, born in the south of France, 1509. 

Died in the Bastile in 15S9, where he was confined for 
his religious principles. He is noted for his discovery, 
after years of toil and privation, of the beautiful art of 
enameling stoneware and pottery, which bears his name. 

Hexry Bergh. founder of the w Society for the Pre- 
vention of Cruelty to Animals,' 7 born in New York city, 
1823. Died . Alonean the face of 

indifference, opposition and ridicule, he began that 
reform which is now recognized as one of the beneficent 
monuments of the age. The legislature passed laws 
prepared by him, and on April 10, 1866, the society 
was legally organized with Mr. Bergh as president. 



386 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 

In 1874 he rescued a little girl from inhuman treat- 
ment, which led to a " Society for the Prevention of 
Cruelty to Children.-" He has written several plays, 
and is the author of a volume of tales and sketches 
entitled " The Streets of New York." 

Henry W. Shaw, "Josh Billings," an American 
humorist, born in Lanesborough, Mass., 1818. 

Died Oct. 14, 1885. His first production in print 
appeared in 1863. His writings consist largely of quaint 
maxims in phonetic spelling. He has lectured exten- 
sively, and has published four volumes of his sketches 
besides his popular "Alminax." 

John Forbes, an English general during the French 
and Indian war, born at Fifeshire, Scotland, 
1710. Died at Philadelphia, March 11, 1759. He was 
made brigadier-general in America, in 1757, and after 
taking Fort Du Quesne, named it Pittsburg, in complL 
ment to the Prime Minister of England, William Pitt. 

Francis Marion, an American general during the 
Ke volution, born in St. John's parish, near Georgetown, 
S. C, 1732. Died near Eutaw, Feb. 28, 1795. By his 
successful maneuvers in baffling the English in North 
Carolina, and still evading capture, he won the name of 
the " Swamp Fox." 

Anthony Trollope, an English novelist, born 1815. 
Died Dec. 6, 1882. He was the son of Frances Trollope 
the novelist, who visited the United States in 1829, and 
wrote so novel an account of domestic life in America. 






MISCELLANY. 



DATES THAT DIFFER. 

In searching for dates we often find that biographers 
differ. In that case we have consulted several authorities, 
and preferred the majority. If there is a difference of 
eleven days in the dates of those born previous to the year 
1752, when the " New Style " was inaugurated, we have 
followed the plan of the most reliable cyclopedias and 
taken the latter. The names here given are those whose 
dates are disturbed by some other cause than the "New 
Style." 

Gluck, Feb. 14 and July 2. 

Welby, Amelia B., Feb. 3 and May 3. 

Peter the Great, June 10 and 12. 

Jonson Ben, Jan. 31 and June 11. 

Garibaldi, July 4 and 22. 

Brownlow, W., Aug. 5 and 29. 

Davis, Andrew J., Aug. 11 and 26. 

Lavoisier, Aug. 13, 16 and 26. 

Wright, Silas, May 24 and Aug. 27. 

" Peter Martyr," Sept. 6 and 8. 

Baxter, Richard, Oct. 12 and Nov. 12. 

Gambetta, Leon, Oct. 30 and April 2. 
Taylor, Zachary, Sept. 24, Oct. 24, Nov. 24. 

Monroe, James, April 2 and 28. 



338 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



DORE, P. G. 

Dickens, Charles, 
Putnam, Israel, 
Kane, Elisha K., 
Queen Anna, 
Napoleon L, 
Butler, Samuel, 
Galileo, 
Poe, Edgar A., 
Farragut, Dayid G., 
Klopstock, 
Howe, Sir William, 



Jan. 6 and 7. 

Jan. 7 and Feb. 7. 

Jan. 7 and 10. 

Feb. 3 and 20. 

Feb. 4 and 6. 

Aug. 15 and Feb. 5. 

Feb. 8 and 13. 

July 15 and Feb. 15. 

Jan. 19 and Feb. 19. 

July 5 and March 7. 

July 2 and March 14. 

Aug. 10 and March 2. 



THE YEAE OF « GREAT BABIES." 



The year 1769, called the year of " great babies," ib 
noted for the birth of [Napoleon, Wellington, Francis 
Accum, chemist ; Bessieres ; due dTstria, one of Napo- 
leon's best generals ; Bourrienne, secretary and biographer 
of Napoleon ; Brunei, architect of the Thames tunnel ; 
Chateaubriand, author ; Governor De Witt Clinton, of 
N. Y. ; Cuvier, naturalist ; Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy ; 
Alexander Von Humboldt, Count Lavalette, Judge 
Lowell, founder of Boston Athenaeum ; Memed Ali, pasha 
of Egypt ; Marshal Ney ; William Owen, naturalist ; Pi- 
card, French dramatist ; Marshal Soult ; Lord Castle- 
reagh ; Tallien, French statesman. These are twenty of 
the best names selected from a list of noted men born in 
this year. — Fkom "Quizzism akd Key" by South- 
wick. 



MISCELLANY. 339 



ADAM'S BIRTHDAY. 

By an act of the English Parliament, October 23, 
4004 B.C., was declared the natal day of the earth. As 
Adam was created on the fifth day after, he must have 
been born October 28, 4004 b.c— From "Quizzism." 



PECULIARITIES. 

In compiling the foregoing work, several items of in- 
terest have presented themselves, among which are the 
following : 

There are more surnames beginning with W than 
any other letter. 

The winter, spring, and autumn months were much 
easier filled than those of summer ; the 7th of May and 
June being the last days represented, and the latter date 
only after extensive research. 

It will be observed that in several instances, two of 
those born the same day of the month, are also born the 
same year. Thus the natal day of Lincoln and Darwin, 
is Feb. 12, 1809. That of Horace Mann and William 
H. Prescott, May 4, 1796. Maria S. Cummins, author 
of "The Lamplighter," and Gen. Lewis Wallace, author 
of " Ben Hur," were born April 10, 1827. Other instan- 
ces of the kind will also be found in the book. 

W. D. Howells and his friend John J. Piatt, joint 
author with him of " Poems by Two Friends," were born 
March 1, but in different years. Elihu Burritt, " The 
Learned Blacksmith," and Eobert Collyer, " The Black- 



340 EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 

smith Preacher/' were also born the same day ( Dec. 8 ), 
though different years. 

Certain days seem crowded with very eminent people, 
while for other days there are but few, and those not so 
prominent. 

In several instances persons of a similar profession or 
notoriety are born in the same season of the year. 

The arrangement of the names for each day, is accord- 
ing to age. 






INDEX OF NOTED EXPKESSIONS. 

"A chip of the old block." 

Burke, on William Pitt, Jr. 
"Always brave, but always the enemy of kings." 

King of Poland, on Pulaski. 
"An ambassador is an honest man sent abroad to lie for 
the good of his country." 

Sir Henry Wotton. 
" By the streets of By and By, one arrives at the house of 
Never." 

Cervantes. 
" Children, as soon as I am released, sing a psalm of praise 
to God." 

Last words of Susannah Wesley. 
" Conquests pass away, but these operations remain." 

Napoleon to Delambre. 
u Contraband of war." 

Gen. B. F. Butler. 

" Cotton is king." 

James Hamilton Hammond. 

" Don't give up the ship." 

Capt. James Lawrence. 

" England expects every man to do his duty." 

Horatio Nelson. 



MISCELLANY. 341 

" First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his 
countrymen." 

Gen. Henry Lee, on Washington. 
" Get the writings of John Woolman by heart and love the 
early Quakers." 

Charles Lamb. 
" Give me liberty or give me death." 

Patrick Henry. 
" God only is great." 

Massillon, at the funeral of Louis XIV. 
" God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb." 

Laurence Sterne. 
" Here lies a man who was in public service fifty years, and 
never attempted to deceive his countrymen." 

J. C. Breckenridge, on Henry Clay. 

"He smote the rock of the national resources, and abun- 
dant streams of revenue burst forth. He touched the corpse 
of public credit and it sprang upon its feet." 

Webster, on Hamilton. 

"He wrested the thunderbolt from heaven and the scepter 
from the tyrants." 

Turgot, on Franklin. 

" I awoke one morning and found myself famous." 

Lord Byron. 

"I have heard many great orators, and been pleased with 
them, but after hearing you, I am displeased with myself." 

Louis XIV., to Massillon. 
"I have measured the heavens, I now measure the earth. 
The mind was of heavenly origin, only the shadow of the 
body lies here." 

Kepler's Epitaph, written by himself. 

"I know not what I may appear to the world, but to my- 
self I seem tojiave been only like a boy playing on the sea- 
shore and diverting myself in now and then finding a 
smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the 
great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me." 

Sir Isaac Newton. 



342 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



'"I'll try, sir." 

James Miller, at the battle of Lundy's Lane. 
• " It is to my mother and her good principles that I owe my 
fortune, and all the good that I have done." 

Napoleon Bonaparte. 
"I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my 
country." 

Nathan Hale. 

"I would rather be right than President." 

Henry Clay. 

"Le style est de l'homme." 

Buffon. 

"Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable." 

Daniel Webster. 
" Madame, all is lost except our honor." 

Francis I. of France. 

" Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute." 

Charles C. Pinckney. 
"My country is the world, my countrymen all mankind." 

Motto of the "Liberator." 
" My work is finished and I am satisfied." 

William Lloyd Garrison. 

"Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night 
God said ' let Newton be ! ' and all was light." 

Newton's Epitaph. 
" None knew him but to love him 
None named him but to praise." 

Fitz-Greene Halleck, on J. R. Drake. 

"No right without its duties — no duty without its rights." 

Francis Lieber. 
"O for sundown or Blucher." 

Duke of Wellington. 
"OGod ! it is all over ! " 

Lord North. 
" Liberty ! what crimes are committed in thy name." 
Last words of Madame Roland, 



MISCELLANY. 343 

" Once by the Severn's side 
A little fountain rose, 
Now, like the Severn's seaward tide 
Bound the whole world it flows." 

Montgomery, on Robert Eaikes. 

" Our Union— it must be preserved." 

Andrew Jackson. 

" Swiftest of painters, and gentlest of companions." 

Ruskin, on Reynolds. 

" The firmest pillar of Washington's administration." 

John Adams, on Oliver Ellsworth. 

"The greatest happiness of the greatest number." 

Priestly, on Jeremy Bentham. 

"There are the red coats; we must beat them to-day, or 

Molly Starke is a widow." 

Gen. John Starke. 

"The United Colonies are and ought to be free and inde- 
pendent." 

Richard H. Lee. 

" This is the last of earth ! I am content." 

Last words of John Q. Adams. 

" Thy necessity is greater than mine." 

Sir Philip Sydney. 

"Turn, boys, we're going back." 

Gen. Phil. Sheridan. 

" Veni, vidi, vici" (I came, I saw, I conquered.) 

Julius CjesaRc 

"We have met the enemy and they are ours." 

Com. O. H. Perry. 

" Westward the course of empire takes its way." 

George Berkeley. 

"What hath God wrought?" 

First Telegraphic Message. 

" What we know is but little, that which we know not is 

immense," 

Laplace. 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



Abbott, Austin, 313. 
Abbott, Emma, 304. 
Abbott, Ezra, 109. 
Abbott, Rev. Jacob, 278. 
Abbott, Rev. Lyman, 313. 
Achard, Franz Karl, 108. 
Adams, Charles Francis, 197. 
Adams, John, 263. 
Adams, John Quincy, 169. 
Adams, Louisa Catherine, 40. 
Adams, Samuel, 234. 
Adams, William T., 183. 
Addison, Joseph, 111. 
Agassiz, Louis, 136. 
Akenside, Mark, 271. 
Albert Edward, Prince of 

Wales, 272. 
Alcott, Amos Bronson, 293. 
Alcott, Louisa May, 294. 
Alcott, William A., 188. 
Alden, Isabella, 268. 
Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 275. 
Alexander II. of Russia, 110. 
Alexander III. of Russia, 68. 
Alexander VI. of Rome, 328. 
Alexandra, Princess of Wales, 

£93. 
Alger, Horatio, 17. 
Allen, Elizabeth Akers,245. 
Allen, Ethan, 13. 
Allen, Stephen, 327. 
Allen, Thomas, 18. 
Allston, Washington, 269. 
Alphonso XII. of Spain, 292. 
Althen, Jean, 327. 
Ames, Fisher, 92. 
Andersen, Hans Christian, 85. 
Anderson, Robert, 148. 
Andrews, John Albion, 138. 



Andrews, Lancelot, 327. 
Andrews, Stephen Pearl, 77. 
Angelo, Michael, 64. 
Anne, Queen of Great Britain, 

34. 
Anthony, Susan B., 46. 
Appleton, Daniel, 305. 
Appleton, James, 44. 
Arago, Dominique Francois, 56. 
Arbuthnot, John, 333. 
Ariosto, Lodovico, 217. 
Ark wright, Sir Richard, 317. 
Arne, Thomas Augustine, 330. 
Arnold, Edwin, 145. 
Arnold, Matthew, 319. 
Arnold, Thomas, 148. 
Arthur, Chester A., 242. 
A^pinwall, William H., 335. 
As tor, John Jacob, 174. 
Audubon, John James, 114. 
Auerbach, Berthold, 59. 
Austin, Stephen, 326. 

B. 
Bacon, Francis, 24. 
Bacon, Rev. Leonard., 49. 
Baillie. Joanna, 261. 
Bailly, Jean Sylvain, 223. 
Baily, James Montgomery, 234. 
Baker, Samuel White, 144. 
Ballespi, Dona Martina, 179. 
Ballou, Hosea, 110. 
Bancroft, George, 239. 
Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 115. 
Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss, 31, 
Barbauld, Anna Letitia, 153. 
Barclay, Robert, 317. 
Barlow, Joel, 80. 
Barnum, Phineas Taylor, 165 f 
Barton, Bernard, 31. 
Baxter, Richard, 275. 



346 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Bayard, Pierre Du Terrail, 331. 
Bayard, Thomas Francis, 262. 
Beach, Moses Yale, 11. 
Beattie, James, 259. 
Beauchamp, Richard De, 29. 
Beecher, Catherine Esther, 215. 
Beecher, Henry Ward, 157. 
Beecher, Lyman, 248. 
Beethoven, Ludwigvon, 311. 
Benezet, Anthony, 31. 
Bennett, James Gordon, 211. 
Bentham, Jeremy, 45. 
Bergh, Henry, 335. 
Berkeley, George, 68. 
Berzelius, Jons Jacob, 200. 
Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, 177. 
Biddle, Nicholas, 11. 
Bichat, Marie Francois Xavier, 

275. 
Bierstadt, Albert, 11. 
Billings, William, 243. 
Bismarck, Otto von, 85. 
Blackstone, Sir William, 168. 
Blackwell, Antoinette Brown, 

127. 
Blaine, James G., 32. 
Blair, Montgomery, 119 
Blake, William, 292, 
Bliss, Philip Paul, 167. 
Blucher, Gerald L. von, 309. 
Boerhaave, Herman, 323. 
Bogardus, James, 70. 
Boileau, Nicholas, 265. 
Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, 

238. 
Bolivar, Simon, 179. 
Bonaparte, Letitia Ramoline. 

204. 
Bond, William Cranch, 217. 
Bonheur, Rosa, 78. 
Bonner, Robert, 109. 
Boone, Daniel, 40. 
Booth, Junius Brutus, 112. 
Booth, Mary L., 100. 
Bossuet, Jacques Benigne, 234. 
Bos well, James, 262. 
Boucicault, Dion, 320. 
Boudinot, Elias, 112. 
Bourdaloue, Louis, 199. 
Bowditch, Nathaniel, 81, 



Bowdoin, James, 189. 
Bowen, Francis, 218. 
Bowles, AdaC, 185. 
Bowles, Samuel, 39. 
Bo wring, Sir John, 252. 
Boyle, Richard, 239. 
Bradlaugh, Charles, 234. 
Bradley, James, 333. 
Brainard, John G. C, 256. 
Brazze, Savorgnan De, 10. 
Breckenridge, John C, 23. 
Bremer, Fredrika, 197. 
Brewster, Sir David,306. 
Brids-eman, Laura, 297. 
Bright, John, 282. 
Brodhead, John Romevn, 7. 
Bronte, Charlotte, 101." 
Brooks, James, 274. 
Brooks, Rev. Phillips, 307. 
Brougham, Lord Henry, 228. 
Brown, Charles Brockclen, 18, 
Brown, Goold, 65. 
Brown, John, 118. 
Brown, Nicholas, 87. 
Browne, Charles Farrar, 106. 
Brownlow, William G., 209. 
Bruce, Michael, 82. 
Bruce, Robert, 76. 
Bruce, Thomas, 176. 
Brunei, Isambard K., 93. 
Brunei, Mark I., 105. 
Bryant, William Cullen, 267. 
Buchanan, James, 104. 
Buckminster, Joseph Stevens, 

133. 
Buell, Don Carlos, 78. 
Buffon, George Louis, 216. 
Bull, Ole Bornemann, 36. 
Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm, 84. 
Bunyan, John, 334. 
Burke, Edmund, 5. 
Burlingame, Anson, 279. 
Burns,' Robert, 26. 
Burr, Aaron, sen., 8. 
Burr, Aaron, jun., 37. 
Burritt, Eiihu, 303. 
Burroughs, John, 87. 
Bushnell, Horace, 97. 
Butler, Benjamin F., 269. 
Butler, Samuel, 38. 






ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



347 



Butler, William Allen, 50. 
Butterworth, John, 307. 
Buxton, Thomas F., 85. 
Byron, Lord George Gordon 

Noel, 25. 

C. 
Cable, George Washington, 248. 
Caesar, Augustus, 231. 
Caesar, Julius, 170. 
Caldwell, Dr. Charles, 122. 
Calhoun, John C, 73. 
Calvin, John, 168. 
Cameron, James Donald, 123. 
Cameron, Simon, 65. 
Campbell, Alexander, 220. 
Campbell, Thomas, 181. 
Canning, George, 94. 
Canova, Antonio, 265. 
Carlisle, Hon. John, 214. 
Carlyle, Thomas, 299. 
Carson, Christopher, 318. 
Cartier, Jacques (James), 323. 
Cary, Alice, 106. 
Cary, Phebe, 213. 
Cass, Lewis, 244. 
Castelar, Emilio, 218. 
Cave, Edward, 59. 
Cavendish, Henry, 246. 
Cervantes, Saavedra, 244. 
Chalmers, Thomas, 73. 
Chambers, Robert, 168. 
Champollion, Jean Francois, 

317. 
Chandler, Elizabeth, 318. 
Channing, William Ellerv, 91. 
Charles H. of England, 136. 
Charles, Jacques A. C, 276. 
Charles XII. of Sweden, 158. 
Chase, Salmon Portland, 16. 
Chateaubriand, Francois Au- 

guste, 222. 
Chatterton, Thomas, 286. 
Cheever, Ezekiel, 26. 
Cheever, George B., 99. 
Child, Lydia Maria, 40. 
Chittenden, Thomas, 10. 
Choat, Rufus, 238. 
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 7. 
Clark, A Ivan, 66. 
Clark, Lewis Gay lord, 147. 



Clark, Willis Gavlord, 147. 

Clarke, William, 183. 

Clarke, James Freeman, 88. 

Clarkson, Thomas, 81. 

Clay, Cassius M., 254. 

Clay, Henry, 95. 

Clemens, L. Samuel, 295. 

Cleveland, Grover, 74. 

Cleveland, Orestes, 62. 

Clinton, De Witt, 61. 

Clinton, George, 180. 

Clive, Robert, 236. 

Clough, Arthur Hugh, 6. 

Cobbett, William, 67. 

Cobden, Richard, 140. 

Coffin, Sir Isaac, 124. 

Cogswell, Joseph Green, 235. 

Coke, Sir Edward, 32. 

Coke, Thomas, 218. 

Colburn, Warren, 60. 

Coleman, Julia, 47. 

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 255. 

Colfax, Schuyler, 78. 

Collins, Anthony, 153. 

Collingwood, Lord Cuthbert, 
234. 

Collyer, Robert, 303. 

Colt, Samuel, 176. 

Columbus, Christopher, 168. 

Columna, Fabio Colonna, 327. 

Combe, George, 255. 

Confucius, 151. 

Conkling, Roscoe, 263. 

Cook, Charles, 132. 

Cook, Clarence C, 218. 

Cook, James, 260. 

Cooke, Rose Terry, 47. 

Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 177. 

Cooper, Sir Astley Paston, 203. 

Cooper, James Fenimore, 223. 

Cooper, Peter, 42. 

Copernicus, Nicholas, 49. 

Copley, John Singleton, 163. 

Cordav, Maria Anne Char- 
lotte, 181. 

Corneille, Pierre, 142. 

Cornell, Ezra, 14. 

Cornwallis, Charles, 323. 

Cotton, John, 299. 

Courier, Paul Lewis, 8. 



348 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Cowper, William, 291. 
Cox, Hon. 8. S., 237. 
Cozzens, Frederic S., 63. 
Crabbe, George, 318. 
Craik, Dinah Maria, 333. 
Cranch, Christopher P., 66. 
Cranmer, Thomas, 162. 
Crawford, William H., 55. 
Creasy, Edward Shepherd, 237. 
Crichton, James, 201. 
Croly, David G., 267. 
Crompton, Samuel, 298. 
Cromwell, Oliver, 105. 
Crosby, Howard, 58. 
Crosse, Marian Evans Lewes, 

288. 
Cruden, Alexander, 138. 
Cruikshank, George, 235. 
Cummings, A. B., 154. 
Cummins, Maria S., 93. 
Cunard, Sir Samuel, 283. 
Curran, John Philpot, 178. 
Curtis, George William, 55. 
Cushing, Caleb, 19. 
dishing, Thomas, 79. 
Cushman, Charlotte, 178. 
Custer, George A., 300. 
Cuvier, Baron George, C. L. 

F. D., 203. 

D. 
Daguerre, Louis Jacques 

Mande, 190. 
D'Alembert, Jean, 281. 
Dallas, George M., 168. 
Dalton, John, 214. 
Dalton, John C, 33. 
Dana, Charles Anderson, 189. 
Dana, Francis, 147. 
Dana, Richard Henry, 280. 
Dana, Richard Henry, jr., 184. 
Dante, Alighieri, 122. 
Darley, Felix O. C, 155. 
Darling, Grace, 290. 
D'Arusmont, Frances, 215. 
Darwin, Charles, 42 <, 
D'Aubigne, Jean H. M., 196. 
Davis, Andrew Jackson, 191. 
Davis, Charles Henry, 18. 
Davis, Jefferson, 140. 
Davy, Sir Humphry, 311. 



DeBrazza, S., 10. 

Decatur, Stephen, 9. 

Dee, John, 171. 

De Foe, Daniel, 325. 

Deems, Charles F., 300. 

De Kalb, Baron John, 160. 

Delambre, Jean B. J., 228. 

Delaroche, Paul, 174. 

De Quincey, Thomas, 195. 

Derzhavin, Gabriel R., 163. 

Devereux, Robert, Earl of Essex, 

272. 
Dewey, Orville, 83. 
Dickens, Charles, 38. 
Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth, 

262. 
Dickenson, Daniel, 219. 
Disraeli, Rt. Hon. Benjamin, 

315. 
Dix, Dorothea L., 88. 
Dix, John Adams, 178. 
Dixon, William Hep worth, 161c 
Doddridge, Philip, 158. 
Dore, Paul Gustave, 10. 
Doremus, Sarah Piatt, 186. 
Dow, Lorenzo, 251. 
Dow, Neal, 75. 

Downing, Andrew Jackson, 263. 
Drake, Joseph Rodman, 188. 
Draper, John William, 115. 
Drayton, Henry S., 225. 
Dryden, John, 189. 
Dudley, Charles Edward, 130. 
Dumas, Alexander, 179. 
Dupin, A. L. A., "George 

Sand," 162. 
Dwight, John Sullivan, 121. 
Dwight, Timothy, 122. 

E. 
Eads, James B., 136. 
Edgeworth, Maria, 6. 
Edison, Thomas Alva, 41. 
Edward I. of England, 149. 
Edward V. of England, 268. 
Edward, the Black Prince, 149. 
Edwards, Jonathan, 241. 
Edwards, William, 274. 
Eggleston, Edward, 306. 
Elizabeth, Queen of England, 

216, 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



349 



Ellet, Mary, 150. 

Ellsworth, Oliver, 109. 

Emanuel of Portugal, 116. 

Emerson, Ealph Waldo, 132. 

Emerson, William, 116. 

Emmet, Robert, 229. 

Emmons, Nathaniel, 111. 

Encke, Johann Franz, 231. 

Ericsson, John, 183. 

Evarts, William Maxwell, 37. 

Everett, Edward, 94. 
F. 

Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel, 122. 

Fairbanks, Erastus, 261. 

Faraday, Michael, 230. 

Farnham, Eliza, 283. 

Farragut, David Glasgow, 164. 

Felix, Elizabeth Rachel, 59. 

Feilenberg, Philip E. von, 159. 

Felton, Cornelius C, 270. 

Fenelon, Francois S. de la 
Motte, 187. 

Fenton, Reuben E., 170. 

Ferdinand V. of Spain, 67. 

Ferguson, Prof. James, 210. 

Field, Cyrus W., 295. 

Field, David Dudley, sen., 127. 

Field, David Dudley, jr., 43. 

Field, Henry M., 87. 

Fielding, Henry, 102. 

Fields, James T., 324. 

Fillmore, Millard, 11. 

Fish, Hamilton, 186. 

Fitch, John, 22. 

Flaxman, John, 165. 

Forbes, John, 336. 

Forbes, James David, 100. 

Forrest, Edwin, 67. 

Foster, John, 226. 

Fowler, L. N., 25. 

Fowler, Orson Squire, 247. 

Fox, George, 169. 

Francis I. of France, 220. 

Franklin, Benjamin, 18. 

Franklin, Sir John, 98. 

Franz, Joseph, 198. 

Frederic I. of Prussia, 177. 

Frederic II. of Prussia, 25. 

I vederic William III. of Ger- 
many, 253. 



Freeman, Alice E., 52. 
Freeman, James, 103. 
Fremont, John Charles, 23. 
Froebel, Friedrich, 101. 
Frothingham, Octavius B., 291. 
Froude, James Anthony, 104. 
Fry, Elizabeth, 128. 
JFuchs, Leonhard von, 18. 
Fulton, Robert, 180. 

G. 
Gadsden, James, 123. 
Galba, Emperor of Rome, 318. 
Galilei, Galileo, 44. 
Gall, Franz Joseph, 67. 
Gallatin, Albert, 30. 
Gallaudet, Thomas, 305. 
Galvani, Alvisio, 218. 
Gambetta, Leon, 86. 
Garfield, James A., 285. 
Garibaldi, Gen. Giuseppe, 164. 
Garrick, David, 50. 
Garrison, William Lloyd, 307. 
Gatling*, Richard Jordan, 220. 
Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, 301. 
Geibel, Emanuel, 253. 
George I. of Great Britain, 134. 
George III. of " " 140. 
George IV. of " " 191. 
George, Henry, 212. 
Gibbon, Edward, 107. 
Gibbons, Abigail Hopkins, 302. 
Gibbs, Wolcott, 52. 
Gibson, John, 175. 
Gillott, Joseph, 329. 
Gilmore, Patrick S., 320. 
Gioberti, Vicenzo, 89. 
Gladstone, Rt. Hon.WilliamE., 

322. 
Gluck, Johann Christoph von, 

44. 
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 

207. 
Goldschmidt, Jenny Lind, 242. 
Goldsmith, Oliver, 273. 
Goodale, Elaine, 245. 
Goodrich, Samuel Griswold, 

199. 
Goodyear, Charles, 322. 
Gough, John B., 202. 
Gounod, Charles Felix, 150. 



350 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Graham, Sylvester, 334. 
Graut, Julia Dent, 28. 
Grant, Ulysses S., 108. 
Grattan, Henry, 163. 
Gray, Asa, 284. 
Gray, Henry P., 155. 
Gray, Dr. John F., 327. 
Gray, Thomas, 320. 
Greeley, Horace, 34. 
Green, Seth, 75. 
Greene, Albert G., 40. 
Greene, Nathanael, 133. 
Greenough, Horatio, 215. 
Gregory, James, 270. 
Gresham, Sir Thomas, 330. 
Grevy, Francois P. Jules, 195. 
Grimke, Sarah Moore, 270. 
Grimm, Jakob Ludwig, 8. 
Grinnell, Henry, 45. 
Griscom, John H., 193. 
Grisi, Giulia, 129. 
Griswold, Rufus Wilmot, 45. 
Grote, George, 283. 
Grove, William Robert, 172. 
Grouchy, Emmanuel de, 256. 
Guillotine, Joseph Ignace, 135. 
Guizot, Francois P. G., 240. 
Guthrie, Thomas, 171. 
Guyon, J. M. B. de la Motte, 95. 
Guyot, Arnold Henry, 236. 

Habersham, Col. Joseph, 181. 
Hahnemann, Samuel C. F., 93. 
Hale, Edward Everett, 87. 
Hale, John P., 84. 
Hale, Nathan, 142. 
Hale, Nathan, 196. 
Hale, Sir Matthew, 265. 
Halleck, Fitz Greene, 166. 
Halley, Edmund, 259. 
Hamilton, Alexander, 14. 
Hammond, James Hamilton, 

117. 
Hanaford, Phebe A., 116. 
Hancock, John, 15. 
Hancock, Winfield Scott, 45. 
Handel, George Frederic, 54. 
Han way, Jonas, 332. 
Harding, Chester, 210. 
Hardy, Arthur Shelburne, 193. 



Harris, Joel Chandler, 304. 
Harris, Samuel, 15. 
Harris, John, 335. 
Harrison, Benjamin, 200. 
Harrison, William Henry, 39. 
Hart, Francis Bret, 206. 
Harvard, John, 211. 
Harvey, William, 84. 
Harvy, Valentine, 277. 
Hassler, Ferdinand, 242. 
Hastings, Warren, 301. 
Hatfield, Edwin F., 13. 
Hatfield, Thomas, 332. 
Hauser, Kaspar, 243. 
Haveland, Laura Smith, 315. 
Havelock, Sir Henry, 89. 
Haven, Alice, 222. 
Hawley, Gen. Joseph R., 264. 
Hawthorne, Julian, 154. 
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 163. 
Hayden, Franz Joseph, 84. 
Hayes, Isaac I., 63. 
Hayes, Rutherford B., 240. 
Hayne, Paul Hamilton, 6. 
Hazlitt, William, 93. 
Heinrich, Martin, 296. 
Hedding, Elijah, 143. 
Hemans, Felicia Dorothea, 233. 
Hendricks, Thomas A., 217. 
Henry VIII. of England, 159. 
Henry, Joseph, 311. 
Henry, Patrick, 137. 
Herbert, George, 86. 
Herder, Johann G. von, 205. 
Herrick, Robert, 199. 
Herschel, Caroline L., 72. 
Herschel, Sir William, 280. 
Heusser, Mrs. Meta, 90. 
Hicks, Elias, 74. 
Higginson, Thomas Went- 

worth, 316. 
Hildreth, Richard, 160. 
Hill, Rev. Rowland, 192. 
Hill, Rowland, Viscount, 191, 
Hind, John Russell, 120. 
Hitchcock, Edward, 131. 
Hobbs, Thomas, 88. 
Hodge, Charles, 321. 
Hoe, Richard March, 220. 
Hofer, Andreas, 287. 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



351 



Hogg, James, 27. 
Holden, Oliver, 227. 
Holland, Josiah Gilbert, 179. 
Hollo way, Laura C, 202. 
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 209. 
Holstein, Anna L. G. De 

Stael, 103. 
Hoi well, John Zephaniah, 132. 
Hood, Thomas, 130. 
Hoogvliet, Arnold, 331. 
Hooker, Joseph. 277. 
Hooper, Lucy, 35. 
Hopper, Isaac T., 298. 
Hopkins, Samuel, 226. 
Hopkins on, Francis, 229. 
Horace, 302. 
Hosmer, Harriet, 240. 
Howard, John, 211. 
Howe, Elias, 167. 
Howe, Julia Ward, 134. 
Howe, Dr. Samuel G., 274. 
Howe, Sir William, 61. 
Ho wells, William D., 60. 
Huber, Francois, 163. 
Hughes, Most Rev. John, 156. 
Hughes, Thomas, 255. 
Hugo, Victor M., 57. 
Hulett, Alta Q., 141. 
Hull, Isaac, 67. 
Hull, William, 156. 
Humboldt, Friedrich, 222. 
Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm von, 

154. 
Hume, David, 106. 
Hunt, Dr. Harriot K., 271. 
Hunt, James Henry Leigh, 254. 
Hunt, William Morris, 84. 
Hunter, John, 172. 
Hurst, John F., 197. 
Hutchinson, Abby, 209. 
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 115. 
Huygens, Christian, 96. 

I. 

Ingemann, Bernhard Severin, 

136. 
Ingersoll, Robert G., 191. 
Inman, Henry, 19. 
Irving, Washington, 86. 
Isabella I. of Spain, 102. 



Jackson, Andrew, 71. 
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 253. \ 
Jackson, Dr. Mercy B., 226. 
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, 24. 
Jacquard, Joseph Marie, 166. 
James I. of England, 152. 
James II. of England, 250. 
Jameson, Anna, 126. 
Jarvis, Edward, 13. 
Jarvis, James, 200. 
Jay, John, 306. 
Jay, John, 155. 
Jay, William, 149. 
Jefferson, Joseph, 51. 
Jefferson, Thomas, 96. 
Jeffrey, Francis, 257. 
Jenner, Edward, 125. 
Jerrold, Douglas William, 7. 
Jewett, Sarah Orne, 212. 
Joan of Arc, 9. 
Johnson, Andrew, 322. 
Johnson, Eastman, 182. 
Johnson, Oliver, 321. 
Johnson, Samuel, 227. 
Johnson, Samuel, 250. 
Jones, Joel, 259. 
Jones, John Paul, 165. 
Jonson, Benjamin, 146. 
Josephine of France, 156. 
Joy, Charles A., 244. 
Juarez, Benito Pablo, 77. 
Judd, Orange, 180. 
Judson, Adoniram, 190. 
Judson, Emily, 202. 
Julian, " the Apostate," 283. 
Juvenal, 61. 

K. 
Kane, Elisha Kent, 34. 
Keats, John, 262. 
Keble, John, 105. 
Kemble, Frances, Mrs. Butler, 

292. 
Kemble, Gouverneur, 27. 
Kepler, Johann, 321. 
Key, Francis Scott, 184. 
King, Thomas Starr, 310. 
Kingsley, Rev. Charles, 147. 
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, 

162. 



352 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Knapp, Samuel Lorenzo, 20. 
Knight, Charles, 74. 
Knox, Henry, 179. 
Kosciusko, Thaddeus, 41. 
Kossuth, Louis, 108. 
Krummacher, Friedrich A., 

172. 

L. 
Ladd, William, 118. 
La Fayette, Marquis de, 215. 
Lagrange, Joseph Louis, 26. 
Lamartine, Alphonso, 256. 
Lamb, Charles, 48. 
Lancaster, Joseph, 333. 
Landor, Walter Savage, 30. 
Landseer, Sir Edwin, 334. 
Lanman, Charles, 149. 
Laplace, Pierre Simon, 78. 
Lathrop, Rose Hawthorne, 127. 
Laud, William, 242. 
Lavater, John Casper, 278. 
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 

192. 
Lawrence, Abbott, 310. 
Lawrence, Capt. James, 238. 
Leavenworth, Gen. Henry, 305. 
Lee, Ann, 59. 

Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 250. 
Lee, Harriet, 334. 
Lee, Gen. Henry, 30. 
Lee, Robert E., 21. 
Lee, Richard Henry, 21. 
Legare, HughSwinton, 6. 
Leland, Charles G., 195. 
Leslie, Eliza, 281. 
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 285. 
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 

223. 
Lester, Charles Edward, 173. 
Leutze, Emanuel, 131. 
Lewes, George Henry, 99. 
Lewis, Dio, 62. 
Lewis, Francis, 80. 
Lewis, Ida, 56. 
Lewis, Meriwether, 197. 
Lick, James, 205. 
Lieber, Francis, 74. 
Liebig, Justus von, 119. 
Lincoln, Abraham, 42. 
Lindley, John, 36. 



Linnaeus, Charles, 119. 
Lippincott, Sara Clarke, 236. 
Liszt, Franz, 256. 
Livermore, Mary Ashton, 314. 
Livingston, Philip, 17. 
Livingston, Robert R., 291. 
Livingstone, David, 75. 
Locke, David Ross, 229. 
Locke, John, 208. 
Lockwood, Belva A., 258. 
Lockyer, Joseph A., 125. 
Long, Stephen H., 323. 
Longfellow, Henry W., 57. 
Longfellow, Samuel, 151. 
Longshore, Dr. Hannah E., 

137. 
Lope de Vega, Felix, 290. 
Lossing, Benson John, 43. 
Louis XIV. of France, 224. 
Lowell, James Russell, 53. 
Lucan, Marcus Anneus, 266. 
Lundy, Benjamin, 8. 
Luther, Martin, 272. 
Lyell, Sir Charles, 278. 
Lynch, Thomas, jr., 187. 
Lyman, Chester Smith, 16. 
Lyman, Laura Elizabeth, 86. 
Lyman, Gen. Theodore, 49. 
Lyon, Mary, 59. 
M. 
Macadam, John Loudan, 229. 
Macaulay, Thomas B., 259. 
MacDowell, Irwin, 251. 
MacGregor, John, 26. 
MacKean, Thomas, 73. 
Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, 326. 
Mackenzie, Robert Shelton, 154. 
Mackintosh, Sir James, 257. 
MacLean, John, 68. 
Macon, Nathaniel, 310. 
Macready, William Charles, 62. 
Madison, Dorothy P., 126. 
Madison, James, 72. 
Malcom, Howard, 21. 
Mann, Horace, 114. 
Mansard, Francois, 196. 
Marble, Manton, 282. 
Maria Antoinette of France, 

266. 
Maria Louisa of France, 69. 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



353 



Maria Theresa of Austria, 120. 
Marini, Giovanni Battista, 252. 
Marion, Francis, 236. 
Marshall, John, 232. 
Martineau, Harriet, 146. 
Martineau, James, 101. 
Marvel .1, Andrew, 61. 
Mary I. of England, 47. 
Mary II. " " 110. 
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, 

302. 
Massey, Gerald, 137. 
Massillon, Jean Baptiste, 155. 
Mason, James Murray, 267. 
Mason, Lowell, 12. 
Mather, Cotton, 41. 
Matthews, William, 182. 
Maximilian, Ferdinand Joseph, 

165. 
Mayer, Johann Tobias, 47. 
Mayhew, Henry, 290. 
Mazarin, Jules, 172. 
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 154. 
McClellan, Gen. George B., 298. 
McCloskey, Cardinal John, 76. 
McCormick, Cyrus A., 45. 
Meacham, Joseph, 53. 
Mead, Larkin Goldsmith, 7. 
Meade, Gen. George Gordon, 

324. 
Meigs, Montgomery C.,'114. 
Melanchthon, Philip, 46. 
Melbourne, William Lamb, 71. 
Mendelssohn, Felix, 33. 
Mercator, Gerald, 63. 
Mesmer, Friedrich Anton, 130. 
Meteyard, Eliza, 154. 
Metternich, Prince von, 123. 
Meyerbeer, Giacomo, 214. 
Mill, John Stuart, 127. 
Millais, John Everett, 144. 
Miilbanks, Anna I. (Lady 

Byron), 125. 
Milledoier, Philip, 230. 
Miller, Cincinnatus HeiDe, 274. 
Miller, Hugh, 247. 
Miller, Homer V. M., 110. 
Miller, James, 105. 
Miller, William, 105. 
Mills, Clark, 296. 



Mills, Samuel J., 101. 
Milton, John, 304. 
Miner, Charles, 32. 
Minturn, Robert, 282. 
Mirabeau, Honore, 67. 
Mitchel, Elisha, 199. 
Mitchell, Maria, 184. 
Mitchell, Nahum, 42. 
Mitchel, Gen. Ormsby Mc- 

Knight, 207. 
Mitford, Mary Russell, 310. 
Mohammed, 100. 
Moliere ,Jean Baptiste Poque- 

lin, 17. 
Moitke, Helmuth Karl B. von, 

260. 
Mommsen, Theodor, 294. 
Monroe, James, 109. 
Montague, Elizabeth R., 239. 
Montaigne, Michel, 58. 
Monteliore, Sir Moses, 258. 
Montesquieu, Baron, 19. 
Montgomery, James, 268. 
Montgomery, Richard, 297. 
Montholon, Charles Tristan, 

177. 
Moody, Dwight Lyman, 36. 
Moore, Charles, 83. 
Moore, Clement Clark, 173. 
Moore, Sir John, 277. 
Moore, Thomas, 135. 
More, Hannah, 33. 
More, Sir Thomas, 37. 
Moreau, Jean Victor, 190. 
Moreland, Sir Samuel, 158. 
Morghen, Raphael Sanzio, 152. 
Morris, Gouverneur, 31. 
Morris, George P., 246. 
Morris, Richard, 218. 
Morris, Robert, 22. 
Morrison, William,'326. 
Morse, Jedediah, 203. 
Morse, Richard Cary, 150. 
Morse, Svdnev E., 38. 
Morse, Samuel F. B., 107. 
Morton, Levi P., 124. 
Motherwell, William, 249. 
Motley, John Lothrop, 97. 
Mott, Lucretia, 7. 
Mott, Valentine, 200. 



354 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Motte, Rebecca Brewton, 325. 

Moulton, Louisa Chandler, 89. 

Moultrie, William, 326. 

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 
28. 

Muhlenberg, William Augus- 
tus, 225. 

Munkacsy, Michael, 247. 

Muller, Friedrich Max, 301. 

Murat, Joachim, 80. 

Murray, Lindley, 102. 

Muspratt, James Sheridan, 66. 

Mussey, Reuben Dimond, 155. 
N. 

Nairne, Lady Caroline Oli- 
phant, 173." 

Napoleon I. of France, 194. 

Napoleon II. of France, 76. 

Nash, Richard, 252. 

Nast, Thomas, 235. 

Neal, Joseph C, 33. 

Neale, John Mason, 26. 

Nelson, Horatio, 237. 

Nero, Emperor of Rome, 308. 

Newbery, John Strong, 316. 

Newcomb, Harvey, 212. 

Newel, Harriet, 246. 

Newell, Robert Henry, 308. 

Newton, Sir Isaac, 319. 

Ney, Michel, 14. 

Nicholas I. of Russia, 166. 

Niebuhr, Barthold George, 207. 

Niles, John Milton, 200. 

Nilsson, Christine, 186. 

North, Frederic, 96. 

Northcote, James, 256. 

Norton, Caroline E. S., 328. 

Nott, Eliphalet, 157. 

Noyes, John Humphrey, 212. 

O'Connell, Daniel, 188. 

O' Conor, Charles, 24. 

Oersted, Haus Christian, 193. 

Oglethorp, James Edward, 316. 

Olmsted, Frederic Law, 106. 

Olney, Jesse, 248. 

Opie, Amelia, 276. 

Orr, Hugh, 16. 

Osgood, Frances Sargent, 151. 

Osgood, Samuel, 210. 



Osgood, Samuel, 44. 
Osgood, Thaddeus, 258. 
Ossoli, Sarah Margaret Fuller, 

130. 
Otho, "The Great," of 

Germany, 287. 
Otis, James, 35. 
Ovid, 75. 

Owen, Robert, 70. 
Owen, Robert Dale, 270. 

P. 
Page, David P., 164. 
Page, William, 25. 
Paine, Robert Treat, 304. 
Paine, Thomas, 30. 
Palfrey, John Gorham, 112. 
Palissy, Bernard, 335. 
Pallisser, Sir William, 151. 
Palmer, Erastus Dow, 85. 
Palmer, Innis N., 83. 
Palmer. Rev. Dr. Ray, 276. 
Pangborn, Z. K., 183. 
Park, Mungo, 219. 
Parker, Com. Foxhall A., 187. 
Parker, Joel, 27. 
Parker, Theodore, 204. 
Parker, Willard, 211. 
Parkman, Francis, 225. 
Parry, Sir William Edward, 

314. 
Parsons, Theopholus, 55. 
Parton, Sarah Payson Willis, 

166. 
Pascal, Blaise, 152. 
Patti, Adeline M. C, 93. 
Paul, Saint Vincent de, 328. 
Paulding, James K., 202. 
Paxton, Sir Joseph, 186. 
Payne, John Howard, 145. 
Peabody, George, 48. 
Pedro II. de Alcantara, 297. 
Peel, Sir Robert, 36. 
Pendleton, Edmund, 218. 
Pendleton, George H., 180. 
Perm, John, 125. 
Penn, William, 249. 
Pepys, Samuel, 53. 
Percival, James G., 224. 
Percy, Henry, 126. 
Perkins, George R., 113. 









ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



355 



Perkins, Jacob, 167. 
Perry, Com. Oliver Hazard, 

204. 
Persius, 299. 
Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 

15. 
Peter "the Great " of Russia, 

145. 
Peters, Absalom, 228. 
Peters, Christian H. F., 228. 
Petrarch, Francesco, 176. 
Petty, Sir William, 123. 
Pfeiffer, Ida, 251. [192. 

Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, sen., 
Phelps, " " jun., 

210. 
Phelps, William Franklin, 46. 
Philbrick, John Dudley, 134. 
Philip "the Bold," 17. 
Philip II. of Spain, 128. 
Philips, John, 322. 
Phillips, John, 300. 
Phillips, Wendell, 293. 
Phipps, Sir William, 33. 
Physick, Philip Sing, 166. 
Piatt, John J., 60. 
Pickens, Andrew, 221. 
Pickering, John, 47. 
Pickering, Timothy, 174. 
Pierce, Franklin, 289. 
Pierpont, John, 90. 
Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 9. 
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 

55. 
Pitman, Isaac, 8. 
Pitt, William, 279. 
Pitt, William, jr., 135. 
Pocock, Edward. 271. 
Poe, Edgar Allan, 21. 
Polk, James Knox, 266. 
Pollok, Robert, 330. 
Pompey "the Great," 237. 
Ponsard, Francis, 138. 
Pope, Alexander, 129. 
Popham, George, 117. 
Porter, Ebenezer, 241. 
Porter, Jane, 119. 
Porter, Noah, 308. 
Pounds, John, 328. 
Powers, Hiram, 182. 



Preble, Edward, 194. 
Preble, George H., 43. 
Prentiss, Elizabeth P., 260. 
Prentiss, George D., 312. 
Prentiss, George Lewis, 120. 
Prentiss, Sargent Smith, 237. 
Prescott, William, 50. 
Prescott, William H., 114. 
Prevost, Sir George, 126. 
Prevost, Pierre, 113. 
Prideaux, Humphrey, 113. 
Priestly, Joseph, 80. 
Prime, Benjamin Young, 315. 
Prime, Samuel Ireneus, 268. 
Prime, William Cowper, 264. 
Prince Albert of England, 206. 
Prince Rupert, 310. 
Prior, Mathew, 177. 
Proctor, Adelaide Anne, 263. 
Proctor, Bryan Waller, 286. 
Proctor, Richard A. , 79. 
Pulaski, Count Casimir, 63. 
Putnam, Israel, 11. 
Putnam, Mary Lowell, 298. 
Putnam, Rufus, 92. 

Q. 

Quincy, Edmund, 257. 
Quincy, Josiah, 35. 
Quincy, Josiah, jr., 53. 

R. 
Racine, Jean Baptiste, 315. 
Radcliffe, Anna Ward, 167. 
Raikes, Robert, 330. 
Ranee, Armand Jean de, 13. 
Randall, James Ryder, 6. 
Randolph, John, 139. 
Rankins, W. J. Macquon, 165. 
Raphael, 90. 
Rawson, Edward, 98. 
Rawlins, John R., 43. 
Raymond, Henry Jarvis, 26. 
Read, George, 227. 
Read, Thomas Buchanan, 69. 
Reade, Charles, 144. 
Reaumer, Rene Antonine, 58. 
Recamier, Jeanne F. J. A., 

299. 
Redfield, William C, 82. 
Reed, David, 37. 
Regnault, Jean Baptiste, 251. 



356 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Reid, Samuel Chester, 205. 
Reid, Whitelaw, 261. 
Rembrandt, Paul Harmens, 

173. 
Remusat, Jean Pierre Abel, 

214. 
Rennie, Sir John, sen., 143. 
Rennie, Sir John, jr., 209. 
Revere, Paul, 5. 
Rexford, E. E., 174. 
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 173. 
Richard I. of England, 221. 
Richard III. of England, 238. 
Richardson, Benjamin W., 265. 
Richardson, Col. Edmund, 160. 
Richardson, Sir John, 269. 
Richardson, Samuel, 231. 
Richelieu, ArmaDd Jean de, 

213. 
Richter, Jean Paul, 76. 
Ridpath, John Clark, 107. 
Rigdon, Sidney, 49. 
Riley, Charles Valentine, 221. 
Rinehart, William H., 233. 
Ripley, George, 240. 
Rittenhouse, David, 91. 
Robert II. of Scotland, 61. 
Roberts, Robert Richford, 185. 
Robertson, Felix, 19. 
Robespierre, M. M. I., 116. 
Robinson, Edward, 93. 
Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste, 

162. 
Rochefoucauld, Francois La, 

309. 
Rochester, Nathaniel, 51. 
Roe, Edward Payson, 65. 
Roebling, John A. , 146. 
Rogers, John, 264. 
Rogers, Nathaniel P., 139. 
Rogers, Samuel, 182. 
Roland, Madame, 73. 
Roland, Jean Marie, 48. 
Romer, Ole, 233. 
Rosa, Salvator, 153. 
Rosecrans, William L., 216. 
Ross, George, 97. 
Ross, Sir James Clark, 97. 
Ross, Sir John, 156. 
Rossini, Gioacchimo, 60. 



Rothschild, Lionel Nathan, 288. 

Rotteck, Karl von, 175. 

Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, 90. 

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 159. 

Rubens, Peter Paul, 160. 

Rubinstein, Anton, 295. 

Rudolph of Hapsburg, 111. 

Ruggles, Emily, 173. 

Rush, Benjamin, 318. 

Ruskin, John, 40. 

Rutledge, Edwaj d> 288. 
S. 

Sachs, Hans, 268. 

Saint Augustine, 277. 

Saint Boniface, 151. 

Saint Clement, 288. 

Saint Patrick, 72. 

Saint Theresa, 82. 

Sands, Robert C, 119. 

Sankey, Ira David, 208. 

Santa Ana, 51. 

Sargent, Epes, 235. 

Sargent, Henry, 290. 

Sargent, Nathan, 115. 

Saxe, John Godfrey, 139. 

Saxton, Joseph, 77. 

Say, Thomas, 181. 

Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 313. 

Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm, 
28. 

Schiller, Johann Christoph, 273. 

Schlegel, Karl William, 68. 

Schlosser, Friedrich Christoph, 
283. 

Schoolcraft, Henry, 82. 

Schubert, Franz, 31. 

Schumacher, Heinrich Chris- 
tian, 212. 

Schurz, Carl, 62. 

Schuyler, Philip, 286. 

Scoresby, William, 241. 

Scott, David, 246. 

Scott, Sir Walter, 194. 

Scott, Winfield, 148. 

Scran ton, Joseph H., 159. 

Sears, Robert, 160. 

Sedgwick, Catherine M., 321. 

Sembrich, Marcella, 46. 

Semmes, Raphael, 235. 

Seward, Frederic W., 167. 









ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



357 



Seward, William Henry, 124. 
Seymour, Horatio, 138. 
Shakespeare, William, 103. 
Sharp, Granville, 273. 
Shaw, Henry W., 336. 
Shaw, Lemuel, 13. 
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 187. 
Sheridan, Philip H., 64. 
Sheridan, Richard Briosley, 264. 
Sherman, Roger, 99. 
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 

48. 
Shuck, Henrietta, 262. 
Siddons, Sarah, 164. 
Sigel, Franz, 284. 
Sigourney, Lydia H., 210. 
Silliman, Benjamin, 189. 
Simcoe, John G., 56. 
Simms, William Gilmore, 99. 
Sizer, Nelson, 128. 
Skeat, Walter William, 287. 
Slade, William, 117. 
Slater, Samuel, 144. 
Smeaton, John, 134. 
Smith, Adam, 141. 
Smith, Elizabeth Oakes, 192. 
Smith, Gerrit, 64. 
Smith, Joseph, 317. 
Smith, Sir James Edward, 297. 
Smith, Seba, 223. 
Smith, Sydney, 139. 
Smith, William, 78. 
Socrates, 141. 
Somerville, Mary, 320. 
Sophocles, Evangelinus A., 66. 
Soule, Caroline A., 212. 
Southey, Caroline Ann Bowles, 

301. 
Southey, Robert, 192. 
Spalding, Lyman, 142. 
Sparks, Jared, 118. 
Spear, Samuel T., 70. 
Speke, John Hanning, 115. 
Spencer, Herbert, 108. 
Spencer, Piatt R., 270. 
Spinner, Francis Elias, 23. 
Spinoza, Benedict, 289. 
Spofford, Harriet Elizabeth P., 

87. 
Sprague, Charles, 260, 



Spurgeon, Charles Hadden, 

152. 
Spurzheim, Dr. Kaspar, 324. 
Stanhope, Philip Dormer, 230. 
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 276. 
Stanton, Edwin M., 314. 
Starke, John, 207. 
Stearns, George Luther, 12. 
Stedman, E. C, 244. 
Stephens, Alexander, 41. 
Stephenson, George, 144. 
Sterne, Laurence, 289. 
Steuben, Frederic William 

Augustus, 280. 
Stevens, Thaddeus, 88. 
Stevenson, Robert, 143. 
Stevenson, Robert L., 277. 
Stewart, Alexander T., 261. 
Stewart, Dugald, 287. 
Stewart, Hamilton, 213. 
St. John, James Augustus, 232, 
St. John, Percy Bolingbroke, 

63. 
Storrs, RichardS., 201. 
Story, Joseph, 217. 
Story, William Wetmore, 49. 
Stowe, Calvin E., 90. 
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 148. 
St. Pierre, Benardin, 20. 
Strauss, David F., 29. 
Strauss, Johann, 70. 
Street, Alfred B., 313. 
Strickland, Agnes, 176. 
Sturge, Joseph, 185. 
Sullivan, Arthur Seymour, 121. 
Sullivan, John L., 92. 
Sully, Thomas, 332. i 
Sumarokoff, Alexei Petro- 

vitch, 278. 
Summerfield, John, 32. 
Summers, Thomas Osmond, 

248. 
Sumner, Charles, 10. 
Swedenborg, Emanuel, 30. 
Swift, Jonathan, 294. 
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 

89. 
Sydney, Sir Philip, 292. 

T. 
Tait, Dr. Archibald, 316, 



358 



EVEKY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Talford, Thomas Noon, 27. 
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice, 

43. 
Tallmadge, James, 29. 
Talmadge, Benjamin, 56. 
Talmage, Thomas De Witt, 11. 
Taney, Roger B., 73. 
Tappan, Arthur, 129. 
Tarleton, Sir Banastre, 201. 
Tasso, Bernardo, 274. 
Tasso, Torquata, 68. 
Taylor, Bayard 14. 
Taylor, George, 196. 
TayJor, Isaac, 196. 
Taylor, Jane, 230. 
Ta3^1or, Richard, 125. 
Taylor, Zachary, 232. 
Tennyson, Alfred, 15. 
Thackeray, William M., 175. 
Thaxter, Celia, 161. 
Thiers, Louis Adolphe, 98. 
Thomas, George Housman, 302. 
Thomas, George Henry, 183. 
Thompson, Benjamin, 81. 
Thompson, Elizabeth R., 51. 
Thompson, Eliza Jane, 205. 
Thompson, Joseph P., 188. 
Thomson, Charles, 293. 
Thomson, James, 219. 
Thomson, James Bates, 128. 
Thoreau, Henry David, 171. 
Thorwaldsen, Albert Bertel, 

284 
Tiberius, 281. 

Tichborne, Roger Charles, 9. 
Ticknor, George, 184. 
Tilden, Samuel J., 39. 
Tilton, Theodore, 239. 
Todd, John, 245. 
Tolstoi, Count Leo, 207. 
Tompkins, Daniel D., 153. 
Tooke, John Home, 157. 
Tourgee, Albion, 112. 
Town, Salem, 63. 
Townshend, Charles, 208. 
Tread way, Daniel, 246. 
Trench, Richard C, 219. 
Trollope, Anthony, 336. 
Tromp, Martin Harpertozon, 



Trowbridge, John Townsend, 

227. 
Trumbull, John, 142. 
Trumbull, John, 104. 
Trumbull, Jonathan, 145. 
Trumbull, James Hammond, 

315. 
Tuckerman, Joseph, 19. 
Tuckerman, Henry T., 101. 
Tudor, William, 29. 
Tudor, William, 82. 
Tuffs, Cotton, 137. 
Tully, William, 283. 
Tupper, Martin F., 174. 
Turnbull, Robert, 219. 
Turner, Joseph M. W., 104. 
Turner, William H., 100. 
Tweed, William M., 87. 
Tyler, John, 83. 
Tyndall, John, 201. 
Tyng, Stephen H., sen., 65. 
Tyng, Stephen H., jr., 161. 

Van Buren, Martin, 300. 
Vanderbilt, Com. Cornelius, 

133. 
Vanderbilt, William H., 199. 
Vandyke, Anthony, 77. 
Van Ness, Cornelius P., 27. 
Van Rensselaer, Stephen, 266. 
Vassar, Matthew, 109. 
Verdi, Giuseppe, 245. 
Vermigli, Pietro, Martire, 217. 
Verne, Jules, 39. 
Vernet, Horace, 161. 
Vespucius, Americus, GQ, 
Vetch, James, 70. 
Victor Emmanuel, 70. 
Victoria I. of Great Britain, 

132. 
Vincent, John H., 54. 
Virgil, 250. 
Vitellius, Aulus, 232. 
Voltaire, Francois Marie, 50. 

W. 
Waddell, James, 182. 
Waddell, Rev. Moses, 182. 
Wade, Benjamin Franklin, 261. 
Wagner, Wilhelm Richard, 

129, 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



359 



Walker, Eobert J., 175. 
Walker, Joseph Reddeford, 

249. 
Wallace, Alfred R., 12. 
Wallace, Lewis, 94. 
Wallack, James W., 204. 
Waller, Edmund, 62. 
Walpole, Sir Robert, 206. 
Walter, John, 243. 
Walter, Thomas U., 212. 
Walton, Isaac, 308. 
Warner, Charles Dudley, 221. 
Warner, Seth, 125. 
Warren, Joseph, 146. 
Washburn, Charles A., 72. 
Washburne, Elisha Benjamin, 

231. 
Washington, George, 52. 
Watt, James, 20. 
Watts, Isaac, 172. 
Wayland, Francis, 68. 
Wayne, Anthony, 5. 
Webb, James W., 38. 
Webb, Samuel B., 309. 
Weber, Marie F. E. von, 312. 
Webster, Daniel, 20. 
Webster, Noah, 251. 
Wedgewood, Josiah, 171. 
Weed, Thurlow, 281. 
Weir, Robert Walter, 151. 
Welby, Amelia B., 34. 
Weld, Angelina Grimke, 50. 
Welles, Gideon, 162. 
Wells, Charles William, 117. 
Wells, Charlotte Fowler, 193. 
Wells, Horace, 23. 
Wells, Samuel R., 88. 
Wells, William Henry, 16. 
Wells, William Vincent, 7. 
Wellesley, Arthur, 111. 
Wellesley, Richard Colley, 153. 
Wentworth, Benning, 178. 
Wentworth, Charles Watson, 

121. 
Wentworth, Thomas, 95. 
Werner, Abraham Gottlob, 

233. 
Wesley, Charles, 312. 
Wesley, John, 150. 
Wesley, Samuel, 39. 



Wesley, Susannah, 21. 
West, Benjamin, 246. 
Wharton, Thomas, 331. 
Whately, Richard, 32. 
Wheaton, Henry, 292. 
Wheeler, William A., 279. 
Wheeler, William A., 161. 
Whipple, William, 17. 
Whipple, Edwin P., 66. 
Whitaker, Thomas D., 143. 
White, Gilbert, 175. 
White, Henry Kirke, 76. 
White, Richard Grant, 130. 
Whitefield, George, 309. 
Whitfield, Henry, 329. 
Whiting, Martha, 57. 
Whitman, Walt, 138. 
Whitney, Adeline D. T., 224. 
Whitney, Eli, 303. 
Whitney, William D., 39. 
Whittemore, Amos, 100. 
Whittlesey, Elisha, 254. 
Whittier, John Greenleaf, 311. 
Wieland, Christoph, 213. 
Wight, Moses, 86. 
Wight, Peter Bonnett, 185. 
Wilberforce, Samuel, 216. 
Wilberforce, William, 204. 
Wilbur, Harvey Bachus, 198. 
Wild, Henry, 334. 
Wilde, Richard Henry, 232. 
Wilder, Alexander, 121. 
Wilkie, Sir David, 284. 
Wilkes, John, 252. 
Willard, Emma C. H., 54. 
Willard, Frances E., 236. 
William II. of England, 185 
William I. of Germany, 77. 
William of Nassau, 97. 
Williams, Ephraim, 54. 
Williams, John, 305. 
Williams, James D., 12. 
Williams, William, 99. 
Williams, William, 97. 
Williamson, Hugh, 300. 
Willing, Jennie Fowler, 24. 
Willing, Thomas, 313. 
Wilmot, David, 22. 
Willis, Nathaniel, 142. 
Willis, Nathaniel Parker, 22, 



360 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Willis, Thomas, 28. 
"Wilson, Henry, 46. 
"Wilson, John, 126. 
Windham, William, 113. 
Winslow, Homer, 55. 
Winslow, John, 133. 
Winslow, John A., 272. 
Winthrop, John, 15. 
Winthrop, Robert C, 120. 
Wirt, William, 271. 
Wise, Daniel, 14. 
Wise, Henry A., 298. 
Wistar, Casper, 222. 
Witherspoon, John, 35. 
Wolcott, Oliver, 291. 
Wolfe, James, 6. 
Wolfe, Charles, 308. 
Wood, Alphonso, 227. 
Wood, Fernando, 148. 
Wood, George B., 69. 
Woodbridge, William 

Channing, 312. 
Woodward, Bernard B., 112. 
Woodward, John, 111. 



Woodward, Samuel Bayard, 

145. 
Wood worth, Samuel, 16. 
Wollaston, William Hyde, 188. 
Woollett, William, 206. 
Woolman, John, 198. 
Woolsey, Theodore Dwight, 

264. 
Woolson, Abba, 110. 
Worden, Com. John L., 69. 
Wordsworth, William, 91. 
Worth, William J., 60. 
Wotton, Sir Henry, 83. 
Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel W., 92. 
Wren, Christopher, 254. 
Wright, Benjamin, 254. 
Wright, Silas, 131. 
Wyatt, James, 186. 
Wyman, Jeffries, 191. 

X. 
Xavier, St. Francis, 90. 

Y. 
Young, Brigham, 138. 
Young, Edward, 332. 



//: 



ANALYTICAL INDEX. 



Actors and Dramatists. 

Booth, Junius Brutus, 112. 
Boucicault, Dion, 320. 
Corneille, Pierre, 142. 
Cushman, Charlotte, 178. 
Felix, Elizabeth Rachel. 

"Rachel," 59. 
Forrest, Edwin, 67. 
Garrick, David, 50. 
Jefferson, Joseph, 51. 
Kemble, Frances Anna, 292. 
Lope de Vega, Felix, 290. 
Macready, William Charles, 

62. 
Moliere, 17. 

Shakespeare, William, 103. 
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 

264. 
Siddons, Sarah, 164. 
Sumarokoff, Alexel Petro- 

vitch, 278. 
Wallack, James W., 204. 

Artists. 

Allston, Washington, 269. 
Angelo, Michael, 64. 
Bierstadt, Albert, 11. 
Blake, William, 292. 
Bonheur, Rosa, 78. 
Canova, Antonio, 265. 
Copley, John Singleton, 163. 
Cruikshank, George, 235. 
Daguerre, Louis Jacques, 

190. 
Darley, Felix O. C, 155. 
Delaroche, Paul, 174. 
Dore, Paul Gustave, 10. 



Flaxman, John, 165. 
Gibson, John, 175. 
Gray, Henry P., 155. 
Greenough, Horatio, 215. 
Harding, Chester, 210. 
Hosmer, Harriet, 240. 
Hunt, William Morris, 84. 
Inman, Henry, 19. 
Johnson, Eastman, 182. 
Landseer, Sir Edwin, 334. 
Leutz, Emanuel, 131. 
Mead, Larkin Goldsmith, 7. 
Millais, John Everett, 144. 
Mills, Clark, 296. 
Morghen, Raphael Sanzio, 

152. 
Munkacsy, Michael, 247. 
Nast, Thomas, 235. 
Northcote, James, 256. 
Page, William, 25. 
Palmer, Erastus Dow, 85. 
Powers, Hiram, 182. 
Raphael, 90. 

Regnault, Jean Baptiste, 251. 
Rembrandt, Paul H., 173. 
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 173. 
Rinehart, William H., 233. 
Rogers, John, 264. 
Rosa, Salvator, 153. 
Rubens, Peter Paul, 160. 
Sargent, Henry, 290. 
Scott, David, 246. 
Story, William W., 49. 
Sully, Thomas, 332. 
Thomas, George Houseman, 

302. 
Thorwaldsen, Albert Bertel, 

284. 



362 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Trumbull, John, 142. 
Turner, Joseph M. W., 104. 
Vandyke, Anthony, 77. 
Vernet, Horace, 161. 
Wedge wood, Josiah, 171. 
Weir, Robert Walter, 151. 
West, Benjamin, 246. 
Wight, Moses, 86. 
Wilkie, Sir David, 284. 
Win slow, Homer, 55. 
Woollett, William, 206. 

Authors. 

Abbott, Austin, 313. 
Abbott, Ezra, 109. 
Abbott, Rev. Jacob, 278. 
Abbott, Rev. Lyman, 313. 
Adams, William T. " Oliver 

Optic," 183. 
Addison, Joseph, 111. 
Akenside, Mark, 271. 
Alcott, Amos Bronson, 293, 
Alcott, Louisa May, 294. 
Alden, Isabella, " Pansy," 

268. 
Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 275. 
Alger, Horatio, 17. 
Allen, Elizabeth Akers, 245. 
Andersen, Hans C, 85. 
Andrews, Stephen Pearl, 77. 
Arbuthnot, John, 333. 
Ariosto, Lodovico, 217. 
Arnold, Edwin, 145. 
Arnold, Matthew, 319. 
Arnold, Thomas, 148. 
Auerbach, Berthold, 59. 
Bacon, Francis, 24. 
Baillie, Joanna, 261. 
Bailly, James M., "Danbury 

News Man," 234. 
Bancroft, George, 239. 
Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 115. 
Barbauld, Anna Letitia, 153. 
Barclay, Robert, 317. 
Barlow, Joel, 80. 
Barton, Bernard, " Quaker 

poet," 31. 
Baxter, Richard, 275. 
Peach, Moses Yale, 11. 



Beattie, James, 259. 
Beecher, Catherine E., 215. 
Bennett, James Gordon, 211. 
Boileau, Nicholas, 265. 
Bonner, Robert, 109. 
Booth, Mary L., 100. 
Boswell, James, 262. 
Bowen, Francis, 218. 
Bowles, Samuel, 39, 
Bowring, Sir John, 252. 
Brainard, John G. C, 256. 
Bremer, Fredrika, 197. 
Brodhead, John Romeyn, 7. 
Bronte, Charlotte, 101. 
Brooks, James, 274. 
Brougham, Lord Henry, 228. 
Brown, Charles Brockden, 

18. 
Browne, Goold, 65. 
Browne, Charles F., "Arte- 

mus Ward," 106. 
Bruce, Michael, 82. 
Bryant, William Cull en, 

267. 
Bunyan, John, 334. 
Burns, Robert, 26. 
Bur itt, Elihu, 303. 
Burroughs, John, 87. 
Butler, Samuel, 38. 
Butler, William A., 50. 
Butterworth, John, 307. 
Byron, George G. N., "Lord 

Byron," 25. 
Cable, George Washington, 

248. 
Campbell, Thomas, 181. 
Carlyle, Thomas, 299. 
Cary, Alice, 106. 
Cary, Phebe, 213. 
Cave, Edward, 59. 
Cervantes, Saavedra, 244. 
Chambers, Robert, 168. 
Champollion, Jean Francois, 

317. 
Chandler, Elizabeth M., 318. 
Channing, William E., 91. 
Chateaubriand, Francois A., 

222. 
Chatterton, Thomas, 286. 
Cheever, George B,, 99. 



ANALYTICAL INDEX. 



363 



Child, Lydia Maria, 40. 
Clark, Lewis Gaylord, 147. 
Clark, Willis Gaylord, 147. 
Clemens, Samuel L., " Mark 

Twain," 295. 
dough, Arthur Hugh, 6. 
Cobbett, William, 67. 
Cogswell, Joseph Green, 235. 
Coleridge, Samuel T., 255. 
Collins, Anthony, 153. 
Comb, George, 255. 
Cook, Clarence C, 218. 
Cooke, Rosa Terry, 47. 
Cooper, James F., 223. 
Courier, Paul Louis, 8. 
Cowper, William, 291. 
Cox, S. S., 237. 
Cozzens, Frederic S., 63. 
Crabbe, George, 318. 
Craik, Dinah M., " Miss Mu- 

loch," 333. 
Cranch, Christopher P. , QQ. 
Creasy, Edward S., 237. 
Croley, David G., 267. 
Crosse, Marian E. L., "George 

Eliot," 288. 
Cruden, Alexander, 138. 
Cummins, Maria S., 93. 
Curtis, George William, 55. 
Cuvier, George C. L. F. D., 

203. 
Dana, Charles A., 189. 
Dana, Richard Henry, 280. 
Dana, Richard Henry, Jr., 

184. 
Dante, Alighieri, 122. 
Darwin, Charles R., 42. 
D'Aubigne, Jean H. M., 196. 
Davis, Andrew Jackson, 191. 
Deems, Charles F., 300. 
De Foe, Daniel, 325. 
Delambre, JeanBaptiste J., 

228. 
De Quincey, Thomas, 195. 
Derzhavin, Gabriel, 163. 
Dickens, Charles, 38. 
Dickinson, Anna E., 262. 
Dixon, William Hep worth, 

161. 
Doddridge, Philip, 158. 



Downing, Andrew Jackson. 
263. 

Drake, Joseph R., 188. 

Drayton, Henry S., 225. 

Dryden, John, 189. 

Dumas, Alexander, 179. 

Dupin, Amantine L. A., 
"George Sand," 162. 

Edge worth, Maria, 6. 

Eggleston Edward, 306. 

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 132. 

Fellenburg, Phillip E. von, 
159. 

Felton, Cornelius C, 270. 

Fenelon, Francois S. de la 
Motte, 187. 

Field, Henry Martyn, 87. 

FieldiDg, Henry, 102. 

Fields, James T., 324. 

Foster, John, 226. 

Fowler, Orson Squire, 247. 

Froude, James A., 104. 

Geible, Emanuel, 253. 

Gibbon, Edward, 107. 

Gibbs, Wolcott, 52. 

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 
207. 

Goldsmith, Oliver, 273. 

Goodale, Elaine, 245. 

Goodrich, Samuel G., 199. 

Gough, John B., 202. 

Gray, Thomas, 320. 

Greeley, Horace, 34. 

Grimm, Jacob Ludwig, 8. 

Griscom, John H., 193. 

Griswold, Rufus Wilmot, 45. 

Grote, George, 183. 

Guizot, Francois P. G., 240. 

Guyot, Arnold Henry, 236. 

Hale, Edward Everett, 87. 

Hale, Nathan, 196. 

Halleck, Fitzgreene, 166. 

Hardy, Arthur Sherburne, 
193. 

Harris, Joel Chandler, "Un- 
cle Remus," 304. 

Hart, Francis Bret, 206. 

Haven, Alice, "Cousin Al- 
ice," 222. 

Hawthorne, Julian, 154, 



364 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 163. 

Hayne, Paul Hamilton, 6. 

Hazlitt, William, 93. 

Hemans, Felicia Dorothea, 
233. 

Herbert, George, "Holy Her- 
bert," 86. 

Herder, Johann G. von, 205. 

Herriek, Robert, 199. 

Heusser, Meta, 90. 

Higginson, Thomas Went- 
worth, 316. 

Hildreth, Richard, 160. 

Hobbs, Thomas, 88. 

Hogg, James, " The Ettrick 
Shepherd," 27. 

Holland, J. G., 179. 

Hollo way, Laura C, 202. 

Holmes/Oliver Wendell, 209. 

Holstein, Anna Louise De 
Stael, 103. 

Hood, Thomas. 130. 

Hoogvliet, Arnold, 331. 

Hooper, Lucy, 35. 

Hopkinson, Francis, 229. 

Horace, 302. 

Howe, Julia Ward. 134. 

Howells, William D., 60. 

Hughes, Thomas, 255. 

Hugo, Victor Marie, 57. 

Hume, David, 106. 

Hunt, James Henry Leigh, 
254. 

Hurst, John F., 197. 

Ingeman, Bernhard Severin, 
136. 

Irving, Washington, 86. 

Jackson, Helen Hunt, 253. 

Jameson, Anna, 126. 

Jarvis, James, 200. 

Jeffrey, Francis, 257. 

Jerrold, Douglas William, 7. 

Jewett, Sarah Orne, 212. 

Johnson, Oliver, 321. 

Johnson, Samuel, 227. 

Johnson, Samuel, 250. 

Jonson, Benjamin, "Ben Jon- 
son," 146. 

Joy, Charles A., 244. 

Judd, Orange, 180. 



Judson, Emily, 202. 
Juvenal, 61. 
Keats, John, 262. 
Keble, John, 105. 
Key, Francis Scott, 184. 
Kingsley, Charles, 147. 
Klopstock, Friedrich Gott- 
lieb, 162. 
Knapp, Samuel L., 20. 
Knight, Charles, 74. 
Krummacher, Friedrich A., 

172. 
Lamartine, Alphonso de, 256. 
Lamb, Charles, 48. 
Landor, Walter Savage, 30. 
Lanman, Charles, 149. 
Lathrop, Rose Hawthorne, 

127. 
Lee, Harriet, 334. 
Legare, Hugh Swinton, 6. 
Leland, Charles G., 195. 
Leslie, Eliza, 281. 
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 

223. 
Lester, Charles Edward, 173. 
Lewes, George Henry, 99. 
Lewis, Dio, 62. 
Lieber, Francis, 74. 
Lippincott, Sara C. "Grace 

Greenwood," 236. 
Livermore, Mary A., 314. 
Locke, David R., " Petroleum 

V. Nasby,"229. 
Locke, John, 208. 
Longfellow, Henry W., 57. 
Longfellow, Samuel. 151. 
Lossing, Benson John, 43. 
Lowell, James Russell, 53. 
Lucan, Marcus Anneus, 266. 
Luther, Martin, 272. 
Lyman, Laura E., "Kate 

Hunibee," 86. 
Lyman, Theodore, 49. 
Macaulay, Thomas B., 259. 
MacGregor, John, 26. 
Mackenzie, Robert, 154. 
Mackintosh, Sir James, 257. 
Mann, Horace, 114. 
Marble, Manton, 282. 
Marini, Giovanni B., 252. 






ANALYTICAL INDEX. 



365 



Martineau, Harriet, 146. 

Marvell, Andrew, 61. 

Massey, Gerald, 137. 

Matthews, William, 182. 

Mayhew, Henry, 290. 

Meteyard. Eliza, 154. 

Mill, John Stuart, 127. 

Miller, Cincinnatus 3EL," Joa- 
quin Miller," 274. 

Miller, Hugh, 247. 

Milton, John, 304. 

Miner, Charles, " John Har- 
wood," 32. 

Mitchel, Nahum, 42. 

Mitford, Mary Russell, 310. 

Mommsen, Theodor, 294. 

Montaigne, Michel, 58. 

Montgomery, James, 268. 

Montesquieu, Baron, 19. 

Montholon, Charles T., 177. 

Moore, Charles, 83. 

Moore, Clement Clark, 173. 

Moore, Thomas, 135. 

More, Hannah, 33. 

More, Sir Thomas, 37. 

Morris, George P. , 246. 

Morris, Richard, 218. 

Morse, Jedediah, 203. 

Morse, Richard C, 150. 

Morse, Sydney, 38. 

Motherwell, William, 249. 

Motley, John Lothrop, 97. 

Moulton, Louisa Chandler, 
89. 

Muller, Friedrich Max, 301. 

Murray, Lindley, 102. 

Muspratt, James Sheridan, 
66. 

Nairne, Caroline Oliphant, 
173. 

Neal, Joseph C, 33. 

Newcomb, Harvey, 212. 

Newell, Robert Henry, 308. 

Niebuhr, Bartholcl G., 207. 

Niles, John Milton, 200. 

Northcote, James, 256. 

Norton, Caroline E. S., 328. 

Olny, Jesse, 248. 

Opie, Amelia, 276. 

Osgood, Frances Sargent, 151. 



Ossoli, Sarah Margaret Ful- 
ler, 130. 

Ovid, 75. 

Owen, Robert Dale, 270. 

Page, David P., 164 

Paine, Robert Treat, 304. 

Paine, Thomas, 30. 

Palmer, Rev. Dr. Ray, 276. 

Pangborn, Z. K., 183. 

Parker, Com. Foxhall A., 
187. 

Parker, Joel, 27. 

Parkman, Francis, 225. 

Parton, Sarah P. W, " Fanny 
Fern," 166. 

Pascal, Blaise, 152. 

Paulding, James K., 202. 

Payne, John Howard, 145. 

Pepys, Samuel, 53. 

Percival, James G., 224. 

Persius, 299. 

Peters, Absalom, 228. 

Petrarch, Francesco, 176. 

Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, 
sen., 192. 

Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, 
jun., 210. 

Phelps, William Franklin, 
46. 

Philbrick, John Dudley, 134. 

Philips, John, 322. 

Piatt, John J., 60. 

Pickering, John, 47. 

Pierpont, John, 90. 

Poe, Edgar Allen, 21. 

Pollock, Robert, 330. 

Ponsard, Francis, 138. 

Pope, Alexander, 129. 

Porter, Jane, 119. 

Porter, Noah, 308. 

Preble, George H., 43. 

Prentiss, Elizabeth P., 260. 

Prentiss, George D., 312. 

Prentiss, George Lewis, 120. 

Prentiss, Sargent Smith, 237. 

Prescott, William H., 114. 

Prime, Benjamin Y., 315. 

Prime, Samuel Ireneus, 268. 

Prime, William Cowper, 264. 

Prior, Mathew, 177. 



366 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Proctor, Adelaide Anne, 263. 

Proctor, Bryan W,, "Barry 
Cornwall," 286. 

Proctor, Richard A., 79. 

Putnam, Mary Lowell, 298. 

Racine, Jean Baptiste, 815. 

Radcliffe, Anna W., 167. 

Randall, James Ryder, 6. 

Rawson, Edward, 98. 

Raymond, Henry J., 26. 

Read, Thomas B., 69. 

Reade, Charles, 144. 

Reid, Whitelaw, 261. 

Remusat, Jean Pierre, 214. 

Rexford, Eben E., 174. 

Richardson, Sir John, 269. 

Richardson, Samuel, 331. 

Richter, Jean Paul, 76. 

Ridpath, John C, 107. 

Ripley, George, 240. 

Robinson, Edward, 93. 

Rochefoucauld, Francois La, 
309. 

Roe, Edward Payson, 65. 

Rogers, Nathaniel P., 139. 

Rogers, Samuel, "Banker 
Poet," 182. 

Rotteck, Karl von, 175. 

Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, 90. 

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 159. 

Ruskin, John, 40. 

Sachs, Hans, 268. 

Sands, Robert C, 119. 

Sargent, Epes, 235. 

Sargent, Nathan, " Oliver Old 
School," 115. 

Saxe, John Godfry, 139. 

SchiJler, Johann, 273. 

Schlegel, Karl Wilhelm, 68. 

Schlosser, Friedrich C, 283. 

Schoolcraft, Henry R., 82. 

Scott, Sir Walter, 194. 

Sears, Robert, 160. 

Sedgwick, Catherine M., 321. 

Shakespeare, William, 103. 

Shaw, Henry W., "Josh Bil- 
lings," 336. 

Shelley, Percy B., 187. 

Sigourney, Lydia H., 210. 

Silliman, Benjamin, 189. 



Simms, William G., 99. 

Sizer, Nelson, 128. 

Skeat, Walter William, 287. 

Smith, Elizabeth Oaks, 192. 

Smith, Sidney, 139. 

Smith, Seba, "Jack Down- 
ing," 223. 

Smith, William, 78. 

Soule, Caroline A., 212. 

Southey, Caroline Anne B., 
301. 

Southey, Robert, 192. 

Sparks, Jared, 118. 

Spear, Samuel T., 70. 

Spencer, Herbert, 108. 

Spofford, Harriet E. P., 87. 

Sprague, Charles, 260. 

Stanhope, Philip D., 230. 

S ted man, Edmund Clarence, 
244. 

Sterne, Lawrence, 289. 

Stevenson, Robert L., 277. 

Stewart, Dugald, 287. 

St. John, James Augustine, 
232. 

St. John, Percy Boling- 
brook, 63. 

Story, William Wet more, 49. 

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 148. 

St. Pierre, Bernardin, 20. 

Strauss, David F., 29. 

Street, Alfred B., 313. 

Strickland, Agnes, 176. 

Swedenborg, Emanuel, 30. 

Swift, Jonathan, 294. 

Swinburne, Algernon C, 89. 

Svdney, Sir Philip, 292. 

Talfourd, Thomas Noon, 27. 

Tasso, Bernardo, 274. 

Tasso, Torquato, 68. 

Taylor, Bayard, 14. 

Taylor, Isaac, 196. 

Taylor, Jane, 230. 

Taylor, Richard, 125. 

Tennyson, Alfred, 15. 

Thackeray, William M., 175. 

Thaxter, Celia, 161. 

Thiers, Louis Adolphe, 98. 

Thomson, James, 219. 

Thomson, Joseph P., 188. 



ANALYTICAL INDEX. 



367 



Thoreau, Henry David, 171. 
Ticknor, George, 184. 
Tilton, Theodore, 239. 
Todd, John, 215. 
Tolstoi, Count Leo, 207. 
Tooke, John Home, 157. 
Tourgee, Albion W., 112. 
Town, Salem, 63. 
Trollope, Anthony, 336. 
Trowbridge, John Townsend, 

227. 
Trumbull, John, 104. 
Trumbull, James H., 315. 
Tuckerman, Henry T., 101. 
Tudor, William, 29. 
Tupper, Martin F., 174. 
Turner, William H. ,J100. 
Tyndal, John, 201. 
Verne, Jules, 39. 
Virgil, 250. 

Voltaire, Francois, 50. 
Wallace, Gen. Lewis, 94. 
Waller, Edmund, 62. 
Walter, John, 243. 
Walton, Isaac, 308. 
Warner, Charles Dudley, 221. 
Watts, Isaac, 172. 
Wayland, Francis, 68. 
Webb, James W., 38. 
Webster, Noah, 251. 
Weed, Thurlow, 281. 
Welby, Amelia, 34. 
Wells, Charles W., 117. 
Wells, Samuel R., 88. 
Wells, William H., 16. 
Wharton, Thomas, 331. 
Wheeler, William A., 279. 
Whipple, Edwin P., 66. 
Whitaker, Thomas D., 143. 
White, Henry Kirk, 76. 
White, Richard Grant, 130. 
Whitman, "Walt," 138. 
Whitney, Adeline D. T., 224. 
Whitney, William D., 39. 
Whittier, John G., 311. 
Wieland, Christoph M., 213. 
Wild, Henry, 334. 
Wilde, Richard H., 232. 
Wilder, Alexander, 121. 
Willard, Emma C. H., 54. 



Willard, Frances E., 236. 
Willing, Jennie F., 24. 
Willis, Nathaniel, 142. 
Willis, N. P., 22. 
Wilson, John, 126. 
Wirt, William, 271. 
Wolfe, Charles, 308. 
Wood, George B., 69. 
Woodbridge, William C, 312. 
Woodward, Bernard B., 112. 
Woodworth, Samuel, 16. 
Woolsey, Theodore D., 264. 
Woolson, Abby G., 110. 
Wordsworth, William, 91. 
Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel, 92. 
Young, Edward, 332. 

Clergymen and TJieologians. 

Abbott, Rev. Jacob, 278. 
Abbott, Lyman, 313. 
Allen, Thomas, 18. 
Andrews, Lancelot, 327. 
Arnold, Thomas, 148. 
Bacon, Rev. Leonard, 49. 
Ballou, Hosea, 110. 
Baxter, Richard, 275. 
Beecher, Henry Ward, 157. 
Beecher, Lyman, 248. 
Berkeley, George, "Bishop," 

68. 
Blackwell, Rev. Antoinette 

Brown, 127. 
Bliss, Philip Paul, 167. 
Bossuet, Jacque Benigne, 234. 
Bourdaloue, Louis, 199. 
Bowles, Rev. Ada C, 185. 
Brooks, Rev. Phillips, 307. 
Brownlow, William G., 209. 
Buckminster, Joseph S., 133. 
Bushnell, Horace, 97. 
Calvin, John, 168. 
Chalmers, Thomas, 73. 
Channing, William Ellery, 

91. 
Clarke, James Freeman, 88. 
Coke, Thomas, 218. 
Coilyer, Robert, 303. 
Cook, Charles, 132. 
Cotton, John, 299. 



S68 



EVfiRY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Cranmer, Thomas, 162. 
Crosby, Howard, 58. 
Deems, Charles F., 300. 
Dewey, Orville, 83. 
Doddridge, Philip, 158. 
Dow, Lorenzo, 251. 
Dwight, Timothy, 122. 
Edwards, Jonathan, 241. 
Eggleston, Edward, 306. 
Emerson, William, 116. 
Emmons, Nathaniel, 111. 
Fenel^n, Salignac, de la 

Motte, 187. 
Field, David Dudley, sen., 127. 
Fox, George, 169. 
Freeman, James, 103. 
Frothingham , Octavius 

Brooks, 291. 
Guthrie, Thomas, 171. 
Hanaford, Phebe A., 116. 
Harris, Samuel, 15. 
Hatfield, Ewin F., 13. 
Hedding, Elijah, 143. 
Hicks, Elias, 74. 
Hill, Rev. Rowland, 192. 
Hodge, Charles, 321. 
Hopkins, Samuel, 226. 
Hughes, Most Rev. John, 

156. 
Hurst, John F., 197. 
Johnson, Samuel, 250. 
Keble, John, 105. 
King, Thomas Starr, 310. 
Kingsley, Charles, 147. 
Laud, William, 242. 
Lavater, John Caspar, 278. 
Martineau, James, 101. 
Massillon, Jean Baptiste. 

155. 
Mather, Cotton, 41. 
McClosky, Cardinal John, 76. 
Milledoler, Philip, 230. 
Mills, Samuel J., 101. 
Mitchel, Elisha, 199. 
Moody, Dwight Lyman, 36. 
Neale, John Mason, 26. 
Newberry, John Strong, 316. 
Nott, Eliphalet, 157. 
Osgood, Samuel, 210. 
Osgood, Thaddeus, 258. 



Palfrey, John Gorham, 112. 
Palmer, Rev. Dr. Ray, 276. 
Parker, Theodore, 204. 
Pocock, Edward, 271. 
Porter, Ebenezer, 241. 
Prideaux, Humphrey, 113. 
Priestley, Joseph, 80. 
Roberts, Robert Richford, 

185. 
Saint Augustine, 277. 
Saint Boniface, 151. 
Saint Clement, 288. 
Saint Patrick, 72. 
Saint Theresa, 82. 
Sankey, Ira David, 208. 
Spurgeon, Charles Haddon, 

152. 
Storrs, Richard S., 201. 
Stowe, Calvin E., 90. 
gummerfield, John, 32. 
Summers, Thomas Osmond, 

248. 
Tait, Dr» Archibald, 316. 
Talmage, Thomas De Witt, 

11. 
Thompson, Joseph P., 188. 
Todd, John, 245. 
Trench, Richard C, 219. 
Tuckerman, Joseph, 19. 
Turnbull, Robert, 219. 
Turner, William H., 100. 
Tyng, Stephen H,. sen., 65. 
Tyng, Stephen H., jun., 161. 
Vermigle, Pietro Martin, 217. 
Waddell, James, 182. 
Waddell, Rev. Moses, 182. 
Watts, Isaac, 172. 
Wayland, Frances, 68. 
Wesley, Charles, 312. 
Wesley, John, 150. 
Wesley, Samuel, 39. 
Whately, Richard, 32. 
Whitefield, George, 309. 
Whitfield, Henry, 329. 
Williams, John, 305. 
Wise, Daniel, 14. 
Witherspoon, John, 35. 
Woolman, John, 198. 
Xavier, Saint Francis, 90. 
Young, Brigham, 138. 



ANALYTICAL INDEX. 



369 



Engineers, Architects and In- 
ventors. 

Allen, Stephen, 327. 
Ark wright, Sir Richard, 317. 
Aspinwall, William H., 335. 
Beach, Moses Yale, 11. 
Bogardus, James, 70. 
Brewster, Sir David, 306. 
Brunei, Isambard K., 93. 
Brunei, Mark I., 105. 
Colt, Samuel, 176. 
Crompton, Samuel, 298. 
Daguerre, Louis Jacques, 190. 
Eads, James B., 136. 
Edison, Thomas Alva, 41. 
Edwards, William, 274. 
Ericsson, John, 183. 
Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel, 

122. 
Ferguson, Prof. James, 210. 
Field, Cyrus West, 295. 
Fitch, John, 22. 
Fulton, Robert, 180. 
Galilei, Galileo, 44. 
Gattling, Richard Jordan, 220. 
Gillott, Joseph, 329. 
Goodyear, Charles, 322. 
Grove, William Robert, 172. 
Harvy, Valentine, 277. 
Hoe, Richard March, 220. 
Howe, Elias, 167. 
Jacquard, Joseph Marie, 166. 
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 285. 
Macadam, John Loudan, 229. 
Mansard, Francois, 196. 
McCormick, Cyrus W., 45. 
Meigs, Montgomery, 114. 
Moreland, Sir Samuel, 158. 
Morse, Samuel F. B., 107. 
Olmsted, Frederic Law, 106. 
Orr, Hugh, 16. 
Palissy, Bernard, 335. 
Palliser, Sir William, 151. 
Paxton, Sir Joseph, 186. 
Perkins, Jacob, 167. 
Petty, Sir William, 123. 
Pitman, Isaac, 8. 
Rankins, W. J. Macquon, 165. 
Rennie, Sir John, sen., 143. 



Rennie, Sir John, jun., 209. 
Roebling, John A., 146. 
Sax ton, Joseph, 77. 
Slater, Samuel, 144. 
Smeaton, John, 134. 
Stephenson, George, 143. 
Stevenson, Robert, 144. 
Sullivan, John L., 92. 
Tread way, Daniel, 256. 
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 133. 
Vetch, James, 70. 
Walter, John, 243. 
Walter, Thomas U., 212. 
Washburn, Charles, 72. 
Watt, James, 20. 
Wells, William Vincent, 7. 
Whitney, Eli, 303. 
Whittemore, Amos, 100. 
Wight, Peter Bonnett, 185. 
Wren, Christopher, 254. 
Wright, Benjamin, 254. 
Wyatt, James, 186. 

Founders of Institutions, etc. 

Bergh, Henry, 335. 
Bowdoin, James, 189. 
Brown, Nicholas, 87. 
Campbell, Alexander, 220. 
Cheever, Ezekiel, 26. 
Coffin, Sir Isaac, 124. 
Cogswell, Joseph G., 235. 
Cornell, Ezra, 14. 
Dudley, Charles Edward, 130. 
Fox, George, 169. 
Froebel, Friedrich, 101. 
Gallaudet, Thomas H., 305. 
Gresham, Sir Thomas, 330. 
Guthrie, Thomas, 171. 
Harvard, John, 211. 
Hatfield, Thomas, 332. 
Hitchcock, Edward, 131. 
Howe, Dr. Samuel G., 274. 
Jay, William, 149. 
Ladd, William, 118. 
Lancaster, Joseph, 333. 
Lawrence, Abbott, 310. 
Lee, Ann, 59. 
Livingston, Philip, 17, 
Lyon, Mary, 59. 



370 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Malcolm, Howard, 21. 
Meacham, Joseph, 53. 
Miller, William, 105. 
Mohammed, 100, 
Mott, Valentine, 200. 
Neale, John Mason, 26. 
Noyes, John Humphrey, 212. 
Paul, Saint Vincent de, 328. 
Petty, Sir William, 123. 
Phillips, John, 300. 
Ranee, Armand Jean de, 13. 
Reed, David, 37. 
Smith, Joseph, 317. 
Summeriield, John, 32. 
Swedenborg, Emanuel, 30. 
Tallmadge, James, 29. 
Tappan, Arthur, 129. 
Tuckerman, Joseph, 19. 
Tudor, William, 82. 
Tufts, Cotton, 137. 
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 133. 
Vassar, Mathew, 109. 
Vincent, John H., 54. 
Wesley, John, 150. 
Whiting, Martha, 57. 
Wilbur, Harvey Bachus, 198. 
Willard, EmmaC. H., 54. 
Williams, Ephriam, 54. 
Williams, William, 97. 
Willis, Thomas, 28. 
Woodward, Samuel B., 145. 

Lawyers and Jurists. 

Abbott, Austin, 313. 
Bentham, Jeremy, 45. 
Blackstone, Sir William, 168. 
Butler, William Allen, 50. 
Choat, Rufus, 238. 
Coke, Sir Edward, 32. 
Curran, John Philpot, 178. 
Dana, Richard Henry, 280. 
Ellsworth, Oliver, 109. 
Field, David Dudley, 43. 
Green, Albert G., 40. 
Hale, Sir Matthew, 265. 
Hughes, Thomas, 255. 
Hulett, Alta Q., 141. 
Ingersoll, Robert Green, 191. 
Jay, John, 306. 



Jay, John, 155. 
Jeffrey, Francis, 257. 
Jones, Joel, 259. 
Lockwood, Belva A., 258. 
Marshall, John, 232. 
Mason, James Murray, 267. 
O' Conor, Charles, 24. 
Parsons, Theophilus, 55. 
Pickering, John, 47. 
Shaw, Lemuel, 13. 
Story, Joseph, 217. 
Taney, Roger B., 73. 
Wheaton, Henry, 292. 
Wirt, William, 271. 

Ililitary and Naval. 

Allen, Ethan, 13. 
Anderson, Robert, 148. 
Appleton, James, 44. 
Banks, Nathaniel Prentise, 31. 
Bayard, Pierre Du Terrail, 331. 
Blucher, Gerald L. von, 309. 
Bolivar, Simon, 179. 
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 194. 
Breckenridge, John C, 23. 
Buell, Don Carlos, 78. 
Butler, Benjamin, 269. 
Caesar, Julius, 170. 
Collingwood, Lord Cuthbert, 

234. 
Cornwallis, Charles, 323. 
Cummings, A. B., 154. 
Custer, George A., 300. 
Davis, Charles Henry, 18. 
Decatur, Stephen, 9. 
DeKalb, Baron John, 160. 
Edward, "The Black Prince," 

149. 
Farragut, David Glasgow, 164. 
Forbes, John, 336. 
Fremont, John Charles, 23. 
Garibaldi, Gen. Giuseppe, 164. 
Grant, Ulysses S., 108. 
Greene, Nathaniel, 133. 
Grouchy, Emmanuel de, 256. 
Hancock, Winfield Scott, 45. 
Harrison, William Henry, 39. 
Havel ock, Sir Henry, 89. 
Hawley, Gen. Joseph R., 264. 



ANALYTICAL INDEX. 



371 



Hill, Rowland, Viscount, 191. 
Hooker, Joseph, 277. 
Howe, Sir William, 61. 
Hull, Com. Isaac, 67. 
Hull, William, 156. 
Jackson, Andrew, 71. 
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, 24. 
Jones, John Paul, 165. 
Lawrence, Capt. James, 238. 
Leavenworth, Gen. Henry, 305. 
Lee, Henry, " Light Horse 

Harry," 30. 
Lee, Robert Edmund, 21. 
Lyman, Theodore, 49. 
MacDowel, Irwin, 251. 
Marion, Francis, 336. 
McClellan, George B., 298. 
Meade, Gen. George Gordon, 

324. 
Meigs, Montgomery, 114. 
Miller, James, 105. 
Mitchell, Gen. Ormsby Mc- 

Knight, 207. 
Moltke, Helmuth Karl B. 

von, 260. 
Montgomery, Richard, 297. 
Montholon, Charles Tristan, 

177. 
Moore, Sir John, 277. 
Moreau, Jean Victor, 190. 
Moultrie, William, 326. 
Murat, Joachim, 80. 
Nelson, Horatio, 237. 
Ney, Michel, 14. 
Oglethorp, James Edward, 316. 
Palmer, Innis N., 83. 
Parker, Com. Foxhall A., 187. 
Perry, Com. Oliver Hazard, 204. 
Pickens, Andrew, 221. 
Pompey, the Great, 237. 
Preble, Edward, 194. 
Preble, George H., 43. 
Prescott, William, 50. 
Prevost, Sir George, 126. 
Putnam, Israel, 11. 
Putnam, Rufus, 92. 
Rawlins, John A., 43, 
Reid, Samuel Chester, 205. 
Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste, 

162. 



Rochester, Nathaniel, 51. 
Rosecrans, William, 216. 
Santa Ana, 51. 
Schuyler. Philip, 286. 
Scott, W infield, 148. 
Semmes, Raphael, 235. 
Sheridan, Philip H., 64. 
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 

48. 
Sigel, Franz, 284. 
Simcoe, John G., 56. 
Starke, John, 207. 
Steuben, Frederic W. A., 280. 
Sydney, Sir Philip, 292. 
Talmadge, Benjamin, 56. 
Tarleton, Sir Banaster, 201. 
Taylor, Zackary, 232. 
Thomas, Gen. George Henry. 

183. 
Tromp, Martin Harpertzoon, 

329. 
Wallace, Gen. Lewis, 94. 
Warner, Seth, 125. 
Warren, Joseph, 146. 
Washington, George, 52. 
Wayne, Anthony, 5. 
Wellesley, Arthur, " The Iron 

Duke," 111. 
Williams, Ephraim, 54. 
Winslow, John A., 272. 
Wolfe, James, 6. 
Word en, Com. John L., 69. 
Worth, Gen. William J., 60. 

Miscellaneous. 

Adams, Louisa Catherine, 40. 
Alexandra, Princess of Wales, 

296. 
Althen, Jean, 327. 
Appleton, Daniel, 305. 
Astor, John Jacob, 174. 
Austin, Stephen, 326. 
Barnum, Phineas T., 165. 
Biddle, Nicholas, 11. 
Bonaparte, Letitia Ramoline, 

204. 
Bridgeman, Laura, 297. 
Brown, John, of Ossawatomie, 

118. 



S72 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Burr, Aaron, sen., 8. 

Clark, Alvan, 66. 

Cleveland, Orestes, 62. 

Crichton, James, 201. 

Cunard, Sir Samuel, 283. 

Darling, Grace, 290. 

Ellet, Mary, 150. 

Fairbanks, Erastus, 261. 

Gough, John B., 202. 

Grant, Julia Dent, 28. 

Green, Seth, 75. 

Grinneil, Henry, 45. 

Guyon, Jeanne Maria de la 
Motte, 95. 

Harris, John, 335. 

Hauser, Kaspar, 243. 

Kemble, Gouverneur, 27. 

Lewis, Ida, 56. 

Madison, Dorothy P., 126. 

Millbanks, Anna I. (Lady 
Byron), 125. 

Min turn, Robert B., 282. 

Montague, Elizabeth, 239. 

Nash, Richard, " Beau Nash," 
252 

Phipps, Sir William, 33. 

Recamier, Jeanne F. J. A., 299. 

Richardson, Edmund, "Cot- 
ton King," 160. 

Rigdon, Sydney, 49. 

Robertson, Felix, 19. 

Roland, Madame, 73. 

Rothschild, Lionel Nathan,288. 

Ruggles, Emily, 173. 

Scranton, Joseph H., 159. 

Spencer, Piatt R., 270. 

Spinner, Francis Elias, 23. 

Stearns, George Luther, 12. 

Stewart, Alexander T., 261. 

Stewart, Hamilton, 213. 

Tichborne, Roger Charles, 9. 

Tweed, William M., 87. 

Vanderbilt, William H., 199. 

Wesley, Susannah, 21. 

Winslow, John, 133. 

Musicians and Composers. 

Abbott, Emma, 304. 

Arne, Thomas Augustine, 330. 

Beethoven, Ludwig von, 311. 



Billings, William, 248. 
Bull, Ole B., 36. 
Dwight, John Sullivan, 121. 
Gilmore, Patrick S., 320. 
Gluck, Johann Christoph 

von, 44. 
Goldschmidt, Jenny Lind, 242. 
Gounod, Charles Felix, 150. 
Grisi, Guilia, 129. 
Handel, George Frederic, 54. 
Haydn, Franz Joseph, 84. 
Holden, Oliver, 227. 
Hutchinson, Abby, 209. 
Liszt, Franz, 256. 
Mason, Lowell, 12. 
Mendelssohn, Felix, 33. 
Meyerbeer, Giacomo, 214. 
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 

28. 
Nilsson, Christine, 186. 
Patti, Adelina Maria Clo- 

rinda, 93. 
Rossini, Giacchimo, 60. 
Rubenstein, Anton, 295. 
Schubert, Franz, 31. 
Sembrich, Marcella, 46. 
Strauss, Johann, 70. 
Sullivan, Arthur Seymour, 121. 
Verdi, Giuseppe, 245. 
Wagner, Wilhelm Richard, 

129. 
Weber, Karl Marie F. E. 

von, 312. 

Patriots. 

Adams, Samuel, 234. 
Corday, Charlotte, 181. 
Cushing, Thomas, 79. 
Emmet, Robert, 229. 
Garibaldi, Gen. Giuseppe, 164. 
Habersham, Col. Joseph, 181. 
Hale, Nathan, 142. 
Hancock, John, 15. 
Henry, Patrick, 137. 
Hofer, Andreas, 287. 
Joan of Arc, 9. 
Kosciusko, Thaddeus, 41. 
Kossuth, Louis, 108. 
La Fayette, Marquis de, 215. 
Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 250- 



ANALYTICAL INDEX. 



373 



Lewis, Francis, 80. 
Lynch, Thomas, 187. 
MacKean, Thomas, 73. 
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 154. 
Motte, Rebecca Brewton, 325. 
Otis, James, 35. 
Penn, John, 125. 
Pulaski, Count Casimir, 63. 
Quincy, Josiah, Jr., 53. 
Read, George, 227. 
Revere, Paul, 5. 
Ross, George, 97. 
Taylor, George, 196. 
Thomson, Charles, 293. 
Webb, Samuel B., 309. 
Williams, William, 99. 

Philanthropists and Re- 
formers. 

Alcott, William A., 188. 
Anthony, Susan B., 46. 
Appleton, James, 44. 
Benezet, Anthony, 31. 
Boudinot, Elias,112. 
Buxton, Thomas F., 85. 
Calvin, John, 168. 
Clarkson, Thomas, 81. 
Colman, Julia, 47. 
Confucius, 151. 
Cooper, Peter, 42. 
D'Arusmont, Frances, 

"Fanny Wright," 215. 
Dix, Dorothea L., 88. 
Doremus, Sarah Piatt, 186. 
Dow, Neal, 75. 
Farnham, Eliza, 283. 
Fellenburg, Phillip Emanuel 

von, 159. 
Freeman, Alice E., 52. 
Fry, Elizabeth, 128. 
Garrison, William Lloyd, 307. 
George, Henry, 212. 
Gibbons, Abigail Hopper, 302. 
Graham, Sylvester, 334. 
Grimke, Sarah Moore, 270. 
Hanway, Jonas, 332. 
Harvy/ Valentine, 277. 
Haveland, Laura Smith, 315. 
Hopper, Isaac T., 298. 



Howard, John, 211. 

Howe, Dr. Samuel G., 274. 

Jay, William, 149. 

Judson, Acloniram, 190. 

Ladd, William, 118. 

Lewis, Dio, 62. 

Lick, James, 205. 

Livermore, Mary A., 314. 

Lundy, Benjamin, 8. 

Luther, Martin, 272. 

Melanchthon, Philip, 46. 

Minturn, Robert B.,282. 

Montefiore, Sir Moses, 258. 

Mott, Lucretia, 7. 

Muhlenberg, William Au- 
gustus. 225. 

Newel, Harriet A., 246. 

Owen, Robert, 70. 

Peabody, George, 48. 

Penn, William, 249. 

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 
15. 

Phillips, Wendell, 293. 

Pounds, John, 328. 

Raikes, Robert. 330. 

Reed, David, 37. 

Sharp, Granville, 273. 

Shuck, Henrietta, 262. 

Smith, Gerrit, 64. 

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 276. 

Sturge, Joseph, 185. 

Tap pan, Arthur, 129. 

Thompson, Elizabeth R., 51. 

Thompson, Eliza Jane, 205. 

Weld, Angelina Grimke, 50. 

Wilberforce. William, 204. 

Wilbur, Harvey Bach us, 298. 

Wiliard, Frances E., 236. 

Willing, Jennie Fowler, 24. 

Woolman, John, 198. 

Physicians and Surgeons. 

Ballespi, Dona Martina 

Castells, 179. 
Boerhaave, Herman, 323. 
Cooper, Sir Astlev Paston. 203. 
Daiton, John C, 33. 
Galvani, Alvisio, 218. 
Gray, Dr. John F., 337, 



374 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Guillotine, Joseph Ignace, 135. 

Hahnemann, Samuel Chris- 
tian, 93. 

Harvey, "William, 84. 

Hayes, Isaac I., 63. 

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 209. 

Hunt, Dr. Harriot K., 271. 

Hunter, John, 172. 

Jackson, Mercy B., 226. 

Jarvis, Edward, 13. 

Jenner, Edward, 125. 

Longshore, Hannah E., 137. 

Mesmer, Fried rich Anton, 130. 

Mott, Valentine, 200. 

Mussey, Reuben Dimond, 155. 

Parker, Willard, 211. 

Physick, Philip Sing, 166. 

Richardson, Benjamin W., 265. 

Rush, Benjamin, 318. 

Tuffs, Cotton, 137. 

Tully, William 283. 

Wells, Horace, 23. 

Wilbur, Harvey Bachus, 198. 

Williamson, Hugh, 300. 

Willis, Thomas, 28. 

Wistar, Caspar, 222. 

Woodward, Samuel Bayard, 
145. 

Wyman, Jeffries, 191. 

Scientists. 

Achard, Franz Karl, 108. 
Agassiz, Louis, 136. 
Arago, Dominique Francois, 56. 
Audubon, John James, 114. 
Bacon, Francis, 24. 
Bailly, Jean Sylvain, 223. 
Berzelius, Jons Jacob, 200. 
Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, 177. 
Bichat, Marie Francois Xav- 

ier, 275. 
Bond, William Cranch, 217. 
Bow ditch, Nathaniel, 81. 
Bradley, James, 333. 
Brewster, Sir David, 306. 
Buffon, George Louis, 216. 
Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm, 84. 
Caldwell, Charles, 122. 
Cavendish, Henry, 246. 



Charles, Jacques A. C, 276. 
Colburn, Warren, 60. 
Columna, Fabio Colonna, 327. 
Comb, George, 255. 
Copernicus, Nicholas, 49. 
Cuvier, George C. L. F. D., 

203. 
D'Alembert, Jean, 281. 
Dalton, John, 214. 
Darwin, Charles Robert, 42. 
Davy, Sir Humphrey, 311. 
Dee, John, 171. 
Delambre, Jean Baptist, 228. 
Draper, John William, 115. 
Drayton, Henry S., 225. 
Encke, Johann Franz, 231 
Faraday, Michael, 230. 
Forbes, James David, 100. 
Fowler, Lorenzo Niles, 25. 
Fowler, Orson Squire, 247. 
Franklin, Benjamin, 18. 
Fuchs, Leonhard von, 18. 
Galilei, Galileo, 44. 
Gall, Franz Joseph, 67. 
Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, 301. 
Gray, Asa, 284. 
Gregory, James, 270. 
Halley, Edmund, 259. 
Hassler, Ferdinand, 242. 
Heinrich, Martin, 296. 
Henry, Joseph, 311. 
Herschel, Caroline L., 72. 
Herschel, Sir William, 280. 
Hind, John Russell, 120. 
Hitchcock, Edward, 131. 
Huber, Francois, 163. 
Humboldt, Friedrich H. A,222. 
Humboldt, Karl William, 154. 
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 115. 
Huygens, Christian, 96. 
Joy, Charles A., 244. 
Kepler, Johann, 321. 
Lagrange, Joseph Louis, 26. 
Laplace, Pierre Simon, 78. 
Lavater, John Casper, 278. 
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 

192. 
Liebig, Justus von, 119. 
Lindley, John, 36. 
Linnaeus, Charles, 119. 



ANALYTICAL INDEX. 



375 



Lockyer, Joseph N., 125. 

Lyeli, Sir Charles, 278. 

Lyman, Chester Smith, 16. 

Mayer, Johann Tobias, 47. 

Mercator, Gerard, 63. 

Miller, Hugh, 247. 

Mitchell, Maria, 184. 

Mitchell, Gen. Ormsby Mc- 
Knight, 207. 

Newton, Sir Isaac, 319. 

Oersted, Hans Christian, 193. 

Perkins, George R., 113. 

Peters, Christian H. F., 228. 

Prevost, Pierre, 113. 

Priestly, Joseph, 80. 

Prince Rupert, 310. 

Proctor, Richard Anthony, 79. 

Reaumer, Rene Antoine, 58. 

Redfield, William C, 82. 

Riley, Charles Valentine, 221. 

Rittenhouse, David, 91. 

Romer, Ole, 233. 

Say, Thomas, 181. 

Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 313. 

Schelling, Friedrich W. J., 28. 

Schumacher, Heinrich Chris- 
tian, 212. 

Silliman, Benjamin, 189. 

Sizer, Nelson, 128. 

Smith, Adam, 141. 

Smith, Sir James Edward, 297. 

Socrates, 141. 

Somerville, Marv, 320. 

Sophocles, E. A^, 66. 

Spalding, Lyman, 142. 

Spencer, Herbert, 108. 

Spinoza, Benedict, 289. 

Spurzheim, Dr. Kaspar, 324. 

Thompson, Benjamin, 
44 Count Rumford," 81. 

Thomson, James Bates, 128. 

Tooke, John Home, 157. 

Tyndal, John, 201. 

Wallace, Alfred, 12. 

Wells, Charlotte Fowler,193. 

Wells, Samuel R., 88. 

Werner, Abraham Gottlob, 
233 

White, Gilbert, 175. 

Wollaston, William Hyde, 188. 



Wood, Alphonso, 227. 
Woodward, John, 111. 

Sovereigns and Rulers. 

Alexander II., of Russia, 110. 

Alexander III., of Russia, 68. 

Alexander VI., Pope of 
Rome, 328. 

Alphonso, Francisco, of 
Spain, 292. 

Anne, Queen of Great Brit- 
ain, 34. 

Bruce, Robert, King of Scot- 
land, 76. 

Caesar, Augustus, 231. 

Caesar, Julius, 170. 

Charles II., of Great Brit- 
ain, 136. 

Charles XII. , of Sweden, 158. 

Cromwell, Oliver, 105. 

Edward I., of England, 149. 

Edward V., of England, 268. 

Elizabeth, Queen of Eng- 
land, 216. 

Emanuel, "The Great," of 
Portugal, 116. 

Ferdinand V., of Spain, 67. 

Francis L, of France, 220. 

Franz Joseph, of Austria," 
198. 

Frederic I., of Prussia, 177. 

Frederic II. , of Prussia, " The 
Great," 25. 

Frederic III. , of Germany, 253. 

Galba, 318. 

George I., of Great Britain, 134. 

George III., of Great Britain, 
140. 

George IV., of Great Britain, 
191. 

Henry VIII., of England, 159. 

Isabella I., of Spain, 102. 

James I., of England, 152. 

James II., of Great Britain, 250. 

Josephine, Empress of France, 
156. 

Julian, "The Apostate," 283. 

Louis XIV., of France, "The 
Great," 224. 



376 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Maria Antoinette, of France, 
266. 

Maria Louisa, of France 69. 

Maria Theresa, of Germany, 
120. 

Mary I., of England, 47 

Mary II., of Great Britain, 
110. 

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, 
302. 

Maximilian, Ferdinand Joseph, 
165. 

Napoleon I., of France, 194. 

Napoleon II., of France, 76. 

Nero, Emperor of Rome, 308. 

Nicholas I., of Russia, 166. 

Otho, " The Great," of Ger- 
many, 287. 

Pedro II., of Brazil, 297. 

Peter, " The Great," of Russia, 
145. 

Philip the Bold, 17. 

Phillip II., of Spain, 128. 

Richard I., of England, 221. 

Richard III., of England, 238. 

Robert II., of Scotland, 61. 

Rudolph, of Hapsburg, 111. 

Tiberius, Emperor of Rome, 
281. 

Victor Emanuel II., of Italy, 
70. 

Victoria, Queen of Great Brit- 
ain, 132. 

Vitellius, Aulus, 232. 

William, of Nassau, " The 
Silent," 97. 

William I., of Prussia, 77. 

William II., of England, 185. 

Statesmen. 

Adams, Charles Francis, 197. 
Adams, John. 263. 
Adams, John Quincy, 169. 
Albert Edward, Prince of 

Wales, 272. 
Ames, Fisher, 92. 
Andrews, John Albion, 138. 
Arthur, Chester A., 242. 
Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss, 31, 



Bayard, Thomas Francis, 262. 

Beauchamp, Richard De, 29. 

Bismarck, Otto von, 85. 

Blaine, James G., 32. 

Blair, Montgomery, 119. 

Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, 
238. 

Bolivar, Simon, 179. 

Bowdoin, James, 189. 

Bowring, Sir John, 252. 

Boyle, Richard, 230. 

Bradlaugh, Charles, 234. 

Breckenridge, John C, 23. 

Bright, John, 282. 

Brougham, Lord Henry, 228. 

Bruce, Thomas, Earl of El- 
gin, 176. 

Buchanan, James, 104. 

Burke, Edmund, 5. 

Burlingame, Anson, 279. 

Burr, Aaron, jun., 37. 

Butler, Benjamin F., 269. 

Calhoun, John C, 73. 

Cameron, James Donald, 123. 

Cameron, Simon, 65. 

Canning, George, 94. 

Carlisle, Hon. John, 214. 

Cass, Lewis, 244. 

Castelar, Emilio, 218. 

Chase, Samuel P., 16. 

Chittenden, Thomas, 10. 

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 7. 

Clay, Cassius M., 254. 

Clay, Henry, 95. 

Cleveland, Grover, 74. 

Clinton, De Witt, 61. 

Clinton, George, 180. 

Clive, Robert, 236. 

Cobden, Richard, " Apostle 
of Free Trade," 140. 

Colfax, Schuyler, 78. 

Conkling, Roscoe, 263. 

Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 177. 

Cox,S. S., 237. 

Cranmer, Thomas, 162. 

Crawford, William H., 55. 

Cushing, Caleb, 19. 

Cuvier, George C. L. F.D.,203, 

Dallas, George M., 168, 

Dana, Francis, 147, 



ANALYTICAL INDEX. 



377 



Davis, Jefferson, 140. 

Devereux, Robert, Earl of 
Essex, 272. 

Dickenson, Daniel S., 219. 

Disraeli, Rt. Hon. Benjamin, 
315. 

Dix, John Adams, 178. 

Dudley, Charles Edward, 130. 

Evarts, William M., 37. 

Everett, Edward, 94. 

Fenton, Reuben E., 170. 

Fillmore, Millard, 11. 

Fish, Hamilton, 186. 

Franklin, Benjamin, 18. 

Gadsden, James, 123. 

Gallatin, Albert, 30. 

Gambetta, Leon, 86. 

Garfield, James, 285. 

Gioberti, Vicenzo, 89. 

Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., 
322 

Grant, Ulysses S., 108. 

Grattan, Henry, 163. 

Grevy, Francois P. Jules, 195. 

Hale, John P., 84. 

Hamilton, Alexander, 14. 

Hammond, James Hamil- 
ton, 117. 

Hancock, John, 15. 

Harrison, Benjamin, 200. 

Harrison, William Henry, 39. 

Hastings, Warren, 301. 

Hawley, Joseph R., 264. 

Hayes, Rutherford B., 240. 

Hendricks, Thomas A., 217. 

Holwell, John Zephaniah, 132. 

Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm, 154. 

Jackson, Andrew, 71. 

Jay, John, 306. 

Jefferson, Thomas, 96. 

Johnson, Andrew, 322. 

Juarez, Benito Pablo, 77. 

Knox, Henry, 179. 

Kossuth, Louis, 108. 

La Fayette, Marquis de., 215. 

Lee, Richard Henry, 21. 

Legare, Hugh Swinton, 6. 

Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 285. 

Lincoln, Abraham, 42. 

Livingston, Robert R., 291. 



Macaulay, Thomas B., 259 

Macon, Nathaniel, 310. 

Madison, James, 72. 

Mazarin, Jules, 172. 

McLean, John, 68. 

Melbourne, William L., 71. 

Miller, Homer V. M., 110. 

Mirabeau, Honore G. R., 67. 

Mitchel, Nahum, 42. 

Monroe, James, 109. 

More, Sir Thomas, 37. 

Morris, Gouverneur, 31. 

Morris, Robert, 22. 

Morton, Levi Parson, 124. 

North, Frederic, 96. 

O'Connell, Daniel, 188. 

Osgood, Samuel, 44. 

Peel, Sir Robert, 36. 

Pendleton, Edmund. 218. 

Pendleton, George H., 180. 

Percy, Henry, "Hotspur," 126. 

Petty, Sir William, 123. 

Pickering, Timothy, 174. 

Pierce, Franklin, 289. 

Pinckney, Charles Cotes- 
worth, 55. 

Pitt, William, sen., 279. 

Pitt, William, jun.. 135. 

Polk, James K., 266. 

Prince Albert, of England, 206. 

Prince von Metternich, 123. 

Quincey, Edmund, 257. 

Quincy, Josiah, 35. 

Randolph, John, of Roanoke 
139. 

Richelieu, Armand Jean de, 
213. 

Robespierre, Maximilien M., 
116. 

Roland, Jean Marie, 48. 

Rutledge, Edward, 288. 

Schurz, Carl, 62. 

Seward, Frederic W., 167. 

Seward, William Henry, 124. 

Seymour, Horatio, 138. 

Sherman, Roger, 99. 

Slade, William, 117. 

Stanton, Edwin M., 314. 

Stephens, Alexander H., 41. 

Stevens, Thaddeus, 88. 



378 



EVERY-DAY BIOGRAPHY. 



Sumner, Charles, 10. 

Sydney, Sir Philip, 292. 

Talleyrand, Charles Maurice, 
43. 

Taylor, Zachary, 232. 

Thiers, Louis Adolphe, 98. 

Tilden, Samuel, 39. 

Tompkins, Daniel D., 153. 

Townshend, Charles, 208. 

Trumbull, Jonathan, 145. 

Tudor, William, 82. 

Tyler, John, 83. 

Van Buren, Martin, 300. 

Van Ness, Cornelius P., 27. 

Van Rensselaer, Stephen, 266. 

Wade, Benjamin F., 261. 

Walker, Robert J., 175. 

Walpole, Sir Robert, 206. 

Washburne, Elisha B., 231. 

Washington, George, 52. 

Webster, Daniel, 20. 

Welles, Gideon, 162. 

Wellesley, Arthur, 111. 

Wellesley, Richard C, 153. 

Went worth, Benning, 178. 

Wentworth, Charles Wat- 
son, 121. 

Wentworth, Thomas, Earl of 
Strafford, 95. 

Wheeler, William A., 161. 

Whipple, William, 17. 

Whittlesey, Elisha, 254. 

Wilberi'orce, Samuel, " Slip- 
pery Sam," 216. 

Wilberforce, William, 204. 

Wilkes, John. 252. 

Williams, J. D., 12. 

Willing, Thomas. 313. 

Wilmot, David, 22. 

Wilson, Henry, 46. 

Windham, William, 113. 

Winthrop, John, 15. 

Winthrop, Robert C, 120. 

Wise, Henry A. , 298. 

Wolcott, Oliver, 291, 



Wood, Fernando, 148. 
Wotton, Sir Henry, 83. 
Wright, Silas, 131. 

Travelers and Explorers. 

Baker, Samuel White, 144. 

Boone, Daniel, 40. 

Carson, Christopher, "Kit 

Carson," 318. 
Car tier, Jacques (James), 323. 
Clarke, William, 183. 
Columbus, Christopher, 168. 
Cook, James, 260. 
De Brazza, Savorgnan, 10. 
Franklin, Sir John, 98. 
Fremont, John Charles, 23. 
Humboldt, Friedrich H. A., 

222. 
Kane, Elisha Kent, 34. 
Lewis, Meriwether, 197. 
Livingstone, David, 75. 
Long, Stephen H., 323. 
MacGregor, John, 26. 
MacKenzie, Sir Alexander, 

326. 
Mitchel, Elisha, 199. 
Morrison, William, 326. 
Newberry, John Strong, 316. 
Park, Mungo, 219. 
Parry, Sir William Edward, 

314. 
Pfeiffer, Ida, 251. 
Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 9. 
Popham, George, 117. 
Richardson, Sir John, 269. 
Ross, Sir James Clark, 97. 
Ross, Sir John, 156. 
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 82. 
Scoresby, William, 241. 
Speke, John Hanning, 115. 
St. John, James Augustus, 232. 
Vespucius, Americus, 66. 
Walker, Joseph Reddeford, 

249, 









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Physical Culture, Scientific and Practical, for the Home and 

School. Pure Air and Foul Air. 
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No. t. Does massage treatment strengthen muscular tissue? 

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No. 10. How should a person breathe while racing or walking up-stairs or up-hill ? 
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No. 12. What kind of food is best for us to eat ? 
No. 13. What form of bathing is best ? 

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Personal Experience of the Author in Physical Training. 

Physical Culture for the Voice. Practice of Deep Breathing. 

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These 34 Specific Exercises are each illustrated by a full length 
figure (taken from life) showing the set of muscles In contraction, 
which can be developed by each of them.J Dumb Bell Exercises. 

Ten Appendices showing the relative gain of pupils from 9 years 
of age to 40. 

All who value Health, Strength and Happiness should procure 
and read this work ; it will be found by far the best work ever 
written on this important subject. Sent by mail, postpaid, on 
receipt of price. $1.50. 

Address, Fowler & Wells Co,, Publishers, 775 Broadway, New York. 



A Natural System of Elocution and Oratory. 

Founded on an analysis of the Human Constitution, considered in its 
three-fold nature, Mental, Physologieal, and Expressional. By Thomas 
Hyde and Wm. Hydk. Illustrated. 12mo. Extra Cloth, $ 2.00. Li- 
brary, sprinkled edges, $2.50. Half Turkey Morocco, polished 
marbled edges, gilt back, $3.25. 

We call the attention of Clergymen, Lawyers, Teachers and Scholars 
to this new book on Elocution and Oratory, as one of the most scholarly, 
original and inspiring books ever written on the subject of Eloquence. 
It begins a new era in oratorical instruction, since it supplies what has 
long been needed, and the want of which has retarded up to the present 
moment the progress of oratorical instruction, namely, a scientific expo- 
sition of the emotional and intellectual elements, which are at the basis 
of persuasive oratory. It covers the entire field of the art of eloquence, 
and is so full and char in its statements and definitions that students 
can master this noble art by its aid without a teacher. In truth, the 
book is so full of instruction, thought and experience, that one can learn 
from reading it what it would cost him several hundred dollars to ob- 
tain through the channels of professional instruction. And, besides, as 
the book is original in its system, matter, and plan, what it contains 
can not be obtained from any one professor of the art. It is a book 
which ought to be in every one's possession and be studied slowly and care- 
fully, for every perusal of it will reveal something new, and strengthen 
and improve the talents of speech. The authors have brought to bear ripe 
experience and zealous study in its production, and hence it is unsur- 
passed as an exhaustive, practical and comprehensive treatise. There 
are no superficial glimpses given of oratorical truths ; no mere verbal 
enunciations of graceful positions of body, or tricks of voice intonations, 
but the authors go to the root of the matter and unfold the germinal 
thought and oratorical pission ; show how such thought expresses 
itself in look, voice and gesture, and how each may be cultivated. It 
teaches the clergyman how to improve the composition and delivery of 
his sermons ; the lawyer, the most persuasive arrangement of the argu- 
ments and details of his plea, and the platform orator, how to make his 
discourse suit the needs of a popular assembly, and the teacher of elo- 
cution the method of instruction best adapted to awaken and stimulate 
the natural endowments of his pupils. The book is invaluable to teach- 
ers in Public Schools, since it gives a careful, clear, and exhaustive 
analysis of every vocal element with its correct pronunciation. Such 
analysis, with the many other valuable suggestions it contains, will ena- 
ble the teacher to drill his pupils successfully in articulation and pro- 
nunciation. The book, besides teaching in a thorough manner all 
that is essential to oratory, unfolds in a practical way all that is em- 
braced under the term elocution. Public readers and actors can learn 
from this book more about the natural training and developing of voice 
and character impersonation than from any book now before the public. 

Sent by mail on receipt of price. Agents wanted. 
Address, Fowler & Wells Co., Publishers, 775 Broadway, New York. 




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